culture and leadership

32
Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D. Culture in a Culture in a Multicultural World: Multicultural World: Diversity Challenges Diversity Challenges By Ada Luz Gonzalez, By Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D. Ph.D.

Upload: ada-gonzalez

Post on 27-Nov-2014

423 views

Category:

Technology


1 download

DESCRIPTION

 

TRANSCRIPT

Page 1: Culture and Leadership

Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

Culture in a Culture in a Multicultural World: Multicultural World: Diversity ChallengesDiversity Challenges

By Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.By Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

Page 2: Culture and Leadership

2Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

What is Culture?

• What are your ideas?• Culture refers to the sum total of the ways of

living built up by a group of human beings and transmitted from one generation to another. Includes values, norms, beliefs, attitudes, folkways, behavior styles, and traditions linked to form an integrated whole to preserve the society.

Page 3: Culture and Leadership

3Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

What is Ethnicity?

• Ethnicity refers to a person’s identification with a group of people of the same race or nationality who share a common and distinctive culture.

It is connectedness based on commonalities

(e.g., religion,

nationality, region).

Page 4: Culture and Leadership

4Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

What is Race?

• Race refers to a group of people related genetically by common descent, blood, and heredity. It is not clear if race is more a biological or social construction. Race is culturally significant as a result of the social processes that sustain majority-minority status.

Page 5: Culture and Leadership

5Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

Culture is both subjective and objective

• Subjective:– Beliefs– Values– Cognitive frameworks

• Objective:– Observable patterned behavior

Page 6: Culture and Leadership

6Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

Culture is Multileveled and Dynamic

• Multileveled:– Micro (Individual)– Macro (organizations and institutions)

• Dynamic:– Product of ongoing social interaction– Build in community– Changes through daily decisions and

behaviors

Page 7: Culture and Leadership

7Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

Hoffstede’s Cultural Dimensions Individualism- Collectivism

(Welfare of the individual vs. unity of the group)

Collectivists tend to:

1. Identify themselves by group membership

2. Give priority to group goals

3. Put more emphasis on harmonious relationships

4. Have more socially-based emotions (indebtedness)

JapanJapan

GermanyGermany

UnitedUnitedStatesStates

Collectivism

Individualism

ChinaChina

Page 8: Culture and Leadership

8Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

Individual vs. group orientation• Confrontation and

conflict are ok• Personal opinions=

encouraged• Explicit

communication• Guilt culture

• Avoid confrontation and conflict

• Personal divergent opinions = bad

• Implicit communication• Shame

culture

Page 9: Culture and Leadership

9Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

Power Distance

The degree that people accept an unequal distribution of power in societyJapanJapan

GermanyGermany

UnitedUnitedStatesStates

FranceFrance

High Power Distance

Malaysia, ChinaMalaysia, China

Low Power Distance

Page 10: Culture and Leadership

10

Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

Small Power Distance

• Minimized inequality

• Interdependence

• Equality and initiative expected

• Decentralization= popular

• Seeks consensus

• Power is legitimate and subject to criteria of good and evil

• Ideal boss=

resourceful democrat

Page 11: Culture and Leadership

11

Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

Large Power Distance• Expected and desired

power and inequality

• Dependency

• Respect and obedience expected from subordinates

• Centralization is popular

• Might prevails over right

• Ideal boss =

benevolent autocrat. Accepts responsibility that goes with power.

Page 12: Culture and Leadership

12

Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

Leveraging Power Distance • Examine your source of power and power

dynamics in your organization.• Sources of power can be: external

networks, internal allies, knowledge, credibility, availability or choices, formal authority, interpersonal skills, and intrapersonal skills.

• Attempt to understand hopes, dreams, and needs and seek common ground. Look for win-win.

Page 13: Culture and Leadership

13

Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

JapanJapan

SouthSouthKoreaKorea

Achievement

Nurturing

SwedenSweden

The degree that people value assertiveness, competitiveness, and materialism (achievement) versus relationships and well-being of others (nurturing)

Achievement-Nurturing

UnitedUnitedStatesStates

Page 14: Culture and Leadership

14

Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

Achievement vs. Nurturing

• Dominant values= success and progress

• Important= money and things

• Deal with facts, not with feelings

• Live in order to work and win. Fears losing.

• Conflict resolution by fighting

• Only “the best” succeed.• Leaders= decisive and

assertive

• Dominant values= caring and preservation

• Important= people and warm relationships

• People deal both with facts and feelings

• Work in order to live• Conflict resolution by

compromise and negotiation• Emphasis on working and

sharing together• Leaders= strive for consensus

Page 15: Culture and Leadership

15

Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

Leveraging Achievement-Nurturing

• Find ways to balance competition and collaboration and know who needs more of what.

• Encourage collaboration among your team and direct reports.

• Understand the culture of your organization’s leadership.

• Consider interdependency.

15

Page 16: Culture and Leadership

16

Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

High U. A.

Low U. A.

JapanJapan

GermanyGermany

SingaporeSingapore

Uncertainty Avoidance (Stability/Change)

The degree that people feel threatened by ambiguity and uncertainty (high U.A.) or tolerate ambiguity (low U.A.) .

UnitedUnitedStatesStates

Page 17: Culture and Leadership

17

Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

Avoidance vs. tolerance • Uncertainty = threat• Fear of ambiguity and

risk• Different = dangerous• Tight rules even if

they don’t work• High structure• Expertise and correct

answers are expected

• Always busy. High stress

• Uncertainty = normal• Accepts ambiguity and

risk• Different = curious• Lenient rules, not

more than needed• Open-ended • “Not knowing” is ok• Hard working only

when needed. Low stress

Page 18: Culture and Leadership

18

Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

Leveraging Uncertainty Avoidance (Stability/Change)

• Balance stability and change. “Preserve the core and stimulate progress.” --Collins and Porras

• Don’t stifle creativity. Tap the richness of diverse talents.

• Understand if your organization is more bureaucratic (b) or innovative (i). If b, encourage innovation on specific entities under different norms. If i, install systematic processes wherever it makes sense. 1

8

Page 19: Culture and Leadership

19

Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

JapanJapan

NetherlandsNetherlands

RussiaRussia

Long-Term Orientation

Short-Term Orientation

ChinaChina

The degree that people value thrift, savings, and persistence (long-term) versus past and present issues (short-term).

Long/Short-Term Orientation

UnitedUnitedStatesStates

Page 20: Culture and Leadership

20

Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

Long/Short-Term Orientation

20

Page 21: Culture and Leadership

21

Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

Multicultural Competence

• Possess:– Adequate knowledge,

attitudes and beliefs in relation to diverse cultural groups. Careful with stereotypes!

– Knowledge about the impact of cultural group membership on clients and associates

– Appropriate interventions skills in the delivery of culturally sensitive services

Page 22: Culture and Leadership

22

Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

How to build multicultural competence

• Individual variables at a personal level:– patterns of cultural assumptions about

mankind (worldview)– value system, beliefs, and prejudices – cultural group membership– theoretical orientation.

Page 23: Culture and Leadership

23

Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

Understanding personal filters -Exercise

• Share a prejudice you grew up with–what others said about a certain group. Examine it and see where

it comes from

• Explain when/if and how you became aware of the underlying messages.

• As a group, compile a list of the prejudices that are still prevalent. Reflect if you hold any of them.

• Look for exceptions• Develop a relationship with a member of the group you

are prejudiced against

Page 24: Culture and Leadership

24

Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

Multicultural competence -2-

• Situational level variables:– Client’s, leaders, and workers presenting

issues– Workforce issues– Readiness for change– Organizational environment– Organizational cultural issues and pressures

Page 25: Culture and Leadership

25

Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

Multicultural competence -3-

• Realistic self-efficacy based on:– general awareness of culture and its impact– actual performance– up-to-date knowledge of cultural issues– experience and reflection– ongoing dialogue with colleagues and clients– willingness to learn about other cultures (both

“book knowledge” and experiential)

Page 26: Culture and Leadership

26

Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

Multicultural competence -4-• Effective working alliance based on:

– Mutual respect– Honesty about what is known and unknown about the other’s

culture– Willingness to learn from others – Striving for equality in the relationship

Page 27: Culture and Leadership

27

Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

Best Multicultural Experience (Divide in pairs) • What was the experience?

– .Who were the people involved?– .What was your contribution?– .How did you feel/how did others feel?– .What was the outcome and how were your

“rewarded”?– .How can you have more experiences like this

yourself?– .How can more experiences like this be made to

occur in your organization?– .Decide on an action you can take this week to

make a difference regarding cultural differences. Make a commitment to let the other know and share what happened.

Page 28: Culture and Leadership

28

Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

Ethical Considerations for Leaders

• Nondiscrimination• Competence

– Knowledge and awareness of cultural issues

• Self-Knowledge– Awareness of own culture, assumptions, bias,

attitudes, beliefs etc.– Comfort with difference– Openness to multicultural experiences– Respect for other cultures

Page 29: Culture and Leadership

29

Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

Ethical Considerations -2-

• Communication Skills– Intercultural communication skills– Language skills– Awareness of cultural differences in non-

verbal behavior

• Aware of Bias in Theory and Practice• Aware of Bias in Assessment Practices• Social Justice Perspective and Advocacy

Orientation

Page 30: Culture and Leadership

30

Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

Ethical Considerations -3-

• Specific knowledge of major cultural groups’ worldview, values, history, help-seeking patterns, family factors, and culturally appropriate helping strategies

• .Lifelong learning orientation

Page 31: Culture and Leadership

31

Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.

Recommended Readings• Carr-Ruffino, Norma (1999). Diversity success strategies.

Boston: Butterworth-Heinemann.• Cox, Taylor Jr. (2001). Creating the Multicultural

Organization: A Strategy for Capturing the Power of Diversity. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass.

• Hofstede, Geert (1997). Culture and organizations: Software of the mind. New York: McGraw-Hill.

• Morrison, Ann, and Crabtree, Kristen (1993). Developing Diversity in Organizations: A Digest of Selected Literature. Greensboro, NC: Center for Creative Leadership.

• Rosinski, Philippe (2008 ed.). Coaching Across Cultures: New tools for leveraging national, corporate & professional differences. Boston, MA: Nicholas Brealby Publishing..

• Trompenaars, Fons, and Hampden-Turner, Charles (1998, 2nd ed.). Riding the Waves of Culture. New York: McBraw-Hill.

Page 32: Culture and Leadership

32

Culture in a Multicultural World-by Ada Luz Gonzalez, Ph.D.