culture of vietnam

7/29/2019 Culture of Vietnam

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CULTURE OF VIETNAM

A group of men playtraditional musical instrumentsat a Village

Festival inBc Ninh province.
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Young women wearo diatHoan Kiem Lake.

Abetrothalceremony at a family home inQuang Nam Province.
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INTRODUCTION

The culture ofVietnam, an agricultural civilization based on thecultivation ofwet rice, is one of the oldest inEast Asia; the

ancientBronze ageDong Son cultureis considered to be one of its

most important progenitors.[1]Due to the long-termChineseinfluence on its civilization, in terms of politics,

government andConfuciansocial and moral ethics, Vietnam is

considered to be part of theEast Asian cultural sphere.[2]

Following independence from China in the 10th century, Vietnam

began a southward expansion that saw the annexation of

territories formerly belonging to theChampacivilization

(nowCentral Vietnam) and parts of theKhmerempire (today

southern Vietnam), which resulted in minor regional variances in

Vietnam's culture due to exposure to these different groups.

During theFrench colonialperiod, Vietnamese culture received

various influences from the Europeans, including the spreadofCatholicismand the adoption of theLatin alphabet. Prior to

this, Vietnamese had used bothChinese charactersand a script

calledCh nmwhich was based on Chinese but included newly

invented characters meant to represent native Vietnamese words.

In the socialist era, the cultural life of Vietnam has been deeply

influenced by government-controlled media and the cultural
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influences of socialist programs. For many decades, foreign

cultural influences were shunned and emphasis placed on

appreciating and sharing the culture of communist nations such

as the Soviet Union, China,Cubaand others. Since the 1990s,

Vietnam has seen a greater re-exposure to Asian, European and

American culture and media.

Some elements generally considered to be characteristic of

Vietnamese culture includeancestor veneration, respect for

community and family values, handicrafts and manual labour,

and devotion to study. Important symbols present in Vietnamese

cul inturecludedragons,turtles,lotusesandbamboo.
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Contents1 Organization

2 Kinship 3 Marriage 4 Funeral ceremony

4.1 Wake 4.2 Funeral

5 Religion and philosophy 6 Literature 7 Visual arts

7.1 Calligraphy 8 Performing arts

8.1 Music 8.2 Theatre

8.2.1 Water puppetry 8.3 Dance

9 Communication 10 Cuisine 11 Clothing 12 Martial arts 13 Holidays and other important days

13.1 Public holidays 13.2 Other holidays

14 World and intangible cultural heritage 14.1 Cultural heritage sites 14.2 Natural heritage sites
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Kinshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Kinshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Funeral_ceremonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Funeral_ceremonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Wakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Wakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Funeralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Funeralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Religion_and_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Religion_and_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Visual_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Visual_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Calligraphyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Calligraphyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Performing_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Performing_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Theatrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Theatrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Water_puppetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Water_puppetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Dancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Dancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Cuisinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Cuisinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Clothinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Clothinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Martial_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Martial_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Holidays_and_other_important_dayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Holidays_and_other_important_dayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Public_holidayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Public_holidayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Other_holidayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Other_holidayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#World_and_intangible_cultural_heritagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#World_and_intangible_cultural_heritagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Cultural_heritage_siteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Cultural_heritage_siteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Natural_heritage_siteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Natural_heritage_siteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Natural_heritage_siteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Cultural_heritage_siteshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#World_and_intangible_cultural_heritagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Other_holidayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Public_holidayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Holidays_and_other_important_dayshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Martial_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Clothinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Cuisinehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Communicationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Dancehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Water_puppetryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Theatrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Musichttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Performing_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Calligraphyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Visual_artshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Literaturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Religion_and_philosophyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Funeralhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Wakehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Funeral_ceremonyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Marriagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Kinshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#Organization


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14.3 Intangible cultural heritage 15 See also 16 References 17 External links
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OrganizationIn terms of societal levels of organization, the two most important

units are lng(village) andn

c(country). Vietnamese peopleusually say that "lnggoes hand in hand withnc." Intermediate

organizational units are qun(district), "x" (sub-district)

andtnh(province).

Kinship

Main article:Vietnamese family

Kinship plays an important role in Vietnam. Unlike Western

culture's emphasis onindividualism,Eastern culturevalues the

roles of family andclanship. Comparing with Eastern

cultures,Chinese culturevalues family over clan while

Vietnamese culture values clan over family. Each clan has a

patriarch, clan altar, and death commemorations attended by the

whole clan.

Most inhabitants are related by blood. That fact is still seen in

village names such asng X (place for the ng clan), Chu X,

L X, so on so forth. In the Western highlands the tradition of

many families in a clan residing in a longhouse is still popular. In

the majority of rural Vietnam today one can still see three or four

generations living under one roof.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Southeast_Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chinese_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eastern_culturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Individualismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_familyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Provinces_of_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Districthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Village#Southeast_Asia


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MarriageMain article:Traditional Vietnamese wedding

The family of a Vietnamese bride line up to welcome her groom at

their betrothal ceremony.

Thetraditional Vietnamese weddingis one of the most important

of traditional Vietnamese occasions. Regardless ofWesternization,

many of the age-old customs practiced in a traditional
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Vietnamese wedding continue to be celebrated by both

Vietnamese in Vietnam andoverseas, often combining both

Western and Eastern elements.

In the past, both men and women were expected to be married at

young ages. Marriages were generally arranged by the parents

and extended family, with the children having limited say in the

matter. In modern Vietnam, this has changed as people freely

choose their own marriage partners.[3]

Depending on the tradition of specific ethnic groups, marriageincludes various steps and related procedures, but generally there

are two main ceremonies:[3]

L m Hi(betrothalceremony): Some time before thewedding, the groom and his family visit the bride and her

family with round lacquered boxes known as betrothal

presents. The quantity of boxes must be an odd number. The

presents includeareca nuts,betel leaves, tea, cake, fruits,

wine, other various delicacies and money. The presents are

covered with red paper or cloth, and they are carried by

unmarried girls or boys. Both families agree to pick a good

date for the wedding.

L Ci (wedding ceremony): On the wedding day, thegroom's family and relatives go to the bride's house to ask

permission to for the groom to marry and take his bride to

his house. Guests would be invited to come and celebrate the

couple's marriage. The couple pray before the altar asking

their ancestors for permission for their marriage, then to
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express their gratitude to both groom's and bride's parents

for raising and protecting them.

Funeral ceremony

Decorations placed around a coffin at a home funeral inDa

Nang.
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A funeral procession inSa Pa.

WakeWhen a person passes away in Vietnam, the surviving family

holds awakeor vigil that typically lasts about five to six days,
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but may last longer if the surviving family is waiting for other

traveling relatives. The body is washed and dressed. Ale ngam

ham, orchopstick, is laid between the teeth and a pinch of rice

and three coins are placed in the mouth. The body is put on a

grass mat laid on the ground according to the saying, "being born

from the earth, one must return back to the earth." The dead body

is enveloped with white cloth, le kham niem, and placed in

acoffin,le nhap quan. Finally, the funeral ceremony, le thanh

phuc, is officially performed.

FuneralThe surviving family wear coarse gauzeturbansandtunicsfor

the funeral. There are two types of funeral processions:

Traditional: The date and time for the funeral procession, ledua tang, must be carefully selected. Relatives, friends, anddescendants take part in the funeral procession to

accompany the dead along the way to theburial

ground.Votivesare dropped along the way. At the grave

site, the coffin is lowered and buried. After three days of

mourning, the family visits the tomb again, le mo cua ma, or

worship the opening the grave. After 49 days, le chung that,the family stops bringing rice for the dead to the altar. And

finally, after 100 days, the family celebratestot khoc, or the

end of the tears. After one year is the ceremony of the first

anniversary of the relative's death and after two years is

the ceremony of the end of mourning.

Modern: Nowadays, mourning ceremonies follow newrituals which are simplified; they consist of covering and
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putting the dead body into the coffin, the funeral procession,

the burial of the coffin into the grave, and the visits to the

tomb.

In Vietnam, the family of the deceased undergo a ritual after 100

days of them passing away, were the whole family sits in pairs in

a long line up to a single member of the family. A monk (Thay

Cung) will place a thin piece of cotton over the family member's

head and ring a bell and chant while rotating the bell around the

deceased's head, sending them in to a trance and open a way for

the deceased to return to the living. A bamboo tree with only

leaves on the top with small pices of paper with the deceased's

name written on them will start to wave when the deceased is

coming. They believe that after 100 days the deceased may return

to this realm and "possess" the body of the member of the family

undergoing the ritual and once it is completed the other members

of the family can communicate with the spirit of the deceased

through the tranced family member.

Normally this ritual will take all day to prepare and then as long

as 6 hours praying and chanting, changing the family member at

the front of the line. Afterwards they will then burn a paper

house and paper made possessions (that which the deceased wouldhave loved during his life) so that they may take it trough to their

next life with them.


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Religion and philosophyMain article:Religion in Vietnam
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Hanoi'sOne Pillar Pagoda, a historic Buddhist temple

Religion in Vietnam has historically been largely defined by the

East Asian mix ofBuddhism,Confucianism, andTaoism, known

locally as the Tam Gio, or "triple religion." Beyond Tam

Gio,Catholicismis also practiced in modern Vietnam.Vietnamese

Buddhismhas typically been the most popular. This fits perfectly

with the "triple religion" concept, making it difficult for many

Vietnamese to identify exactly which religion they practice.[4]

Besides the "triple religion", Vietnamese life was also profoundlyinfluenced by the practice ofancestor worship, as well as

nativeanimism. Most Vietnamese people, regardless of religious

denomination, practice ancestor worship and have an ancestor

altar at their home or business, a testament to the emphasis

Vietnamese culture places on filial duty.

Along with obligations to clan and family, education has always

played a vital role in Vietnamese culture. In ancient times,

scholars were placed at the top of society. Men not born of noble

blood could only elevate their status by studying for the

rigorousImperial examination. Similar toMandarin officials,

passing the examination could potentially open doors to a

government position, granting them power and prestige.
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LiteratureMain article:Vietnamese literature

"Mysterious tales of th
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e Southern Realm" (Vietnamese:Lnh Nam chch qui), dated

from Vietnam'sLater Le Dynasty.

Vietnamese literature includes two major components: folk

literature and written literature. The two forms developed

simultaneously and are profoundly interrelated.

Vietnamese folk literature came into being very early and had a

profound effect on the spiritual life of theViet. The folk literature

contributed to the formation of Vietnam's national identity with

praising beauty, humanism, and the love of goodness. Legends,fairy tales, humorous stories, folk songs, epic poems have a

tremendous vitality and have lived on until today.

Written literature was born roughly in the 10th century. Up until

the 21th century, there had been two components existing at the

same time: works written in the Han characters (with poems and

prose demonstrating the Vietnamese soul and realities; thus, they

were still regarded as Vietnamese literature) and works written

in the Nom character (mostly poems; many great works were

handed down to the later generations).

Since the 1920s, written literature has been mainly composed in

the National language with profound renovations in form andcategory such as novels, new-style poems, short stories and

dramas, and with diversity in artistic tendency. Written

literature attained speedy development after the August

Revolution, when it was directed by the Vietnamese Communist

Party's guideline and focused on the people's fighting and work

life.
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Modern Vietnamese literature has developed from romanticism to

realism, from heroism in wartime to all aspects of life, and soared

into ordinary life to discover the genuine values of the

Vietnamese people.

Classical literature generated such masterpieces asTruyen

Kieu(Nguyn Du), Cung On Ngm Khc(Nguyn Gia

Thiu), Chinh Phu Ngam(Dang Tran Con), andQuoc Am Thi

Tap(Nguyn Tri). Some brilliant female poets are H Xun

Hng, Doan Thi Diem, and B Huyn Thanh Quan.

In Vietnamese modern prose, there were authors who could

emulate whomever in the world, namely, Nguyen Cong Hoan,Vu

Trong Phung, Ng Tt T, Nguyen Hong,Nguyen TuanandNam

Cao. They were joined by excellent poets:Xun Diu, Huy Cn,

Han Mac Tu, and Nguyen Binh. Regrettably, their great works

that faithfully reflected the country and the times have yet toappear.

Visual artsMain articles:Vietnamese artandList of traditional Vietnamese

handicraft villages

Noon gate leading to the Imperial City, an example ofNguyn

DynastyImperial architecture
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Traditional Vietnamese artis art practiced in Vietnam or by

Vietnamese artists, from ancient times (including the

elaborateDong Son drums)to post-Chinese dominationart which

was strongly influenced byChinese Buddhist art, among other

philosophies such asTaoismandConfucianism. The art

ofChampaandFrancealso played a smaller role later on.

The Chinese influence on Vietnamese art extends intoVietnamese

pottery and ceramics, calligraphy, and traditional architecture.

Currently, Vietnamese lacquer paintings have proven to be quite

popular.
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CalligraphyCalligraphy has had a long history in Vietnam, previously

usingChinese charactersalong withCh

Nm. However, mostmodern Vietnamese calligraphy instead uses the Roman-

character basedQuc Ng, which has proven to be very popular.

In the past, with literacy in the old character-based writing

systems of Vietnam being restricted to scholars and elites,

calligraphy nevertheless still played an important part in

Vietnamese life. On special occasions such as theLunar New Year,

people would go to the village teacher or scholar to make them a

calligraphy hanging (often poetry, folk sayings or even single

words). People who could not read or write also often

commissioned attempleshrines.
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Performing artsMusicMain article:Musicof VietnamA trio of Vietnamese musicians perform together. The man at

centre plays an nh.

Vietnamese musicvaries slightly in the three regions: Bc or

North, Trung or Central, and Nam or South. Northern classical

music is Vietnam's oldest and is traditionally more formal.

Vietnamese classical music can be traced to the Mongol invasions,

when the Vietnamese captured a Chineseoperatroupe. Centralclassical music shows the influences of Champa culture with its
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melancholic melodies. Southern music exudes a livelylaissez-

faireattitude.

Vietnam has some 50 national music instruments, in which the set

of percussion instruments is the most popular, diverse and long-

lasting such asny, n tranh, n nh, n bu... The set of

blowing instruments is represented by flutes and pan-pipes, while

the set of string instruments is specified bydan bauanddan day.

The Vietnamese folksongs are rich in forms and melodies of

regions across the country, ranging fromngm th (recitingpoems), ht ru(lullaby), h(chanty) toht quan h, trong quan,

xoan, dum, v gim, ca Hu, bi chi, ly. Apart from this, there

are also other forms like ht xm,chu vn, andca tr.

Two of the most widely known genres are:

Imperial Court music: When referring specifically to the"Nh nhc" form it includes court music from theTrn

Dynastyon to theNguyn Dynasty. It is an elaborate form

of music which features an extensive array of musicians

and dancers, dressed in extravagant costumes. It was an

integral part of the rituals of the Imperial court.

Ca tr:An ancient form ofchamber musicwhich originatedin the imperial court. It gradually came to be associated

with ageisha-type of entertainment where talented female

musicians entertained rich and powerful men, often scholars

andbureaucratswho most enjoyed the genre. It was

condemned in the 20th century by the government, being

tied falsely withprostitution, but recently it has seen a
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revival as appreciation for its cultural significance has

grown. Ca tr has been recognized byUNESCOas

aMasterpiece of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of

Humanitysince 2005.

In the 20th century, in contact with the Western culture,

especially after the national independence, many new categories

of arts like plays, photography, cinemas, and modern art had

taken shape and developed strongly, obtaining huge achievements

with the contents reflecting the social and revolutionary realities.

Up to 1997, there have been 44 people operating in cultural and

artistic fields honored with the Ho Chi Minh Award, 130 others

conferred with People's Artist Honor, and 1011 people awarded

with the Excellent Artist Honor. At the start of 1997, there were

191 professional artistic organizations and 26 film studios

(including central and local ones). There have been 28 movies, 49

scientific and documentary films receiving international motion

picture awards in many countries.

TheatreMain article:Vietnamese theatre

Ht tung(also known as Ht bi): A theatre form stronglyinfluenced byChinese opera, it transitioned from being

entertainment for the royal court to travelling troupes who

performed for commoners and peasants, featuring many

well-knownstock characters.

Ci lng:A kind of modern folk opera originating inSouthVietnam, which utilizes extensivevibratotechniques. It
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remains very popular in modern Vietnam when compared

to other folk styles.

Ht cho: Cho is a form of generally satirical musicaltheatre, often encompassing dance, traditionally performed

by Vietnamese peasants in northern Vietnam. It is usually

performed outdoors by semi-amateur touring groups,

stereotypically in a village square or the courtyard of a

public building, although it is today increasingly also

performed indoors and by professional performers

Water puppetry

Water puppet theatre inHanoi.
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Water puppetryis a distinct Vietnamese art which had its origins

in the 10th century and very popular in northern region. In

Water puppetry a split-bamboo screen obscures puppets which

stand in water, and are manipulated using long poles hidden

beneath the water. Epic story lines are played out with many

different puppets, often using traditional scenes of Vietnamese

life. The puppets are made from quality wood, such as the South

East AsianJackfruittree. Each puppet is carefully carved, and

then painted with numerous successive layers of paint to protect

the puppets.

Despite nearly dying out in the 20th century, water puppetry has

been recognised by the Vietnamese government as an important

part of Vietnam's cultural heritage. Today, puppetry is commonly

performed by professional puppeteers, who typically are taught

by their elders in rural areas of Vietnam.

DanceMain article:Traditional Vietnamese dance

Vietnam has 54 different ethnicities, each with their own

traditional dance. Among the ethnic Vietnamese majority, there

are several traditional dances performed widely at festivals andother special occasions, such as thelion dance.

In the imperial court there also developed throughout the

centuries a series of complex court dances which require great

skill. Some of the more widely known are the imperial lantern

dance, fan dance, and platter dance, among others.
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CommunicationVietnamese society is greatly interdependence and community

value is highly appreciated, so communication is essential inrelationship establishment in Vietnam. As a result, hospitality is a

standard of behaviour. Vietnamese prefer an indirect

communication style. In communication, they seek agreement and

compromise, so arguments are not often used and the sense

toward others and mutual understanding are crucial principles to

follow.

CuisineMain article:Vietnamese cuisine

See also:Vietnamese wine

Vietnameseph, noodle soup with sliced rarebeefand well done

beefbrisket.
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Vietnamese cuisine is extremely diverse, often divided into three

main categories, each pertaining to Vietnam's three main regions

(north, central and south). It uses very little oil and

manyvegetables, and is mainly based onrice,soy sauce, andfish

sauce. Its characteristic flavors are sweet (sugar), spicy (serrano

pepper), sour (lime), nuoc mam(fish sauce), and flavored by a

variety ofmintandbasil.

Vietnam also has a large variety ofnoodlesand noodle soups.

Different regions invented different types of noodles, varying in

shapes, tastes, colors, etc. One of the nation's most famous type of

noodles isph(pronounced "fuh"), a type of noodle soup

originating in North Vietnam, which consists of rice noodles and

beef soup (sometimes chicken soup) with several other ingredients

such asbean sproutsandscallions(spring onions). It is often eaten

for breakfast, but also makes a satisfying lunch or light dinner.

The boiling stock, fragrant withspicesandsauces, is poured over

the noodles and vegetables,poachingthe paper-thin slices of raw

beef just before serving. Ph is meant to be savored, incorporating

several different flavors: the sweet flavor ofbeef, sourlemons,

saltyfish sauce, and fresh vegetables.

Currently,Vietnamese cuisinehas been gaining popularity andcan be found widely in many other countries such as theUnited

States,Australia,Canada,South

Korea,Laos,Japan,China,Malaysia, andFrance. Vietnamese

cuisine is recognized for its strict, sometimes choosy selection of

ingredients. A chef preparing authentic Vietnamese cuisine may
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incorporate the ingredients provided in these countries, but

generally will prefer ingredients native to Vietnam.

ClothingMain article:Vietnamese clothing
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The plain white o di is worn as a uniform in Vietnamese high

schools.

In feudal Vietnam, clothing was one of the most important marks

of social status and strictdress codeswere enforced.

Commoners had a limited choice of similarly plain and simple

clothes for every day use, as well as being limited in the colors

they were allowed to use. For a period, commoners were not

allowed to wear clothes with dyes other than black, brown or

white (with the exception of special occasions such as festivals),but in actuality these rules could change often based upon the

whims of the current ruler.

Theo T Thnor "four-part dress" is one such example of an

ancient dress widely worn by commoner women, along with

theo ymbodice which accompanied it. Peasants across the

country also gradually came to wear silk pajama-like costumes,

known as "o cnh" in the north ando b bain the south.

Theheadgearof peasants often included a plain piece of cloth

wrapped around the head (generally calledKhn ng), or the

popularNn L (conical hat). For footwear peasants would often

go barefoot, whereas sandals and shoes were reserved for thearistocracy and royalty.

Monarchs had the exclusive right to wear the color gold, while

nobles wore red or purple. Each member of the royal court had an

assortment of different formal gowns they would wear at a

particular ceremony, or for a particular occasion. The rules

governing the fashion of the royal court could change dynasty by
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dynasty, thusCostumes of the Vietnamese courtwere quite

diverse.

The most popular and widely-recognized Vietnamesenational

costumeis theo Di. o Di was once worn by both genders but

today it is worn mainly by females, except for certain important

traditional culture-related occasions where some men do wear it.

o Di consists of a long gown with a slit on both sides, worn over

cotton or silk trousers. o Di was likely derived from the 18th

century royal court gowns ofHu. White o di is the required

uniform for girls in many high schools across Vietnam. Some

female office workers (e.g.receptionists,secretaries,tour guides)

are also required to wear o Di.

In daily life, the traditional Vietnamese styles are now replaced

by Western styles. Traditional clothing is worn instead on special

occasions, with the exception of the white o Di commonly seenwith high school girls in Vietnam.
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Martial artsMain article:Vietnamese martial artsVovinamdemonstration in Germany.Vietnamese martial arts are highly

developed from the country's very long history of warfare and

attempts to defend itself from foreign occupation. Although most

heavily influenced byChinese martial arts, it has developed its

own characteristics throughout the millennia in combination with

other influences from its neighbours. Vietnamese martial arts is

deeply spiritual due to the influence of Confucianism, Buddhism

and Taoism, and is strongly reliant on the "Viet Vo Dao"

(philosophy of Vietnamese martial arts). It is probably most

famous for its scissor kicks.
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The general Vietnamese term for martial arts is "V-Thut." Some

of the more popular include:

Vo Co Truyen Viet Nam (Vo Thuat Co Truyen Viet Nal)

Vovinam Vietvodao Vo Thuat Van Vo Dao Vo Thuat Binh Dinh Vo Bac Ninh

Vietnamese martial arts remains relatively unknown in the

world today when compared to its counterparts from China,

Japan,KoreaorThailand. However, this is seeing a definite

change as schools teaching various styles of Vietnamese martial

arts are starting to pop up all over the world, notably in countries

such as Spain.[citation needed]

Holidays and other important daysMain article:List of festivals in Vietnam

Vietnam celebrates many holidays, includingtraditionalholidays

which have been celebrated in Vietnam for thousands of years,

along with modern holidays imported predominantly from

western countries.

Among the traditional holidays, the two most important and

widely celebrated are theLunar new year (Tt), followed by

theMid-autumn lantern festival (Tt Trung Thu), although the

latter has been losing ground in recent years.
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Public holidaysDate English Name Local Name RemarksJanuary 1 New Year's Tt dng lch

Between

late

January

late

February

Tt(Lunar New

Year)

Tt Nguyn

n

Largest holiday of

the year, falling on

the first three days

ofLunar calendar;in

practice, celebrations

are held during the

weeks before and

after those three

days.

April 30 Liberation Day Ngy min

Nam hon

ton gii

phng, v

ngy thng

nht Vit

Nam.

The daySaigonfell

to North Vietnamese

Communist forces,

leading to the South

Vietnamese

government's

dissolvement and

Vietnam's

unification.

May 1 Labour Day Ngy Quc t

Laong

Celebrates the

economic and social

achievements of

workers.

September National Day Quc khnh Commemorates Ho
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Yearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Yearhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_calendarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_calendarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_calendarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saigonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saigonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saigonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Labour_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saigonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liberation_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lunar_calendarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%E1%BA%BFthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/New_Year


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2 Chi Minh's speech

inBa Dinh Squarein

1945, declaring

Vietnam's

independence

10/3

(lunar)

Hung Vuong

Kings

Commemoration

Day

Ngy Gi T

Hng Vng

Other holidaysA traditional lantern procession during the Mid-Autumn Festival.

Date English Name Local NameMarch 8 International

Women's Day

Quc t Ph n

October

20

Vietnam

Women's Day

Ngy Ph n

Vit Nam

November

20

Teacher's Day Ngy Nh

gio Vit Nam

December

25

Christmas Ging

sinh/Nen

June 1 Children's day Tt thiu nhi

15/1

(lunar)

Full moon of

the 1st month

Rm thng

ging
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_Dinh_Squarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_Dinh_Squarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_Dinh_Squarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Women%27s_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Women%27s_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Women%27s_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vietnam_Women%27s_Day&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vietnam_Women%27s_Day&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vietnam_Women%27s_Day&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teacher%27s_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teacher%27s_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christmashttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teacher%27s_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vietnam_Women%27s_Day&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Vietnam_Women%27s_Day&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Women%27s_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Women%27s_Dayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ba_Dinh_Square


36/39

3/3

(lunar)

Third lunar

month's third

day's festival

Tt Hn thc

15/4

(lunar)

Buddha's

Birthday

L Phtn

5/5

(lunar)

Midyear

Festival

Ttoan ng

15/7

(lunar)

Full moon of

the 7th month

or Piety Day

Rm thng

by hoc L

Vu Lan

15/8

(lunar)

Mid-Autumn

Festival

Tt Trung thu

23/12

(lunar)

Kitchen

guardians

ng To chu

tri

World and intangible cultural heritageVietnam has a number ofUNESCO-listedWorld Heritage Sites, as

well as cultural relics deemed asintangible heritage. These are

split into specific categories:

Cultural heritage sites Hi An:An ancient city and trading center. Imperial city of Hu:Complex of monuments in the former

imperial capital.

M Sn: Ancient temple complex of theformerChampacivilization inQuang Nam province.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthdayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthdayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Autumn_Festivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Autumn_Festivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_Anhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_Anhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_Anhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_Anhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_City,_Hu%E1%BA%BFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_City,_Hu%E1%BA%BFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_City,_Hu%E1%BA%BFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_S%C6%A1nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_S%C6%A1nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_S%C6%A1nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_S%C6%A1nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_S%C6%A1nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_S%C6%A1nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quang_Nam_provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quang_Nam_provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quang_Nam_provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quang_Nam_provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Champahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%E1%BB%B9_S%C6%A1nhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imperial_City,_Hu%E1%BA%BFhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%E1%BB%99i_Anhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Intangible_cultural_heritagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCOhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Autumn_Festivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mid-Autumn_Festivalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthdayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddha%27s_Birthday


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Natural heritage sites Phong Nha cavelocated inQuang Binh province.

Ha Long Bay

Intangible cultural heritage Nh nhc:A form of Vietnamese court music. Space of Gong culture in the Central Highlands of Vietnam Ca tr

Quan h

There are a number of other potential world heritage sites, as well

as intangible cultural heritages which Vietnam has completed

documents on for UNESCO's recognition in the future.

See also History of Vietnam Cinema of Vietnam Communications in Vietnam Media of Vietnam List of museums in Vietnam Politics of Vietnam Vietnamese name Vietnamese language Baiyue Vietnamese studies
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phong_Nha-Ke_Banghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phong_Nha-Ke_Banghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quang_Binh_provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quang_Binh_provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quang_Binh_provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha_Long_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha_Long_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_of_Gong_culture_in_the_Central_Highlands_of_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_of_Gong_culture_in_the_Central_Highlands_of_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca_tr%C3%B9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca_tr%C3%B9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quan_h%E1%BB%8Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quan_h%E1%BB%8Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quan_h%E1%BB%8Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiyuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiyuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_studieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baiyuehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_languagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vietnamese_namehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Politics_of_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_museums_in_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Media_of_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communications_in_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cinema_of_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quan_h%E1%BB%8Dhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ca_tr%C3%B9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space_of_Gong_culture_in_the_Central_Highlands_of_Vietnamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nh%C3%A3_nh%E1%BA%A1chttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ha_Long_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quang_Binh_provincehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phong_Nha-Ke_Bang


38/39

References1. Jump up^Embassy of Vietnam in the United States of

America."Evolution of culture". Retrieved 2010-05-16.2. Jump up^Columbia University East Asian Cultural Sphere3. ^Jump up to:abPeter C. Phan (2005). Vietnamese-American

Catholics. Ethnic American pastoral spirituality series.

Paulist Press.ISBN0-8091-4352-6.

4. Jump up^Vietnam Culture - Ruba Releasing the 2009 Population & Housing Census

Preliminary Results. People's Committee of Ho Chi Minh

City.

Vietnamese culture and society. Embassy of Vietnam in theUSA.

External links Vietnamese Culture Vietnamese culture and society. Embassy of Vietnam in the

USA.

Vietnamese Culture and History. Vietspring.org. Vietnam Cultural Profile Vietnamese Culture and Traditions Vietnamese Poetry Vietnamese Culture and Traditions Vietnamese culture index - Vietnam Online Vietnam in photo
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#cite_ref-vnembassy_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#cite_ref-vnembassy_1-0http://www.vietnamembassy-usa.org/learn_about_vietnam/culture/evolution/http://www.vietnamembassy-usa.org/learn_about_vietnam/culture/evolution/http://www.vietnamembassy-usa.org/learn_about_vietnam/culture/evolution/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#cite_ref-2http://afe.easia.columbia.edu/webcourse/key_points/kp_5.htmhttp://afe.easia.columbia.edu/webcourse/key_points/kp_5.htmhttp://afe.easia.columbia.edu/webcourse/key_points/kp_5.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#cite_ref-phan05_3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#cite_ref-phan05_3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#cite_ref-phan05_3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#cite_ref-phan05_3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#cite_ref-phan05_3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#cite_ref-phan05_3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-4352-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-4352-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-4352-6http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#cite_ref-4http://www.eng.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/eng/news/default.aspx?cat_id=513&news_id=8841http://www.eng.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/eng/news/default.aspx?cat_id=513&news_id=8841http://www.eng.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/eng/news/default.aspx?cat_id=513&news_id=8841http://www.eng.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/eng/news/default.aspx?cat_id=513&news_id=8841http://www.eng.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/eng/news/default.aspx?cat_id=513&news_id=8841http://www.vietnamembassy-usa.org/learn_about_vietnam/culture/http://www.vietnamembassy-usa.org/learn_about_vietnam/culture/http://vietnamtravel.gov.vn/vietnam-culture/http://vietnamtravel.gov.vn/vietnam-culture/http://www.vietnamembassy-usa.org/learn_about_vietnam/culture/http://www.vietnamembassy-usa.org/learn_about_vietnam/culture/http://www.vietspring.org/http://www.vietspring.org/http://www.culturalprofiles.net/viet_nam/http://www.culturalprofiles.net/viet_nam/http://www.vietnamtourism.org.vn/attractions/culture/http://www.vietnamtourism.org.vn/attractions/culture/http://www.vnpoems.com/http://www.vnpoems.com/http://www.vietnamtourism.org.vn/attractions/culture/http://www.vietnamtourism.org.vn/attractions/culture/http://www.vietnamonline.com/culture.htmlhttp://www.vietnamonline.com/culture.htmlhttp://www.nccorp.vn/vietnam-in-photo/people-culture/http://www.nccorp.vn/vietnam-in-photo/people-culture/http://www.nccorp.vn/vietnam-in-photo/people-culture/http://www.vietnamonline.com/culture.htmlhttp://www.vietnamtourism.org.vn/attractions/culture/http://www.vnpoems.com/http://www.vietnamtourism.org.vn/attractions/culture/http://www.culturalprofiles.net/viet_nam/http://www.vietspring.org/http://www.vietnamembassy-usa.org/learn_about_vietnam/culture/http://vietnamtravel.gov.vn/vietnam-culture/http://www.vietnamembassy-usa.org/learn_about_vietnam/culture/http://www.eng.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/eng/news/default.aspx?cat_id=513&news_id=8841http://www.eng.hochiminhcity.gov.vn/eng/news/default.aspx?cat_id=513&news_id=8841http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8091-4352-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Culture_of_Vietnam&printable=yes#cite_ref-phan05_3-1http

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