cultura, gramática y vocabulario. cultura culture

Cultura, Gramática y Vocabulario

REPASO DE CAPÍTULO 5

CULTURACulture

GEOCULTURA DE CHILE

• Official Language: Spanish• Currency: Chilean peso• National Dance: La cueca- which represents the courtship

between a rooster and a hen.• Typical Foods: Dishes containing seafood (due to long coastline)

and Pastel de Choclo (a dish made from meat & corn)• Home to 6,000 kilometers of Pacific Coast and is only 180

kilometers wide.• Architecture: due to the various climates and ethnic traditions

in Chile, housing various from region to region. For example, Southern Chilean housing shows influence from British and/or German immigrants and is built to withstand cold winters. Housing in areas like Chiloé island and the Amazon Basin are built on stilts due to rising waters and are brightly colored.

CHILE

Places to know:

1. Santiago

2. Isla de Rapa Nui (Isla de Pascua)

3. Los Andes

4. Parque Nacional Laguna San Rafael

5. Parque Nacional Torres del Paine

6. Desierto del Atacama

7. Viña del Mar

CHILE

Reasons Why:

1. Capital of Chile

2. Home to nearly 600 stone statues known as moais

3. Mountain Range that makes up most of Chile

4. Home to sea green glaciers

5. Home to almost perfectly vertical, dangerous peeks.

6. The driest desert in the world.

7. Famous Beach found on Chile’s Pacific Coast.

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• Los Mapuches

• Pedro de Valdivia• Augusto Pinochet• Salvador Allende• Pedro Lira• Pablo Neruda• Gabriela Mistral

• Native people of Chile known for their bravery

• Founded Santiago in 1541

• Former Chilean president• Former Chilean dictator• Famous Chilean artist• Famous Chilean poet• Famous Chilean poet

People to Know Reason Why:

CHILE

Both won Nobel Prize for Literature

• Apellidos (Last names) in Latin American countries give information about BOTH of someone’s parents & their family. A person named Juan Perez Herrera is telling the last name of both of his parents- Perez is the last name of Juan’s father and Herrera is the last name of Juan’s mother. In Latin American countries, one carries both last names- the father’s first and then the mother’s.

• La Familia in Spanish speaking countries often does not refer only to one’s immediate family but also members of the extended family. In Spanish speaking countries, extended family members get together often and in some cases, elderly family members live with younger members of the family.

NOTAS CULTURALES:PÁGINAS 160 Y 173

GRAMÁTICAGrammar

• Possessive Adjectives are used to show ownership or a relationship between people and/or things.

• Possessive Adjectives is Spanish, while referring to the owner, their form must match the number and gender (if applicable) of the object that it is referring to.

• Possessive Adjectives (unlike descriptive adjectives) are placed before the noun.

• Possessive Adjectives are used to shorten the phrase de + person. For example: El libro de Juan (Juan’s book) becomes su libro (his book)

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES- PAGE 162

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Singular Plural

My

Your (tú)

Your (usted)

His

Her

Our

Your (vosotros)

Your (ustedes)

Their


Singular Plural

My Mi Mis

Your (tú) Tu Tus

Your (usted) Su Sus

His Su Sus

Her Su Sus

Our NuestroNuestra

NuestrosNuestras

Your (vosotros) VuestroVuestra

VuestrosVuestras

Your (ustedes) Su Sus

Their Su Sus


Present tense is used to describe actions that occur in the Present

I run

I am running

I do run

Do I run?

Every verb in Spanish has a stem followed by an ending.

The stem is everything before the ending and tells the verb’s meaning. The ending in Spanish can tell you who is the subject. The infinitive ending doesn’t name a subject.

Cantar to sing

Canto I sing

Cantamos we sing

PRESENT TENSE (REPASO)

To conjugate a verb means to change the verbs from the infinitive form to match the subject.

To conjugate a verb in Spanish in Present Tense:

1. Drop the ending from the infinitive (the –ar, -er, or –ir)

2. Add the ending that matches the particular subject

The following slide will show all the present tense endings…


-AR verbs -ER verbs -IR verbs

yo

tú

usted

él

ella

Nosotros (as)

Vosotros(as)

ustedes

Ellos(as)

PRESENT TENSE(REPASO)


yo -o -o -o

tú -as -es -es

usted -a -e -e

él -a -e -e

ella -a -e -e

Nosotros (as) -amos -emos -imos

Vosotros(as) -áis -éis -ís

ustedes -an -en -en

Ellos(as) -an -en -en


Since the ending of the verb can tell the subject, the subjects for yo, tú, nosotros, & vosotros can be omitted because their

verb endings ONLY match their subjects.

These subjects or their subject pronouns can be added to emphasize or clarify who is being talked about.

Ana y yo cantamos. (Ana & I sing)

Cantamos. (We sing)



yo -o -o -o

tú -as -es -es

Nosotros (as) -amos -emos -imos

Vosotros(as) -áis -éis -ís

The subjects usted, él, and ella share the same ending and the subjects ustedes and ellos share the same endings.

As a result, the subject MUST be used to clarify!

Cantan (They sing or you sing)

Ellos cantan. (They sing)

Ana y usted cantan. (Ana and you sing)



usted -a -e -e

él -a -e -e

ella -a -e -e

ustedes -an -en -en

ellos -an -en -en

English Spanish English Spanish

I work We works

You work You works

You (ud.) work You (uds.) work

He works They work

She works


TRABAJAR- TO WORK


I work Trabajo We works Trabajamos

You work Trabajas You works Trabajáis

You (ud.) work Usted trabaja You (uds.) work Ustedes trabajan

He works Él trabaja They work Ellos trabajan

She works Ella trabaja

PRESENT TENSETRABAJAR- TO WORK


TRABAJAR- TO WORK

Some verbs are referred to as Stem-changing verbs.

In these cases, the stem of the verb (everything before the ending) will change in all forms except nosotros & vosotros (This is known as the BOOT

shape)There are 4 types of stem-changes in Spanish.

e ie

e i

o ue

u ue (VERY RARE)

PRESENT TENSESTEM-CHANGES







I sleep We sleep

You sleep You sleep

You (ud.) sleep

You (uds.) sleep

He sleeps They sleep

She sleeps


JUGAR (U;UE)- TO PLAY

PRESENT TENSE O;UE STEM CHANGE (PG 164)

DORMIR (O;UE)- TO PLAY


I sleep Duermo We sleep Dormimos

You sleep Duermes You sleep Dormís

You (ud.) sleep Usted Duerme You (uds.) sleep

Ustedes Duermen

He sleeps Él Duerme They sleep Ellos Duermen

She sleeps Ella Duerme

PRESENT TENSE U;UE STEM CHANGE (PG 164)

DORMIR(O;UE)- TO PLAY

• Jugar (u;ue)• Dormir • Almorzar• Volver• Llover

• To play (games/sports)

• To sleep• To have lunch• To return (to a place)• To rain

COMMON O;UE STEM CHANGING VERBS


I want We want

You want You want

You (ud.) want

You (uds.) want

He wants They want

She wants

PRESENT TENSEE;IE STEM CHANGE (PG. 164)

QUERER (E;IE)- TO WANT


I want Quiero We want Queremos

You want Quieres You want Queréis

You (ud.) want Usted quiere You (uds.)

wantUstedes quieren

He wants Él quiere They want Ellos quieren

She wants Ella quiere

PRESENT TENSEQUERER (E;IE)- TO WANT

PRESENT TENSEE;IE STEM CHANGE (PG. 164)

QUERER (E;IE)- TO WANT

• Empezar• Merendar• Entender• Querer• Tener • *Tengo• Venir• *Vengo

• To begin• To have a snack• To understand• To want• To have• *I have• To come• *I come

COMMON E;IE STEM CHANGING VERBS

Some verbs are irregular and MUST be completely memorized!

Ir- to go is one such verb.The following slide shows the conjugation of the verb

ir- to go

PRESENT TENSETHE VERB IR- TO GO


I go (am going)

We go (are going)

You go (are going)

You go (are going)

You (ud.) go (are going)

You (uds.) go (are going)

He goes (is going)

They go (are going)

She goes (is going)

PRESENT TENSEIR- TO GO


I go (am going) voy We go (are

going) vamos

You go (are going) vas You go (are

going) vais

You (ud.) go (are going) Usted va You (uds.) go

(are going) Ustedes van

He goes (is going) Él va They go (are

going) Ellos van

She goes (is going) Ella va

PRESENT TENSEIR- TO GO

The preposition a is used after the verbs ir and jugar.

After the verb ir, a is used to mean to.

Voy a la iglesia.

I go to the church.

Similarly, after the verb jugar, a is used with a sport.

Jugamos al golf.

We play golf.

Remember that the preposition a combines with the definite article el to make al.

**Also remember that the preposition de combines with the definite article el to make del.

IR A + INFINITIVE (REPASO-PAGE 136)

• Both verbs mean to be• The difference is that Ser refers to things that

are permanent and Estar refers to things that are temporary.

• To remember which verb to use: For Ser use D.O.T.T.I.P. and for Estar use H.E.L.P.C.T.

SER VS. ESTAR (NOTES)

D- DescriptionsO- OriginT- TimeT- Traits (permanent)I- IdentificationP- Possession (or Profession)

H- HealthE- EmotionsL- LocationP- Progressive TenseC- ConditionsT- Traits (changing)

SER ESTAR


• Al lado de• Cerca de• Debajo de• Delante de• Detrás de• Encima de• Lejos de

• Next to• Near, Close to• Underneath• In front of• Behind• On top of, Above• Far from

Because Estar deals with Location, it is important to know your prepositions!

(see page 174)


Ser To be EstarI am

You (informal) are

You (formal) are

He is

She is

We are

You (informal) are

You (formal) are

They are

Ser To be Estar(Yo) soy I am (Yo) estoy

(Tú) eres You (informal) are (Tú) estás

Usted es You (formal) are Usted está

Él es He is Él está

Ella es She is Ella está

(Nosotros/Nosotras) somos

We are (Nosotros/Nosotras) estamos

(Vosotros/Vosotras) sois

You (informal) are (Vosotros/Vosotras) estáis

Ustedes son You (formal) are Ustedes están

Ellos/Ellas son They are Ellos/Ellas están

Negative words in Spanish can take the place of the word no or can be added toward the end of a sentence that already has no.

No voy a la clase.Nunca voy a la clase.No voy a la clase nunca.

The words nada and nadie can both be used as a subject in a sentence in which case they are placed before the verb.

Nada es facílNadie quiere sacar la basura.

When nada and nadie are used after the verb, no must be placed before the verb.

No quiero hacer nada.No hay nadie en clase hoy.

NEGATIVE WORDS (PG. 176)

• No• Nunca• Siempre• Tampoco• También• Nada• Algo• Nadie• Alguien

• Don’t/Do Not• Never (ever)• Always• Neither/Not Either• Also• Nothing (Not anything)• Something• Nobody/Not Anybody• Someone/Somebody

NEGATIVE & POSITIVE WORDS

• The verb Tocar is used to tell whose turn it is to do something or what your duties are.

• Tocar is usually followed by an infinitive and may be conjugated like the verb gustar.

A ti te toca limpiar el cuartoIt is your turn to clean the room.

Hoy le toca a Juan.Today, It’s Juan’s turn.

THE VERB TOCAR- PG. 178

THE VERB TOCAR

Singular (object) Plural (object)

It is my turn A mí Me toca A mí Me tocan

It is your (tú) turn A ti Te toca A ti Te tocan

It is your (usted) turn A usted Le toca A usted Le tocan

It is his turn A él Le toca A él Le tocan

It is her turn A ella Le toca A ella Le tocan

It is our turn A Nosotros Nos toca A Nosotros Nos tocan

It is your (vosotros) turn

A Vosotros Os toca A Vosotros Os tocan

It is your (ustedes) turn

A Ustedes Les toca A Ustedes Les tocan

It is their turn A Ellos Les toca A Ellos Les tocan

• The verb Parecer is used to tell how something may seem to someone.

• It is very common to use this verb when asking for or giving an opinion.

• Parecer is conjugated like the verb gustar. A ti te parece injusto limpiar el cuarto

To you it seems unjust to clean the room.

A Juan le parece bien jugar al golf.To Juan it seems good to play golf.

THE VERB PARECER PG. 178

THE VERB PARECER

Singular (object) Plural (object)

It seems to me A mí Me parece A mí Me parecen

It seems to you (tú) A ti Te parece A ti Te parecen

It seems to you (usted)

A usted Le parece A usted Le parecen

It seems to hiim A él Le parece A él Le parecen

It seems to her A ella Le parece A ella Le parecen

It seems to us A Nosotros Nos parece

A Nosotros Nos parecen

It seems to you (vosotros)

A Vosotros Os parece A Vosotros Os parecen

It seems to you (ustedes)

A Ustedes Les parece

A Ustedes Les parecen

It seems to them A Ellos Les parece A Ellos Les parecen

VOCABULARIOVocabulary

• Vocabulary for this Chapter can be found on page 187 in your textbook and on your Chapter 5-Part I and Chapter 5-Part II Vocabulary Lists (located on EaglePoint).

• Also- don’t forget to look at your ¡Exprésate! boxes

VOCABULARIO

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