current research in ict for education dr. marina stock mcisaac professor emerita, asu ddte,...
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Current Research in ICT for Education
Dr. Marina Stock McIsaacProfessor Emerita, ASU
DDTE, Universidade de Aveiro, February, 2007
From ET to ICTETET
EducationEducational al
TechnologTechnologyy
ITITInstructionInstruction
al al TechnologTechnolog
yy
DEDEDistance Distance EducatioEducatio
nn
ICTICTInformation and Communication TechnologieInformation and Communication Technologiess
Multimedia Multimedia TechnologiesTechnologies
Interactive Interactive TechnologiesTechnologies
ETETEducational TechnologyEducational TechnologyEducational TechnologyEducational TechnologyEducational Educational TechnologyTechnology
• Media comparison studies (NSD)(Kozma,Clark)
• Descriptive studies (not transferable)
• Media studies (Salomon)
• Primarily quantitative analysis, some statistically flawed (not random assignment, etc.)
Educational TechnologyEducational Technology
•Behaviorism in 40’s (Skinner)
•Taxonomies in 50’s (Bloom)
• Instructional Objectives in 60’s (Mager)
•Events of Instruction in 70’s (Gagné)
•Systematic design in 80’s (Dick & Carey)
•Problem solving strategies in 90’s(Jonassen)
Instructional Instructional TechnologyTechnology
Educational TechnologyEducational Technology•Learner needs
•Instructional process
•Issues of access
•Socio-cultural aspects of instruction
•Roles of teachers, students online
•Strategies for mediated environments
•Bernard (2004) Meta-analysis
Distance Distance EducationEducation
Theoretical Developments 1
• Industrial Model (Otto Peters)
•Guided Didactic Conversation (Holmberg)
• Independence and Autonomy (Wedemeyer)
•Transactional Distance (Moore)
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Theoretical Developments 2
•Control (Garrison)
•Interaction (Garrison & Shale)
•Socio-cultural Context of Education (Evans, Nation, McIsaac, Gunawardena)
•Social Presence (Gunawardena, McIsaac, Tu)
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Dimensions of Learning
SSICTICT
socialcultural
interactivedistributed
situated
CoPscaffolded
Web2knowled
ge
Dimensions of Learning
SSICTICT
socialcultural
interactive
distributedsituated
CoPscaffolded
Web2knowled
ge
Social Constructivism•Cultural mediation (Vygotsky) “Any
higher mental function was social at some point
before becoming truly mental”
•Self Efficacy (Bandura) “Accomplishment is socially judged by ill defined criteria so that one has to rely on others to find out how one is doing”
•Social presence (Short et al.) “The degree to which people feel connected to each other......”
•Interaction (Moore, Muirhead) “...between learners, learner-teacher, learner-content, learner-interface...”
Research Studies
• Interaction (Hillman, et al.,McIsaac &Gunawardena, Vrasidas, Vrasidas&McIsaac)
• improving interaction online increased motivation and attitude
•Social Presence (Tu, Tu & McIsaac)
•3 dimensions were predictors: interactivity, communication, context
Dimensions of Learning
SSICTICT
socialcultural
interactive
distributedsituated
CoPscaffolded
Web2knowled
ge
Distributed Cognition
“people think in conjunction and partnership with others and with the help of culturally provided tools and
implements” (Salomon, 1993, p. xiii).
Situated Learning
“Situated cognition has emerged as a powerful perspective in providing meaningful learning and promoting the transfer of knowledge to real-life
situations.” Choi & Hannafin
Research Studies•Distributed cognition (Salomon) “People
think in partnership with others and with the help of tools...”
•material distribution (Pea & Lave) “These tools literally carry intelligence in them...”
•social distribution (Cole & Engestrom) “Cognitive processing is not an individual matter; cognitive processes are distributed among teacher, pupil, others...”
•Situated Cognition (Brighton) “..examines reasoning through situated learning and cultural perspectives”
Dimensions of Learning
SSICTICT
socialcultural
interactivedistributed
situated
CoPscaffolded
Web2knowled
ge
Communities of Learning
•CSCL-Computer-supported communities of learning
•Networked CoP (communities of practice)
•Scaffolding
Research Studies•CSCL (Hakkarainen, Collis)
elementary students, business
•Networked CoP (Xu) social navigation to locate information
•Scaffolding (Lim, McLoughlin) supported learners in web inquiry
Dimensions of Learning
SSICTICT
socialcultural
interactive
distributedsituated
CoPscaffolded
Web2knowledg
e
Web2.0 Environments
•Open Source software (OSS)...
•Knowledge construction...Tappedin
•User generated content...Wikis
•Reflection of conscious thought...Blogs
•Student centered learning...Podcasts
•Virtual learning spaces... 2nd Life
Shift in Research
•Online wisdom communities (Gunawardena)
•Computer mediation, PBL (Wertsch)
•Social character of knowing (Crook)
•Collective intelligence (Nash)(Gouardères)
Shift in pedagogies•From lecture to conversation
•From information to knowledge building
•From memorizing to internalizing, reflecting
•From teacher-centered to learner-centered
•From individual to collaborative knowledge
Shift in teaching
•Facilitate independent learning
• Integrate learning tools into instruction
•Synthesize and communicate concepts
•Teach students to gather information
•Demonstrate “best technology practices”
•Collaborate in knowledge networks
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Getting Published•Select the right journal
•Use appropriate writing style (APA)
•Submit only when writing is correct
•Use journal guidelines
•Use research structure (introduction, methods, results, discussion)
•Resubmit
