current issues topic #11: social interactions analyzes the causes of criminal behavior and its...
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Current IssuesTopic #11: Social Interactions
Analyzes the causes of Criminal behavior and its impact
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What Causes Crime?
It is difficult to control or reduce crime without knowing what causes it.
Criminology: The scientific study of the nature, extent, cause and control of criminal behavior.
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There are various theories about what causes crime:
• Choice Theory• Biological Theories• Psychological Theories• Sociological Theories• Conflict Theories• Integrated Theories• Victimization Theories
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Choice Theory
• Belief that people commit crime when they perceive benefits of law violation outweigh the threat and pain of punishment.
• Belief that criminals use Rational Choice in deciding to commit crime.
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Biological Theories
Belief that crime is caused not so much by human choice but by inherited and uncontrollable biological and psychological traits.• Intelligence• Diet• Personality• Body Build
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Psychological Theories
1. Psychoanalytic Theory2. Behavioral Theory3. Cognitive Theory
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Psychoanalytic Theory
• Belief that the development of personality in early life influences behavior for the rest of a person’s life.
• Belief that criminals have weak egos and damaged personalities.
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Behavioral Theory
• Belief that people commit crimes when they model behavior after others they see being rewarded for the same acts.
• Belief that behavior is enforced by rewards and extinguished by punishments.
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Cognitive Theory
• Belief that individual reasoning processes influence behavior.• Reasoning is influenced by the way people perceive their
environment, and by their moral and intellectual development.
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Biological & Psychological Theories Practical Implications
• If criminals are inherently “flawed”, Incarcerate them to protect the public
• Similarity to the Crime Control PerspectiveDifferent From Rehabilitation Perspective• Help people not responsible for their actions
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Sociological Theories
• Sociological explanations of crime are the most common because:• Crime patterns have a definite social orientation
• Why are sociological theories of crime so important?
They make the connection between social factors and crime:• Poverty• Unemployment
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Social Structure Theory•Contends social strata are created by the unequal distribution of wealth, power and prestige•Obvious social class distinctions in America-Upper, Middle and Lower Class•Conflicts and problems of urban social life and communities control the crime rate
How do fix this: If poverty and strain cause crime, efforts to improve economic opportunity should be able to help reduce crime.
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Strain Theory
• Contends that members of the lower class experience animosity when their means to achieve culturally defined goals, like wealth and financial success, are insufficient.
• Inability of lower class to achieve culturally defined goals results in alternative solutions(Crime) to meet their need for success.
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Social Process Theories
• Theories that people learn to commit crime by exposure to Antisocial Behaviors
• Belief criminal behavior depends on experience with rewards and punishments
• Rewards for deviance leads to crime
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Labeling Theory
• Belief that society produces criminals by stigmatizing some persons as deviants.
• Labeled persons come to accept that as their identity.
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Social Control Theory
• Belief that most people do not violate the law due to social bonds to family, peers, school and other institutions.
• Also believe that if the bonds weaken or are absent, crime may result.
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Political Theories
• Conflict Theory• View that crime results from the rich and powerful imposing their
moral standards and economic interests on the rest of society.
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Integrated Theories
1. Latent Trait Theory2. Developmental Theory
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Latent Trait Theory
• Belief that some people have a personal characteristic that controls their likelihood to commit crime.
• Low Intelligence• Impulsive Personality• Genetic Defect
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Developmental Theory
• Belief that the reasons people commit crime and its frequency change during the course of their lives.
• As people mature, the factors that influence behavior change:
Building social capital (positive relationships that foster self worth and inhibit crime) and social bonds reduces long term criminalityLife events help terminate or sustain criminal careers
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Causes Of Crime: Theories Of Victimization• Some theories of crime examine the role victims play in provoking or
encouraging crime.1. Lifestyle Theory2. Routine Activities Theory
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Lifestyle Theory
• Theory that some people become victims because their lifestyle increases exposure to criminal offenders
• Partying and drug use increases likelihood of violent crime involvement
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Routine Activities Theory
Theory that crime is a product of three factors• Motivated Offenders • Suitable Targets• Lack of Capable Guardians(security devices, police)