cultural identity language / social characteristicslanguage / social characteristics religion /...
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Cultural IdentityCultural Identity
• Language / Social CharacteristicsLanguage / Social Characteristics• Religion / Belief Systems / PoliticsReligion / Belief Systems / Politics
• Also includes many other aspects:Also includes many other aspects:– Art and ArchitectureArt and Architecture– Economics / MoneyEconomics / Money– TransportationTransportation– Food and clothing, etc.Food and clothing, etc.
CULTURECULTURECulture is not just about dances,Culture is not just about dances,food and dress.food and dress.
Culture is a shared set of values andCulture is a shared set of values andmeanings practiced in everyday lifemeanings practiced in everyday life
Let’s look at the geography of culture…Let’s look at the geography of culture…
CULTURAL IDENTITIESCULTURAL IDENTITIES
ReligionReligion
EthnicityEthnicity
LanguageLanguage
MusicMusic
Style of DressStyle of Dress
RaceRace
RegionRegion
FoodFood
HistoriesHistories
And more…And more…
LANGUAGELANGUAGE
Means of communicationMeans of communication
and and identityidentity
Spoken, written, manualSpoken, written, manual
Living Languages!• Thousands of tribal
languages across globe• Many small languages
endangered• Some languages forbidden
in past (colonial rulers)– Native African– Native American– Yiddish
• Some languages protected– Gaelic– Native American– French?
Where languages are
737 in Indonesia!737 in Indonesia!(18,000+ islands)
6,909*6,909*
* http://www.nationsonline.org/oneworld/languages.htm
How many people How many people speak which languages?speak which languages?
Rank Language Number of Speakers
1 Chinese (Mandarin) 1,050,000,000
2 English 510,000,000
3 Hindi 490,000,000
4 Spanish 420,000,000
5 Russian 255,000,000
6 Arabic 230,000,000
7 German 229,000,000
8 Bengali 215,000,000
9 Portuguese 213,000,000
10 French 130,000,000Ethnologue: Languages of the World - 2005Ethnologue: Languages of the World - 2005
Language Language FamilyFamily
Ancient common Ancient common origin, split into:origin, split into:
•Language Language branchesbranches•LanguagesLanguages•Regional dialects / Regional dialects / accentsaccents
Major world Major world language familieslanguage families
Indo-European Austronesian Ural-AltaicSino-Tibetan Niger-Congo JapaneseAfro-Asiatic Dravidian …and the rest
Ural-
Indo-European language family branchesMultiple tongues:Multiple tongues:BalticCelticGermanicIndo-IranianItalic (Romantic) Slavic
Unique:Unique:AlbanianArmenianGreek
Indo-European Language Indo-European Language Branches
NOTNOT Indo-European languages
Suomi (Finland)*Suomi (Finland)*
Estonian (Estonia)*Estonian (Estonia)*
Magyar (Hungary)*Magyar (Hungary)*
Euzkadi (Basque Country)Euzkadi (Basque Country)
• IsolatedIsolated• Well-defensedWell-defensed• Survived centuries ofSurvived centuries of invasions and colonizationinvasions and colonization
* Finno-Ugric language family* Finno-Ugric language family
RomanticRomantic Branch of Indo-European Language Family Branch of Indo-European Language Family
RomeRome••
Germanic Branch of
Indo-EuropeanLanguage
Family
Romance Languages: Mutually Intelligible?Romance Languages: Mutually Intelligible?COWCOWCatalanCatalan VacaVacaFrench: French: Vache Vache Italian: Italian: Vacca Vacca Portuguese: Portuguese: Vaca Vaca Romanian: Romanian: VacăVacăSpanish: Spanish: Vaca Vaca
VERY GOODVERY GOOD
Catalan:Catalan: Molt BoMolt BoFrench: French: Tres BienTres BienItalian: Italian: Molto BeneMolto BenePortuguese: Portuguese: Muito BemMuito BemRomanian: Romanian: Merge BineMerge BineSpanish: Spanish: Muy BienMuy Bien
Indo-European Indo-European Language TreeLanguage Tree
night
ночь (noch')
noche nuit nótt
natt
noitenox
Nacht nacht
noapte
nocnatë
naktis
νύκτα (nykta)
Estonian: öö
Euzkadi: gauMagyar: éjSuomi: yö
raath
Lingua FrancaLingua FrancaA language used informally for A language used informally for
communication in a multiethnic placecommunication in a multiethnic placeOften a former colonial languageOften a former colonial language
Official LanguagesOfficial Languages
What is theOFFICIALLanguage
of the U.S.?
U.S. should be U.S. should be YELLOW!!YELLOW!!
**English is the Lingua Franca of the United States**
What is English, anyway?What is English, anyway?• Bizarre• Avocado• Hurricane• Petunia• Assassin• Barbecue• Chipmunk• Ammonia• Banjo• Tundra
WHAT DO ALL THESE WHAT DO ALL THESE WORDS HAVE IN WORDS HAVE IN COMMON?COMMON?
What is English, anyway?What is English, anyway?Bizarre Bizarre (Euzkadi, for (Euzkadi, for beard “bizar”beard “bizar”))Avocado Avocado (Nahuatl [Aztec] for “(Nahuatl [Aztec] for “testicletesticle”)”)Hurricane Hurricane (Ta(Taííno, a Caribbean language)no, a Caribbean language)Petunia Petunia (Tupi, Peruvian Indian)(Tupi, Peruvian Indian)Assassin Assassin (Arabic, from (Arabic, from hashish smokershashish smokers))Barbecue Barbecue (Carib, a Caribbean language)(Carib, a Caribbean language)Chipmunk Chipmunk (Ojibwe, Native American)(Ojibwe, Native American)Ammonia Ammonia (Ancient Egyptian for (Ancient Egyptian for camel dungcamel dung))Banjo Banjo (Kimbundu, Northern Angola)(Kimbundu, Northern Angola)Tundra Tundra (Saami, formerly called Lapp)(Saami, formerly called Lapp)KumquatKumquat (Chinese, “gold orange”)(Chinese, “gold orange”)
English: A “melting pot” in itself!English: A “melting pot” in itself!
Wisconsin Place Names:Wisconsin Place Names:also from many sourcesalso from many sources
• Eau Claire
• Prairie du Chien
• Neenah-Menasha
• Chetek
• Trempealeau
• Oshkosh
• Kewaunee
• Clear WaterClear Water
• Prairie of the DogPrairie of the Dog
• Island-IslandIsland-Island
• PelicanPelican
• Water SoakedWater Soaked
• ToenailToenail
• Prairie ChickenPrairie Chicken
DIALECT and ACCENTDIALECT and ACCENT(regional variations within a language)
“Wess-KAHN-sin”“Wisk-AHN-sin”“Wis-KAHN-sin”
“Mi-nuh-SOH-tuh”“Mi-neh-SOH-tah”
“Mi-neh-SOOOOOO-tah”
1. What are these?
2. What is this?
3. What is in these cans?
Is it Soda, Pop or Coke? Or something else?
4. Finish this sentence:4. Finish this sentence:
Duck, Duck, _____________
http://www.joespc.com/yankee_dixie_quiz.html
Cultural RegionCultural Region• Areas in which a Areas in which a
particular cultural particular cultural system prevailssystem prevails
• Dominant cultural Dominant cultural practices, beliefs, practices, beliefs, valuesvalues
Acculturation Acculturation vs.vs. Assimilation Assimilation• Absorbing of minority Absorbing of minority culture into majority culture into majority culture, often through culture, often through pressurepressure
• Loss of culture can Loss of culture can degrade minority, degrade minority, create uneven playing create uneven playing fieldfield
• InvoluntaryInvoluntary
• Adoption of the Adoption of the behavior patterns behavior patterns of the surrounding of the surrounding culture culture
• Process of Process of melding new ideas melding new ideas into an existing into an existing cognitive culturecognitive culture
• VoluntaryVoluntary
Religious LandscapesReligious Landscapes
Blue MosqueBlue MosqueNew SynagogueNew Synagogue
St. Peter’s CathedralSt. Peter’s Cathedral
Mormon TempleMormon Temple
Barsana DhamBarsana DhamHindu TempleHindu Temple
Orthodox ChurchOrthodox Church
BorobudurBorobudurBuddhist TempleBuddhist Temple
WORLD RELIGIONSWORLD RELIGIONS
But what is a “religion?”But what is a “religion?”From Dictionary.com:
• Which religions are “legitimate?”Which religions are “legitimate?”• What criteria are used: What criteria are used: Time? Followers?Time? Followers?• And by whose standards / definition?And by whose standards / definition?• If you believe it, it’s real! (at least to you)If you believe it, it’s real! (at least to you)
Vodoun (Santería)Vodoun (Santería)10,000+ years old10,000+ years old
Voodoo curse used to threaten wifeVoodoo curse used to threaten wifePalm Beach PostWednesday, March 05, 2008
PORT ST. LUCIE, FL — Police jailed a 34-year-old man accused of punching his wife and threatening to kill her, her children and her family with a gun and a Voodoo curse, records show.
Nerlet Bellot's wife told police she is a "strong believer" in Voodoo and her husband is "more than capable" of casting a Voodoo curse, an arrest report said. The woman, who is Haitian like her husband, said she was "terrified of that notion and it's consequences.“
The woman, who recently moved from Haiti where her husband also has family, told police that threat scared her more than any of the others. Bellot was arrested Monday on charges of domestic battery, domestic assault, hindering communication with a law enforcement officer.
Even in the Midwest!Even in the Midwest!March 08, 2006March 08, 2006
Headless Chicken Not So LuckyHeadless Chicken Not So LuckyChicago drivers need all the luck they can get. So it's understandable that when Jose A. Cruz, 25, set out to drive from Elmhurst, Ill. to his home in Sweetwater, Fla., he tried to bring along some good luck. Only instead of rubbing a rabbit's foot, he beheaded a live chicken and tossed its still-flapping body out of his car window. Unluckily, an Elmhurst cop watched him do it. Cruz was arrested, but not for killing the chicken. Apparently, decapitation is a humane way to kill a bird and, thus, not a crime. Instead, he was charged with littering. According to police, Cruz practices Santeria andkilled the bird as part of a ritual sacrifice. Chicagohas a growing population of Santeria followers,including White Sox manager Ozzie Guillen. The Sox skipper identifies himself as a Roman Catholic, but he is also a babalowa, a leader in the Santeria faith.
World Religions…today
Diffusion of Christianity in the Roman Empire
First Schism: Western (Catholic) vs. Eastern (Orthodox)
Second Schism: Catholic vs. Protestant
Christianity in Europe Today
Christianity in the U.S. TodayChristianity in the U.S. Today
Religions in the U.S. Today
ProtestantChristians100 mil.+
CatholicChristians60 mil.+
Muslims 4 mil.Muslims 4 mil.Jews 6 mil.Jews 6 mil.OrthodoxOrthodoxChristians 6 mil.Christians 6 mil.
Muslims in the U.S.
AltoonaMosque(formerchurch)
Origin of Islam: Mecca (Saudi Arabia)Origin of Islam: Mecca (Saudi Arabia)
Diffusion of Islam
Areas under Muslim rule at various times
Mesquita: Cordoba, Spain
Sunni and Shi‘a Muslim Regions Today
Most Muslims are not Arabs. Most Arabs are Muslim.Arab = “of Arabia.” Most Muslims do not live in Arabia.
Iraq: 80% ArabSaudi Arabia:
90% Arab
Kuwait: 81% Arab
Iran: Persian Iran: Persian 3% Arab3% Arab
Syria:90% Arab
Jordan:98% Arab
Egypt:90% Arab
Arabic
Berber
Hamitic
Persian
Kurdish
Turkish (Western)
Turkish (Eastern)
Baluch
Caucasian
Greek
Hebrew
Ethnolinguistic Groups of the Middle East
“Arabia”
RANK COUNTRY MUSLIM POPULATIONRANK COUNTRY MUSLIM POPULATION
ArabArab
1.1. IndonesiaIndonesia 204,847,000204,847,0002.2. PakistanPakistan 178,097,000178,097,0003.3. IndiaIndia 177,286,000177,286,0004.4. BangladeshBangladesh 148,607,000148,607,0005.5. EgyptEgypt 80,024,000 80,024,0006.6. NigeriaNigeria 75,728,000 75,728,0007.7. IranIran 74,819,000 74,819,0008.8. TurkeyTurkey 74,660,000 74,660,000 9.9. AlgeriaAlgeria 34,780,000 34,780,00010.10. MoroccoMorocco 32,381,000 32,381,00016.16. Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia 25,493,000 25,493,00056.56. United StatesUnited States 2.5 million? 2.5 million? Pew
Research Center (‘09)
Judaism in the U.S.Also tend to be located in urban areas
Symbolic LandscapesSymbolic Landscapes
• Spread / acceptance of Spread / acceptance of “American” culture “American” culture around the world around the world
• a.k.a. “McCulture”a.k.a. “McCulture”
Why America?Why America?• Cultural / Ingenuity?Cultural / Ingenuity?• Economic - English?Economic - English?• Result of capitalism / Result of capitalism /
larger market?larger market?• Force?Force?
““Americanization”Americanization”
McNifficaMcNifficaArgentinaArgentina
McKroketMcKroketNetherlandsNetherlands
McRyeMcRyeFinlandFinland
TeriyakiTeriyakiMcBurgerMcBurger
JapanJapan
Bulgogi BurgerBulgogi BurgerKoreaKorea
Tukbul BurgerTukbul BurgerKoreaKorea
VegiMacVegiMacSwitzerlandSwitzerland
Kofte BurgerKofte BurgerTurkeyTurkey
Bacon RollBacon RollUnited KingdomUnited Kingdom
A Global Cuisine…A Global Cuisine…
Greek MacGreek MacGreeceGreece
Red Bean SundayHong Kong
McFlurryBelgium
Shake Shake FriesHong Kong
Curry Potato PieHong Kong
BicaPortugal
CanadaCanada
AustraliaAustralia
MexicoMexico
KoreaKorea
SwedenSweden
IsraelIsrael
Ireland
Hong KongHong Kong
ScotlandScotland
Saudi ArabiaSaudi Arabia
NetherlandsNetherlands
IndiaIndia
RussiaRussia
MalaysiaMalaysia
EgyptEgypt
ColombiaColombia
ItalyItaly
BrazilBrazil
ThailandThailand
GermanyGermany
FinlandFinland