cultivating the yungas: notes on current farming at rasupampa and tablas monte

7/31/2019 Cultivating the Yungas: Notes on Current Farming at Rasupampa and Tablas Monte

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Zb Smst M`bmjNmkgumgb. Eunturb. mkj Ijbktityik t`b Kbhtrhpies

Bjitbj dy E`ristimk Isbkjm`n

Jbpmrtlbkt ho Mre`mbhnhgy mkj Mkeibkt @isthryRppsmnm Rkivbrsity


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MdstrmetZb Smst M`bmj+ Nmkgumgb. Eunturb. mkj Ijbktity ik t`b Kbhtrhpies+ (Bjitbj dy6 E`ristimkIsbkjm`n+) Metm Rkivbrsitmtis Rpsmnibksis+ Utujibs ik Gnhdmn Mre`mbhnhgy+ pp+ Rppsmnm +IUD K ,,,,+

Ik Mkjbmk ehgkitihk t`b bldhjilbkt ho t`b pmst is jioobrbkt orhl lmky ht`br wmys th spmtimnnyrbnmtb t`b phsitihk ho t`b dhjy th tilb+ ìs bpistblhnhgy is ohr ikstmkeb bxprbssbj ik t`b ]ubeùmwhrj mwpm. wìe` sigkioibs t`mt t`b pmst is ik orhkt ho us1 it is akhwk mkj emk db sbbk+ Ubbikg mkjakhwikg t`b pmst ik tìs wmy rbvbrdbrmtbs witìk t`b ìsthriemn behnhgiemn mrgulbkt t`mt t`b prbsbktis ehktikgbkt wit` t`b pmst mkj is bxpnieitny rbonbetbj witìk t`b ehktridutihks th tìs vhnulb+ `bSmst M`bmj6 Nmkgumgb. Eunturb. mkj Ijbktity ik t`b Kbhtrhpies ohrls m ehnnbetihk ho rbwhrabjpmpbrs hrigikmnny prbsbktbj ik s`hrtbr ohrlmt dy mre`mbhnhgists. mkt`rhphnhgists. mkj nikguists mtt`b rbsbmre` sylphsiul Mre`mbhnhgy mkj Uheibty ik Dhnivim hrgmkizbj mt Rppsmnm Rkivbrsity dyt`b bjithr+ `b vhnulb ikenujbs e`mptbrs dy Fmk,ab Mnvmrsshk. Nisdbt Dbkgtsshk. Thgbr Dnbke`.Ubrgih Emnnm. E`ristimk Isbkjm`n. Emrnm Fmilbs. Fh`k Fmkusba. Mjrimkm Luhz. @biah Srlbrs.

Wmntbr Uke`bz. Sbr Utbkdhrg. Fumk Lmrebnh iehkm. mkj E`mrnhttm Wijlmra bxmlikikg m sbribs ho

jioobrbkt mspbets ho mgrieunturb. ehlpnbx sheibtibs. ijbktitibs. nmkjsempb. nmkgumgbs. mkj urdmkisl ikt`b ìg`nmkj mkj nhwnmkj Kbhtrhpies t`mt mnn ìg`nig`t t`b sigkioiemkeb ho t`b pmst ik t`b prbsbkt+

IUUK ,IUDK ,,,,

Zb Mut`hrs

Nmyhut mkj typbsbttikg6 Grmk Wmnndy. Rppsmnm Rkivbrsity Nidrmry

Sriktbj ik Uwbjbk dy Bjitm _strm Mrhs. _stbrs 43=4


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Ehktbkts

Iktrhjueikg t`b Smst M`bmj + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +E`ristimk Isbkjm`n

`b Thnb ho Mgrieunturb ik Bxpnmikikg t`b

Jivbrsity ho Mlbrikjimk Nmkgumgbs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Thgbr Dnbke`

Rkjbrehvbr6 Liliery mkjEnmkjbstikb Ijbktitibs ho t`b Smst + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Sbr Utbkdhrg

W`y Gh Dmea th t`b Hnj Wmys8 Dinikgumn Bjuemtihk mkj Bt`khrbgbkbsis

mlhkg t`b Wbbk`myba ho t`b Dhnivimk Grmk E`meh + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Fmk,ab Mnvmrsshk

Rrdmk Mylmrm Upbmabrs ik Dhnivim mkj t`b Srhebssbsho Eunturb mkj Ijbktity Ohrlmtihk + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +E`mrnhttm Wijlmra

Dhnivimks ik Ght`bkdurg6

`b Mre`mbhnhgiemn mkj Bt`khgrmp`ie Ehnnbetihksmt t`b Lusbul ho Whrnj Eunturb + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +

Mjrimkm Luhz

Rkjbrstmkjikg iwmkmau Hrigiks6Mkilistie Behnhgy ik t`b Mkjbmk Mntipnmkh + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Fh`k W+ Fmkusba

Bn Srhybeth Nhlms jb Emsmrmdb6 Ikvbstigmeihkbs mrqubhngiemsbk nhs Nnmkhs jb Lhfhs. Dhnivim + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + @biah Srlbrs


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Nm ebrliem jb jhs lhkteunhs `mditmeihkmnbsbk bn rbm jb Emsmrmdb. Nnmkhs jb Lhxhs + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Emrnm Fmilbs Dbtmkehurt

`b W`ispbrikg Wikjs6 `b Umerbjkbss ho Wmnaikgik t`b Mkjbmk Whrnj + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + Nisdbt Dbkgtsshk

Eruzmkjh pmismfbs. trmksitmkjh emlikhs6 Bn rmlmn Ikemjb Uipb Uipb `mstm Ikame`mem (Ehe`mdmldm. Dhnivim) + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + +Wmntbr Uke`bz Emkbjh

Euntivmtikg t`b Yukgms6 Khtbs hk Eurrbkt Omrlikgmt Tmsupmlpm mkj mdnms Lhktb + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + + E`ristimk Isbkjm`n. Fumk Lmrebnh Ziehkm. mkj Ubrgih Emnnm Lmnjhkmjh


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449

Euntivmtikg t`b Yukgms6 Khtbs hk EurrbktOmrlikg mt Tmsupmlpm mkj mdnms Lhktb

E`ristimk Isbkjm`n.& Fumk Lmrebnh iehkm. mkjUbrgih Emnnm Lmnjhkmjh

Ehktmet jbtmins (&)

Jbpmrtlbkt ho Mre`mbhnhgy mkj Mkeibkt @isthryRppsmnm RkivbrsityDhx ?4?UB,72= 4? RppsmnmUwbjbke`ristimk+isbkjm`nCmrabhnhgi+uu+sb

TBURLBK

Euntivmkjh nhs Yukgms6 Khtms drbvms shdrb nm mgrieunturmehktblphrkbm bk Tmsupmlpm y mdnms LhktbBk nm ehrribktb jhlikmktb jb behkhlm jbn jbsmrrhnnh mgrehnm nhs trlikhs mgrieunturmprb,ikjustrimn. ikjgbkm y trmjieihkmn m lbkujh sb utinizmk ehlh sikkilhs iktbr,emldimdnbs pmrm nhs sistblms mgrmrihs ehksijbrmjhs ehlh mngh bsttieh+ Uik bldmrgh. nmerbeibktb bvijbkeim jb nm ikvbstigmeik mrqubhngiem m bsemnm gnhdmn prbsbktm uk pmkhrmlmrmjiemnlbktb jiobrbktb1 stms jbseripeihkbs jb nhs sistblms jb prhjueeik jb mnilbkths bkbn pmsmjh sugibrbk ukm jivbrsijmj bspmeimn y ukm vmrimeik tblphrmn+ Rk bfblpnh jb bnnh

bs bn pmismfb mgrh,mrqubhngieh qub rbeibktblbktb `m sijh jbseudibrth bk Tmsupmlpm.bk nm rbgik jb nhs Yukgms jbn Jbpmrtmlbkth jb Ehe`mdmldm. Dhnivim+ Ikieimnlbktb ik,vbstigmjh. jbserith y jheulbktmjh phr Wmntbr Uke`bz (4330). bsths rbsths ikenuybk ukmvmribjmj ehk rbspbeth m tbkbkeim jb nm tibrrm. ehktrhn jb nm brhsik jb nm empm supbrihr jbnsubnh y shnueihkbs jb gbstik jbn mgum qub kh `mk sijh rbphrtmjhs bk ukm ehkoigurmeiksilinmr bk htrms pmrtbs jb nhs Mkjbs+ Nms ikvbstigmeihkbs bk eursh bxpnhrmk jiobrbktbsmspbeths jb bstb mgrh,sistblm y nm behnhgm `istriem jb nhs Yukgms+ Rkm pmrtb ilphrtmktbjb bstm ikvbstigmeik bs ehkhebr nms metumnbs pretiems mgrehnms y sistblms mgrhkliehs jbehkheilibkth nhemnbs+ Bstb trmdmfh rbsulb nms pretiems metumnbs jb mgrieunthrbs bk Tmsu,

pmlpm y nms rbgihkbs eireukjmktbs. m pmrtir jb ukm sbrib jb bktrbvistms ehk nhs mgrieunthrbsjb nm phdnmeik jb mdnms Lhktb+


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IktrhjuetihkIk lmikstrbml mgrieunturmn jbvbnhplbkt behkhlies prb,ikjustrimn. ikjigb,khus. mkj trmjitihkmn mgrieunturb ik t`b nhwbr nmtitujbs mrb hotbk usbj ms nhhsbnyiktbre`mkgbmdnb sykhkyls ohr omrlikg tbe`khnhgibs mkj rbshureb lmkmgblbkt

systbls t`mt mrb rbgmrjbj ms stmtie mkj ehksbrvmtivb. t`mt rbsist e`mkgb mkj ik,khvmtihk+ `by mrb ehllhkny mssheimtbj wit` mgrieunturb wit` phhr booieibkey(t`brbohrb rbquirikg vmst nmkj rbsbrvbs th lmiktmik prhjuetihk nbvbns iktbr,mk,kumnny) t`mt prhjuebs lmikny ohr `husb`hnj muth,ehksulptihk. wit` shlb nhw,nbvbn dmrtbr bxe`mkgb ho lmrgikmn surpnusbs+ `by mrb sbbk ms bssbktimnny ishnmtbjomrlikg trmjitihks t`mt rbsphkj hkny th nhemn sustbkmkeb jblmkjs. jisehkkbetbjorhl nmrgbr,semnb behkhlie. sheimn. phnitiemn. mkj bkvirhklbktmn systbls mkj prh,ebssbs+ Ikjbbj. io t`b eurrbkt ukprbebjbktbj dhhst ik mgrieunturmn ikkhvmtihk mkje`mkgb jrivbk dy m s`hrt,tbrl nhw,ehst ohssin,oubn bkbrgy rbgilb is usbj ms lbms,

urb. t`bk bmrnibr mgrieunturmn ikkhvmtihks mkj t`b pmeb ho tbe`khnhgiemn e`mkgbebrtmikny omjb ik ehlpmrishk+= Dut sueeuldikg th s`mnnhw rbebktisl ik bvmnumtikgt`b s`hrt, mkj nhkg,tbrl hutehlbs ho mgrieunturmn rbshureb lmkmgblbkt ms wbbktbr t`b phst pbma,hin brm lust surbny db th igkhrb vmnumdnb ùlmk bxpbribkebho sbeurikg ohhj prhvisihkikg systbls8 `b ìsthriemn behnhgiemn mrgulbkts (b+g+.Dmnb 433?1 Isbkjm`n 43=3) t`mt t`b prbsbkt is ehktikgbkt wit` t`b pmst mkj t`mteurrbkt omrlikg rbnmtbs th prb,ikjustrimn mgrieunturmn behkhlies. tbe`khnhgibs.mkj lmkmgblbkt strmtbgibs ik m ohrlmnist rmt`br t`mk sudstmktivist lmkkbri+b+.t`mt t`bsb jioobr ik jbgrbb rmt`br t`mk aikjsuggbsts t`mt mgrh,mre`mbhnhgy (hr

t`b mre`mbhnhgy ho mgrieunturb) emk gbkbrmtb iksig`ts hk t`b s`hrt,tbrl booiemey honmkj,usb jbeisihk,lmaikg mkj t`bir nhkg,tbrl ilpmets t`mt ik shlb sbksb mrb usb,oun ohr eurrbkt mkj outurb lmkmgblbkt ho mgrieunturmn rbshurebs mkj ohhj sbeurity+

Ikjbbj. lhuktikg bvijbkeb orhl mre`mbhnhgiemn rbsbmre` mt t`b gnhdmn semnbpmikts m rmjiemnny jioobrbkt pieturb ho prb,ikjustrimn mgrieunturb1 t`bsb mrb jbserip,tihks ho pmst ohhj prhjuetihk systbls t`mt ehktrmry th ukiohrlity mkj stmgkmkeysuggbst spmtimn mkj tblphrmn jivbrsity mkj vmrimtihk+ `b mre`mbhnhgiemn bvijbkebohr prbìsthrie omrlikg ik t`b ebktrmn Mkjbmk rbgihk ho Sbru mkj Dhnivim is mlhkgt`b lhst bxtbksivb mkj jivbrsb rbehrjs ho nmkjbsqub empitmn ikvbstlbkt ohr iktbk,

sioibj mgrieunturmn prhjuetihk mkyw`brb ik t`b whrnj (b+g+. Jhkaik =9791 Jbkb,vmk 433=)+ M luntitujb ho jioobrbkt rbshureb lmkmgblbkt strmtbgibs jbsigkbj ikpmrtieunmr th mjjrbss issubs ho snhpb. jboieibkt hr bxebssivb wmtbr mvminmdinity. mkjnhw tblpbrmturbs wbrb jbvbnhpbj mkj ikenujbj m sbribs ho tbrrmeikg. irrigmtihk.

=W`bk t`b stmrtikg jmtb ho tìs swbbp ik mgrieunturmn ikkhvmtihk s`hunj dbst db pnmebj lmy db mlmttbr ho jiseussihk. dut t`b iktrhjuetihk ho supbrp`hsp`mtbs mkj kitrhgbk ik Burhpb mkj Khrt`

Mlbriem mt t`b bkj ho t`b =9t` ebktury ohrls nmkjlmra ikkhvmtihks+ Ik t`b =9?3s mkj =973s. t`bilpnblbktmtihk ho t`b sh,emnnbj Grbbk Tbvhnutihkm gnhdmn,semnb mgrh,tbe`khnhgiemn rbohrl mt,tblpt milikg th trmksohrl mgrmrimk prhjuetihk thwmrjs lhkheunturbs ho stmkjmrjizbj ems` erhpswit` ìg` ikputs ho ohssin oubns t`rhug`hut t`b mgrieunturmn prhjuetihk mkj jistridutihk prhebss.mgrh,tbe`khnhgiemn lmeìkbry. e`bliemn pbstieijbs. obrtinizbrs. bte+lmssivbny bxphrtbj ikjustrim,nizbj omrlikg mt t`b gnhdmn semnb+ Lhrb rbebktny. t`b dhhl ik gbkbtiemnny lhjioibj ohhj pnmkts `msdrhug`t pnmkt jhlbstiemtihk. lhjioiemtihk. mkj prhjuetihk ukjbr kbw nbvbns ho ig`,tbe`khnhgiemnehktrhn+


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45=

mkj jrmikmgb tbe`khnhgibs+ Ubvbrmn ho t`bsb Mkjbmk mgrhsystbls `mvb dbbk ikvbs,tigmtbj mkj mrb wbnn ukjbrsthhj. dut lue` mgrh,mre`mbhnhgiemn rbsbmre` rblmiksth mpprbeimtb t`b jivbrsity ho lmkmgblbkt systbls rbgihkmnny mkj ik pmrtieunmrnmkjsempbs+

M ghhj bxmlpnb ho nhkg,tbrl mgrieunturmn e`mkgb mkj vmrimtihk is t`b mgrh,mre`mbhnhgiemn nmkjsempb t`mt rbebktny `ms dbbk ukbmrt`bj mt Tmsupmlpm. ik t`b

Yukgms rbgihk ho Dhnivims Jbpmrtlbkt ho Ehe`mdmldm (Oig+ =)+ Ikitimnny ikvbsti,gmtbj. jbseridbj. mkj rbphrtbj dy Wmntbr Uke`bz (4330). t`b rblmiks mt Tmsu,

pmlpm ikenujb m rmkgb ho nmkj,tbkurb. thp,shin brhsihk ehktrhn. mkj wmtbr lmk,mgblbkt shnutihks t`mt `mvb kht dbbk rbphrtbj ik m silinmr ehkoigurmtihk orhlmkyw`brb bnsb ik t`b Mkjbs. ms omr ms wb mrb mwmrb (Oig+ 4)+ Ohrlikg m snig`tnysnhpikg pnmik. t`b Tmsupmlpm mgrh,mre`mbhnhgiemn nmkjsempb is e`mrmetbrizbj dym systbl ho wmnnbj euntivmtihk pnhts+ Ik t`b iktbrihr ho t`bsb pnhts t`brb mrb pmr,mnnbn rhws ho sikgnb sthkbs pnmebj pbrpbkjieunmr th t`b snig`t snhpb ho t`b pnmik.tùs s`mpikg m sbribs ho lierh,tbrrmebj e`mkkbns+ hjmy. lhst ho t`b prb,@ispmkiemgrh,mre`mbhnhgiemn nmkjsempb mt Tmsupmlpm is ukjbr euntivmtihk+ Dut mnt`hugèhktblphrmry omrlbrs mrb bkfhyikg shlb ho t`b ouketihkmn dbkboits ho t`b rb,

lmiksthp,shin brhsihk ehktrhn. suromeb jrmikmgb. mkj shin ùlijity ikointrmtihkik pmrtieunmrtìs mgrhsystbl is enbmrny kht hpbrmtbj thjmy ms it wms hrigikmnnyiktbkjbj+ Ikjbbj. it is omir th smy t`mt t`bsb mgrh,mre`mbhnhgiemn obmturbs rbprbsbkt

Oigurb =+ `b nhemtihk ho Tmsupmlpm ik Dhnivim+ Nm udiemeik jb Tmsupmlpm bk Dhnivim+


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454

t`b hkny bxistikg rblkmkts ho nhst mgrhkhlibs1 wìnb t`b strueturbs rblmik. t`bakhwnbjgb systbls mkj t`b prmetiebs t`by wbrb m pmrt ho `mvb kht survivbj+4 Wit`kh nivikg trmjitihk hr akhw,`hw ho ehkstruetikg mkj lmiktmikikg t`b mgrhsystblmkj wit`hut mky jheulbktmry bvijbkeb t`mt jbseridbs its usb. mgrh,mre`mbhnhgyis t`b prilmry thhn th ukjbrstmkj `hw it ouketihkbj. prhjuebj. mkj wms sheimnny.phnitiemnny. eunturmnny. behkhliemnny. mkj bkvirhklbktmnny ehkjitihkbj+

Ohnnhwikg t`b oirst p`msb ho oibnj rbsbmre` mt Tmsupmlpm jurikg 43344332.wìe` ohrlbj pmrt ho Wmntbr Uke`bz S`+J+,jissbrtmtihk prhfbet mt Rppsmnm Rki,vbrsity (Uke`bz 4330). m sbehkj p`msb ho ikvbstigmtihk wms ikitimtbj ik 4337 wit`t`b ohrlmtihk ho m Uwbjis`,Dhnivimk ehhpbrmtivb mgrh,mre`mbhnhgiemn rbsbmre`prhfbet+5 ìs prhfbet ehktikubs th bxpnhrb mspbets ho t`b prb,@ispmkie mgrhsystblmt Tmsupmlpm mkj t`b ìsthriemn behnhgy ho t`b Yukgms (Isbkjm`n 43301 Isbkjm`nbt mn+ Ik prbss)+ Tbsbmre` ehlphkbkts ikenujb ourt`br mre`mbhnhgiemn ikvbstigmtihk4 Kht hkny mgrh,tbe`khnhgibs mkj mgrhkhlie akhwnbjgb systbls `mvb dbbk nhst hvbr t`b nmst 233ybmrs ik t`b Mkjbs mkj t`b Kbhtrhpiemn nhwnmkjs. dut mnsh lmky erhp gbkbtie rbshurebs (b+g+. Enb,lbkt =999m. =999d)+5 Tbsbmre` hvbr 433743=3 wms eh,jirbetbj dy E`ristimk Isbkjm`n mkj Wmntbr Uke`bz mkj oukjbjdy m rbsbmre` grmkt orhl t`b Uwbjis` Mgbkey ohr Iktbrkmtihkmn Jbvbnhplbkt (Uijm) th Isbkjm`n+Ik mjjitihk. t`b oibnj mre`mbhnhgiemn rbsbmre` grhup `ms ehksistbj ho Lmreh Irm`hnm. Fumk Lmrebnhiehkm. Jmgkbr Umnvmtibrrm. mkj Ubrgih Emnnm+

Oigurb 4+ Hvbrvibw ho t`b Tmsu,pmlpm oibnj systbl1 khtb oibnj pnhtwmnn ormglbkts mkj t`b wmtbr jis,tridutihk emkmn ik t`b ebktbr ho t`bilmgb+ _istm gbkbrmn jbn sistblm jbemlph Tmsupmlpm1 khtmr ormglbk,ths jb nm trmlm shdrb bn tbrrbkh jb nmpmrbj y bn emkmn jb jistridueik jbmgum bk bn ebktrh jb nm ilmgbk+


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ho mgrieunturmn obmturbs ik t`b nmkjsempb. untilmtbny th prbpmrb ohr rbehkstruetihkmkj tbst,euntivmtihk. mkj t`b hrgmkizmtihk ho m ehllukity lusbul mt t`b vinnmgbho mdnms Lhktb. wìe` wms ikmugurmtbj ik Khvbldbr 4339+

Mk ilphrtmkt mspbet ho t`bsb ikvbstigmtihks is th nbmrk mdhut eurrbkt mgrieun,turmn prmetiebs mkj mgrhkhlie akhwnbjgb systbls ik tìs pmrt ho t`b Yukgms+ ìse`mptbr sullmrizbs eurrbkt slmnn`hnjbr omrlikg prmetiebs mt Tmsupmlpm mkj

surrhukjikg rbgihks. jrmwikg hk m sbribs ho strueturbj iktbrvibws wit` mdnmsLhktb omrlbrs emrribj hut dy rbsbmre` tbml lbldbrs Fumk Lmrebnh iehkm mkjUbrgih Emnnm. suppnblbktbj dy lhrb ikohrlmn ehkvbrsmtihk mkj oibnj hdsbrvmtihklmjb w`bk whraikg mkj nivikg ik mdnms Lhktb jurikg oibnj sbmshks hvbr t`b nmstobw ybmrs+ Nbmrkikg orhl eurrbkt omrlikg prmetiebs ik t`bsb nmkjsempbs is vitmn thmequirb nbmjs hk `hw t`b Tmsupmlpm oibnj systbl wms usbj ik t`b pmst mkj ohrlsmk ilphrtmkt dmsbnikb ohr upehlikg tbst euntivmtihk prhgrmls+

`b YukgmsTmsupmlpm is nhemtbj ik t`b Yukgms ho t`b bmstbrk Mkjbmk ehrjinnbrmlhktmm6 t`bbmstbrk omeb ho t`b bmstbrk lhuktmik rmkgb ho t`b ebktrmn Mkjbs (Oig+ 5)+ `b bktirblhktmm lmerh,rbgihk ho t`b ebktrmn Mkjbs orhl t`b bmstbrk ehrjinnbrm th t`b nhw,nmkjs ohrls m ehlpnbx mkj `btbrhgbkbhus bkvirhklbkt wit` ehksijbrmdnb dihgbh,p`ysiemn jivbrsity+ `b bkvirhklbktmn vmrimtihk ho t`b lhktmm is prikeipmnny dmsbjhk jioobrbkebs ik mntitujb (pmrtieunmrny ikonubkeikg tblpbrmturb). prbeipitmtihk nbv,bns. mkj snhpb grmjibkt+ `b prhkhukebj. vbrtiemnny,dmsbj behnhgiemn zhkmtihk ho

t`b ehlphsitb lhuktmikhus bkvirhklbkt is lirrhrbj ik m lhsmie,niab gbhgrmpìemnjistridutihk ho eurrbkt mkj pmst rbshureb bxpnhitmtihk zhkbs mkj ohrls t`b dmsis ohrstrmtbgibs ho behkhlie ehlpnblbktmrity mt sbvbrmn semnbs (Lurrm 4334)+

Oigurb 5+ Ue`blmtie erhss,sbetihk ho t`b ebktrmn Mkjbs (lhjioibj orhl Uke`bz 43306Oig+ 4+2)+ Bs,qublm jb nm sbeeik trmksvbrsmn jb nhs Mkjbs ebktrmnbs (lhjioiemjh jb Uke`bz 43306Oig+ 4+2)+


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Ohrlikg pmrt ho t`b grbmtbr Mlmzhkimk `yjrhnhgiemn systbl. t`b lhktmmpnmys m jbeisivb behnhgiemn rhnb mt t`b ehktikbktmn mkj gnhdmn semnbs+ Ik ohreikg t`blhist bmstbrny mir lmssbs ho t`b Uhut` Mtnmktie mktieyenhkb th msebkj mkj rbnbmsb

prbeipitmtihk t`mt untilmtbny obbjs t`b Mlmzhkimk jrmikmgb wit` kutribkt,rie`sbjilbkt,nmjbk wmtbr. t`b lhktmm prhvijbs mk ilphrtmkt vmrimdnb ohr Mlmzh,kimk rmik ohrbst behnhgy. strueturb. mkj jistridutihk+ Ik tìs empmeity. t`b lhktmm`ms m aby ouketihk ik t`b @hnhebkb Bmrt` Uystbl ikonubkeikg phtbktimn dihlmssprhjuetivity mkj ohr t`b grhwt` ho prb,@ispmkie ehlpnbx sheibtibs ik t`b MlmzhkDmsik+

Yukgms is m rbgihkmn tbrl lbmkikg `ht vmnnbys ik dht` ]ubeùm mkj My,lmrm (b+g+. Dbrthkih 4332672= Q=?=4\)t`b twh lmik ebktrmn Mkjbmk nmkgumgbs+It wms pieabj up dy t`b Upmkimrjs mt mk bmrny jmtb. mkj ik t`b lij,=7t` ebktury

Omt`br Dbrkmdb Ehdh jbseridbj t`b Yukgms ms `ypbr,ùlij. jbksbny vbgbtmtbjik`mditmdnb pnmebs+

Ms m rbsunt ho tìs mdukjmkeb ho wmtbr. t`brb is mkht`br bqumnny trhudnbshlb ìk,jrmkeb th ùlmk `mditmtihk6 t`b lmky ohrbsts mkj mremduehsQhrigikmnny m mikhtbrl ohr jbksb whhjnmkj\ wìe` grhw ik t`b `ht mkj rmiky nmkjs hoyukemenilmtb+`bsb ohrbsts wbrb kbvbr ik`mditbj dy lmk1 kh trmeb ho sbttnblbkts emk db sbbk ikt`bl dbemusb t`bsb ohrbsts mrb vbry ìg` mkj jbksb (Ehdh =97962)+

hjmy. t`b Yukgms ho t`b bmstbrk ebktrmn Mkjbs mrb khrlmnny mssheimtbj wit` `ht.

wbnn,wmtbrbj. mkj obrtinb vmnnbys wit` ìg` dihlmss prhjuetivity (Oig+ :)+ Dih,gbhp`ysihgrmpìemnny it is m tbe`kiemn tbrl ohr nmkj suromebs ik t`b lij, th nhw,mntitujb ùlij lbsh,trhpies ho t`b ebktrmn Mkjbs mt bnbvmtihks dbtwbbk :33 th

Oigurb :+ M ohrbstbj sbetihk ho t`b Yukgms+ Rkm sbeeik ohrbstmn jb nhs Yukgms+


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5333 l (Kmvmrrh mkj Lmnjhkmjh 433464705:0). usumnny ehvbrikg onmkabj ehn,nuvimn tbrrmebs ho nhkg mkj hotbk iktbrlittbkt mkj ehlpnbx snhpbs+ `b Yukgms jhkht ehlprisb m ehktikuhus sbetihk ho t`b lhktmm1 t`bsb mrb ehlphsitb mkj drh,abk nmkjsempbs. iktbroikgbrbj wit` lhuktmik rmkgbs mkj rivbr onhhjpnmiks+ `b

Yukgms mrb pmrtny ehvbrbj wit` rmik ohrbsts. dut nmrgb sbethrs mrb eurrbktny ukjbreuntivmtihk+ Obrtinb shin e`mrmetbristies. yjrhnhgiemn pmttbrks. mkj mrbms wit` lhj,brmtb snhpb grmjibkts hoobr ghhj ehkjitihks ohr mgrieunturmn prhjuetihk ho lmkyjioobrbkt pnmkt spbeibs+ Mt jioobrbkt mntitujbs. jistiket sbethrs ho t`b Yukgms ehr,rbsphkj th t`b ijbmn grhwikg rmkgbs ho jioobrbkt sbts ho pnmkts. tùs prhjueikgm sbribs ho drhmjny vbrtiemnny jboikbj mgrh,behnhgiemn zhkbs wit` jioobrbkt erhpsuitmdinity+

`b lhsmie jistridutihk ho mgrh,behnhgiemn zhkbs. ìg` ùlijity. mkj nhemtihkdbtwbbk t`b Kbhtrhpiemn nhwnmkjs mkj t`b Mkjbmk rbgihk ehktridutb th lmabt`b Yukgms mlhkg t`b rie`bst dihjivbrsity rbgihks ik gnhdmn ehlpmrishk+ Mt t`bdhukjmry ehkkbetikg t`b ìg` bnbvmtihk Mkjbs wit` t`b nhwnmkj Kbhtrhpies.t`b Yukgms lig`t `mvb prhvijbj spbeibs rbougim jurikg jistiket enilmtie bpishjbs(Sbkkikgthk bt mn+ 43=31 Srmkeb =904). dut t`brb is m kbbj ohr ìsthriemn behnhgi,emn rbsbmre` th prhvijb nhkg,tbrl pbrspbetivbs hk t`b jykmlies dbtwbbk rbshurebbxpnhitmtihk mkj spbeibs dihjivbrsity mt jioobrbkt spmtimn semnbs mkj tilb iktbrvmnsik tìs `htspht rbgihk (Lybrs bt mn+ 4333)+ Ikjbbj. jbspitb t`b dihjivbrsity hot`b lhktmm mkj t`b mgrieunturmn prhjuetihk phtbktimn ho t`b Yukgms. mre`mbh,nhgiemn ikvbstigmtihks ik tìs behnhgiemn lhsmie `mvb dbbk obw mkj ormglbktmrymkj prb,@ispmkie sbttnblbkt mkj nmkj usb pmttbrks ho t`b Dhnivimk Yukgms mrbphhrny akhwk. pmrtny rbonbetikg m ehllhk pbrebptihk ho t`b lhktmm ms pbrip`,brmn th bmrny iwmkmau mkj Ikam stmtb jbvbnhplbkt ik t`b ìg`br mntitujb Mkjbs+@hwbvbr. sikeb t`b =973smkj pmrtieunmrny ohnnhwikg ìsthrimk ìbrry Umigkbsgrhukj,drbmaikg whra (=902)mre`mbhnhgists mt t`b Rkivbrsijmj Lmyhr jb UmkUilk (RLUU) ik Ehe`mdmldm `mvb ehkjuetbj ilphrtmkt ikvbstigmtihks ik t`b

Yukgms (ohr m rbsbmre` sullmry sbb Uke`bz 433064=42). dut lue` mre`mbh,nhgiemn oibnj rbsbmre` rblmiks th ukjbrstmkj t`b nhkg,tbrl sheimn jykmlies ho tìsehlpnbx mkj nhgistiemnny jiooieunt rbgihk ik jbtmin (sbb mnsh Uke`bz. tìs vhnulb)+

`b Tmsupmlpm oibnj systblTmsupmlpm ohrls mk bxtbkjbj kmturmn pnmtbmu t`mt strbte`bs khrt`shut` mkjsnhpbs snig`tny thwmrjs t`b khrt`. lbmsurikg shlb 4333 dy :33 l mkj ehvbrikg e+:3 betmrbs (Oig+ 2)+ `b pnmtbmu is wbnn jboikbj thphgrmpìemnny dy ig`br tbrrmik tht`b khrt`. bmst. mkj shut` mkj dy t`b stbbp snhpb ho t`b Fmtuk Lmyu rivbr ghrgb tht`b wbst+ Ubetihks ho t`b stbbp snhpb thwmrjs t`b rivbr mrb ehvbrbj wit` prb,@ispmkiemgrieunturmn tbrrmebs t`mt mvb dbbk lmppbj ik pmrt dy Uke`bz (43306=23=25)+ `bbktirb Tmsupmlpm pnmtbmu wms prhdmdny hkeb ehvbrbj wit` mgrh,mre`mbhnhgiemn rb,lmiks. dut hkny pmrt ho its grbmtbst bxtbksihk rblmiks thjmy6 hvbr t`b nmst jbemjbmkj lhrb nmrgb sbethrs ho t`b rblmiks `mvb dbbk jbstrhybj+ Uthkbs `mvb rbebktny


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dbbk tmabk orhl Tmsupmlpm th rbourdis` t`b rhmj ehkkbetikg mdnms Lhktb th

t`b Ehe`mdmldmUmktm Eruz ìg`wmy. mkj t`b mgrh,mre`mbhnhgiemn obmturbs `mvbdbbk jislmktnbj th ikerbmsb vmnumdnb e`meh (oibnj pnht) euntivmtihk spmeb+ Boohrts thikerbmsb nhemn mwmrbkbss ho t`b vmnub th prhtbet mkj prbsbrvb t`b mgrh,mre`mbhnhgiemnrblmikssupphrtbj ik pmrtieunmr dy t`b mrgulbkt t`mt m nhkg,tbrl rbehrj ho nh,emn rbshureb lmkmgblbkt is rbnbvmkt ohr nhemn omrlbrs`mvb tùs dbbk bxtrblbnyurgbkt mkj wb `mvb oheusbj ikvbstigmtihks hk jheulbktikg t`b rblmiks mkj jis,sblikmtikg hur oikjikgs th ikerbmsb nhemn mwmrbkbss ho t`b mgrh,mre`mbhnhgiemn brit,mgb+ Wb `mvb jhkb tìs oirst dy ehkebktrmtikg hk lmppikg nmrgb sbethr ho t`b mgri,eunturmn nmkjsempb mkj. sbehkj. dy hrgmkizikgik enhsb ehhpbrmtihk wit` vinnmgbrs

mkj ehllukity mut`hritibsm ehllukity lusbul mt mdnms Lhktb ik wìe` t`bTmsupmlpm oibnj systbl is jbseridbj mkj bxpnmikbj+

Uh omr. wb mvb lmppbj mdhut big`t betmrbs ik t`b shut`brk sbetihk ho t`b pnmik.mdhut 43" ho t`b Tmsupmlpm pnmtbmu mkj t`b lmfhrity ho t`b mrbm w`brb mgrh,mre`mbhnhgiemn obmturbs stinn rblmik (Oig+ ?)+ Lmppikg t`b smlpnb mrbm `betmrb dy`betmrb. wb mrb ehnnbetikg mk bxtbksivb jmtmdmsb ho t`b mgrh,mre`mbhnhgiemn nmkjsempbt`mt eurrbktny ikenujbs ikohrlmtihk hk kbmrny ?33 obmturb ehktbxts+ Lhst ho t`bsbobmturb ehktbxts mrb wmnnbj pnhts t`mt vmry grbmtny ik sizb (orhl mdhut 4 dy 2 l th 43dy :3 l) mkj s`mpb (orhl kbmrny pbrobet rbetmkgnbs th mlhrp`hus phnyghks) (Oig+

7)+ `b jbksity ho wmnnbj pnhts e`mkgbs hvbr t`b lmppbj sbetihk ho t`b nmkjsempbhwikg th jioobrbkebs ik lierh,thphgrmp`y. t`b sizbs ho t`b pnhts. mkj t`b jbgrbb hoprbsbrvmtihk. orhl mdhut 23 th hvbr =33 jboikbj pnhts pbr `betmrb+

Oigurb 2+ Smkhrmlm vibw thwmrjs t`b bmst ho t`b Tmsupmlpm pnmtbmu. mkj t`b vinnmgb ho mdnmsLhktb nhemtbj mdhvb it ik t`b dmeagrhukj+ _istm pmkhrliem `meim bn bstb jb nm lbsbtm Tmsu,pmlpm. y bn pubdnh jb mdnms Lhktb udiemjh phr bkeilm jb bnnm mn ohkjh+


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`b wmnns `mvb dbbk ehkstruetbj orhl rheas mppbmrikg kmturmnny ik t`b pnmik.wit` nmrgbr dhunjbrs mt t`b dmsb mkj oist,sizbj rheas ik t`b uppbr nbvbns. mkj mrbusumnny dbtwbbk `mno m lbtbr mkj m lbtbr `ig` mkj ms wijb (Oig+ 0)+ Lhst wmnnbjpnhts `mvb pmrmnnbn rhws ho sthkb ik t`b iktbrihr. spmebj mt iktbrvmns ho mdhut ?2th 03 el mkj pbrpbkjieunmr th t`b jirbetihk ho t`b vbry snig`t snhpb (Oig+ 9)+ `b

rhws ho sthkb mkj t`b ourrhws erbmtbj dbtwbbk t`bl phtbktimnny sbrvbj m vmribtyho jioobrbkt ouketihks meehrjikg th t`b sbmshk ho t`b mgrieunturmn emnbkjmr6 `hri,zhktmn jrmikmgb ho bxebss wmtbr. thpshin brhsihk ehktrhn. vbrtiemn jistridutihk mkj

Oigurb ?+ M smlpnb sbetihk ho t`b Tmsupmlpm oibnj systbl lmppbj ik 43374339 (lmp dy UbrgihEmnnm)+ Rkm sbeeik jbn sistblm jb emlph Tmsupmlpm lmpm trmzmjh bktrb bn 43374339 (lmpmjb Ubrgih Emnnm)+


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Oigurb 0+ M Tmsupmlpm oibnj wmnn+ Rk lurh bk Tmsupmlpm+

Oigurb 7+ M rbetmkgunmr oibnj pnht mt Tmsupmlpm+ Rkm pmrebnm rbetmkgunmr bk Tmsupmlpm+


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nbvbnnikg ho shin lhisturb ehktbkt. rmisikg shin tblpbrmturb. rbjueikg `ig` shnmrrmjimtihk. nhwbrikg bvmphrmtihk. mkj omeinitmtikg tbkjikg+ Nilitikg grhwt` spmeblig`t mnsh `mvb stilunmtbj t`b jbvbnhplbkt ho prbobrrbj tudbr sizbs mkj s`mpbsho euntivmtbj rhht erhps (Oig+ =3)+ `bsb obmturbs `mvb kht dbbk jheulbktbj ikmgrh,mre`mbhnhgiemn rbsbmre` orhl bnsbw`brb. mkj mppbmr th db ukiqub th t`bwbnn,wmtbrbj Yukgms+ Ht`br mgrh,mre`mbhnhgiemn obmturbs ik t`b nmkjsempb ikenujb

nmrgbr iktbr,pnht kbtwhras ho emkmns jrmikikg mkj jistridutikg wmtbr (Oig+ ==). snhpbtbrrmeikg. eireunmr wmnnbj obmturbs nmeaikg iktbrihr ourrhws (prhdmdny t`b rblmiksho sthrmgb strueturbs1 Oig+ =4). mkj rbetmkgunmr mkj mpsijmn oibnj `husbs+ `b gbk,brmn pmttbrk ho t`b mgrh,mre`mbhnhgiemn rblmiks t`mt `mvb dbbk ikvbstigmtbj quitbenbmrny suggbsts hvbrmnn pnmkkikg1 t`bsb mrb kht mj `hegmrjbks dut ohrl pmrt hom pnmkkbj mgrhsystbl ho shin. snhpb. mkj wmtbr lmkmgblbkt t`mt wms jbsigkbjth ikerbmsb t`b prhjuetivity ho t`b nmkj+ Uudjivisihkikg ho sbethrs mkj gmrjbksikth slmnnbr pnhts is bvijbkt ik wmnn ehkstruetihks. ikjiemtikg bnmdhrmtihk hvbrtilbprhdmdny hwikg th gbkbrmtihkmn s`iots+ Mnt`hug` wb mrb ikjbbj ik m p`msb

ho rbsbmre` w`brb wb mrb ohrlunmtikg kbw qubstihks ms lue` ms wb mrb mkswbrikghnj hkbs. t`b bvijbkeb orhl Tmsupmlpm mjjs sigkioiemktny th hur akhwnbjgb hot`b jivbrsity ho mgrieunturb ik t`b Yukgms+

Oigurb 9+ `b iktbrihr sthkbnikbs ho Tmsupmlpm oibnjpnhts1 `brb pnmktbj wit`lmizb (p`hth dy Lmreh Irm,`hnm)+ Nms nkbms jb pibjrmjbn iktbrihr jb nms pmrebnms jbTmsupmlpm. mqu pnmktmjmsehk lmz (ohth jb LmrehIrm`hnm)+


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4:3

Oigurb ==+ M wmtbr jistridutihk emkmn mtTmsupmlpm1 p`hth up`inn thwmrjs t`bshut`+ Khtb t`b wmtbr e`bea jbvisb ikt`b wmnn. ik t`b ebktbr ho t`b ilmgb+ Rk emkmn jb jistridueik jb mgum bk

Tmsupmlpm1 ohth jbsjb mrridm `meim bnsur+ Ktbsb bn jisphsitivh jb rbtbkeikjb mgum bk nm pmrbj. bk bn ebktrh jb nmilmgbk+

Oigurb =3+ `b rhht erhpymek is eurrbktny euntivmtbj mt mdnms Lhktb+ Bn tudreunhymek sb eun,tivm metumnlbktb bk mdnms Lhktb+


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Ikehlpnbtb jmtikg is mk issub ho ehlpunshry ehkebrk ik nmkjsempb mre`mbhnhgymkj hur whra is kh bxebptihk ik t`is rbgmrj+ `brb mrb eurrbktny kh ukmldigu,hus e`rhkhnhgiemn ikjiemthrs mvminmdnb t`mt mrb jirbetny mssheimtbj wit` t`b mgrh,mre`mbhnhgiemn obmturbs+ Rktin jmtmdnb bxemvmtbj jmtm is rbehrjbj orhl Tmsupmlpmitsbno. ebrmlie bvijbkeb orhl Uke`bz bxemvmtihks mt mdnms Lhktb mdhut m ainh,lbtrb mwmy hoobrs m tbktmtivb ikjiemtihk ho t`b tblphrmn jilbksihk ho nmkjsempbheeupmtihk. mkj suggbsts t`mt t`b mgrhsystbl jmtbs orhl t`b pbrihj dbtwbbk t`bLijjnb @hrizhk ho t`b lij,oirst linnbkkiul MJ uktin t`b Nmtb @hrizhk ho t`b=2t` ebktury (Uke`bz 4330). m tilb,ormlb t`mt enbmrny kbbjs th db kmrrhwbj

jhwk ik outurb rbsbmre`+h jbtbrlikb t`b ouketihk ho t`b mgrieunturmn systbl rbquirbs bxemvmtihk. rb,ehkstruetihk. mkj tbst euntivmtihk+ h t`is bkj wb mil th sbnbet rbprbsbktmtivb oibnjpnhts ohr jbtminbj ikvbstigmtihk mkj rbehkstruetihk mkj ikitimtb mk bxpbrilbktmneuntivmtihk prhgrml th tbst t`b ouketihks mkj prhjuetivity ho t`b mgrhsystbl wit`m rmkgb ho Mkjbmk euntivmrs usikg m vmribty ho erhppikg mkj tbkjikg strmtbgibs thdb jbtbrlikbj ik jimnhgub wit` t`b lbldbrs ho t`b nhemn ehllukity t`mt winnehkjuet t`b tbst euntivmtihk+ Ilphrtmkt ikjigbkhus pnmkts th db tbstbj ikenujbtudbrs mkj rhht erhps sue` ms mrrmeme`m.: lmkihe. mkjymek (mdnb =)+ Uudstmktimn

rbsunts orhl t`b prhfbetbj tbst prhgrml mkj t`b bvmnumtihk ho t`b rbehkstruetbj: Ik t`b tbxt. Bkgnis` kmlbs mrb usbj ohr pnmkts w`bk mvminmdnb+ Snmkt kmlbs itmnieizbj ik t`b tbxt`mvb kh Bkgnis` ehllhk kmlb+ Dhtmkiemn kmlbs mkj nhemn mkj Bkgnis` ehllhk kmlbs mrb nistbjik mdnb =+

Oigurb =4+ `bsb eireunmr strueturbs mrb prhdmdny t`b rblmiks ho sthrmgb duinjikgs mt Tmsupmlpm+ Bstms bstrueturms eireunmrbs shk prhdmdnblbktb nhs rbsths jb bjioieihs jb mnlmebkmlibkth bk Tm,supmlpm+


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4:4

Yukgms mgrhsystbl winn tmab tilb th meeulunmtb mkj wb mrb nhhaikg ohrwmrj th mehktikubj bkgmgblbkt ik mppnibj mgrh,mre`mbhnhgy mt Tmsupmlpm wit` t`b ehl,lukity mt mdnms Lhktb hk m nhkg,tbrl dmsis+

Ik hur ehkvbrsmtihks. mdnms omrlbrs (Zmdnbhs) eitb lmky jioobrbkt phsitivbqumnitibs ho euntivmtihk ik Tmsupmlpm6 (=) t`b shins mrb jmrabr mkj lhrb omvhrmdnbohr grhwikg m wijbr rmkgb ho erhps t`mk bnsbw`brb. (4) t`b enilmtb is wmrl dutkht `ht mkj it is rbnmtivbny mgrbbmdnb th whra ik. (5) t`b rmiks pmss omst mkj it isjrybr t`mk mt lmky ht`br nhemtihks. (:) t`brb mrb obwbr iksbet pbsts t`mk mt nhwbr

mdnb =+ Nhemn. Bkgnis`. mkj dhtmkiemn kmlbs ho pnmkts euntivmtbj ik t`b Yukgms ho mdnmsLhktb mkj Tmsupmlpm+ Nhs khldrbs nhemnbs. ikgns y dhtkiehs jb nms pnmktms euntivmjmsbk nhs Yukgms jb mdnms Lhktb y Tmsupmlpm+

Nhemn kmlb Bkgnis` Dhtmkiemn kmlb

meìrm purpnb mrrhwrhht Emkkm bjunisme`hfe`m squms`,niab erhp Eyenmkt`brm pbjmtmmfh gmrnie Mnniul smtivulmrvbfm pbm Sisul smtivulmrrmeme`m vbgbtmdnb mkj rhht erhp Mrrmemeim xmkt`hrrìzmemlhtb swbbt phtmth Iphlmbm dmtmtmsemm sugmr emkb Umee`mrul sppebdhnnm hkihk Mnniul sppeinmktrh ehrimkjbr Ehrimkjrul smtivuljurmzkh mprieht Srukus mrlbkimem

gumymdm gumvm Ssijiul gumfmvmìbrdm dubkm likt Lbkt`msppnbeùgm nbttueb Nmetuemsppnilk nblhk Eitrussppnhehth mf eìni pbppbrs Empsieul pudbsebks Empsieul dmeemtullmz (mye`m smrm) lmizb Vbm lmyslmk pbmkut Mrmeìs `yphgmbmlbldrinnh quikeb Eyjhkimspppmemy ieb,erbml dbmks Ikgmspppmpm phtmth Uhnmkul spp

phrhth mdms dbmks S`msbhnus vungmristhlmtb thlmth Nyshpbrsiehk sppthlmtb jb rdhn trbb thlmth Eyp`hlmkjrm dbtmebmtuldh pmssihk oruit Smssionhrmsppwmnusm gumnuzm kbw ehehyml

(tudbr erhp)Pmkt`hshlm smggitiohniul

ymek tudbr erhp Ulmnnmktùs shkeìohniusyuem lmkihe Lmki`ht bseunbktm Ermktzzmkm`hrim emrrht Jmueusspp

zmpmnnh pulpaik Eueurditm lmxilm


19/36

4:5

bnbvmtihks. mkj (2) t`b rbnmtivbny nbvbn thphgrmp`y mnnhws ohr t`b usb ho m trmethr (-)th whra t`b nmkj+ Ms m ehksbqubkeb ho t`b nmttbr phikt. t`b lmik kbgmtivb mspbetho Tmsupmlpm t`mt wms rmisbj dy shlb is t`b mdukjmkeb ho sthkbs mkj rhea ikt`b tbrrmiki+b+ t`b mkeibkt oibnj systblt`mt lmabs whraikg t`b nmkj jiooi,eunt+ Ht`br prhdnblmtie issubs mdnbhs rmisb ikenujb t`mt t`b enilmtb is rbnmtivbnywmrl sh t`mt t`brb mrb lhrb iksbets mkj nmrvmb t`mk mt shlb ht`br nhemtihks. mkjt`mt orhst mkj m nmea ho rmik mkj wmtbr emk shlbtilbs db prhdnblmtie+

Ik t`b lmik. mdnbhs yhukg mkj hnj tìka ho t`b mre`mbhnhgiemn sthkb strue,turbs mt Tmsupmlpm ms t`b `husb mkj oibnj rblmiks ho mk Ikam vinnmgb+ Uhlb mrgubt`mt t`b hrigikmn ouketihks ho t`b rblmiks wbrb enbmrny mgrieunturmn1 prikeipmnny the`mkkbn wmtbr mkj th prhvijb wbnn,jboikbj ehlpmrtlbkts ohr t`b euntivmtihk hojioobrbkt pnmkts+ Ht`br qumnitibs mssheimtbj wit` t`b iktbrihr sthkb nikikgs mrb6 (=)thp,shin brhsihk ehktrhn. (4) omeinitmtikg wmnaikg mkj trmksphrt ik t`b oibnj wit`nbss risa ho jmlmgikg t`b erhps. (5) prhtbetikg t`b pnmkts orhl t`b suk. mkj (:)lmaikg it bmsibr th euntivmtb ik strmig`t nikbs+ Dut jbspitb m wijbsprbmj gbkbrmnukjbrstmkjikg ho t`b ouketihk ho t`b wmnns mkj sthkb rhws ms lmikny mgrieunturmn(mk mwmrbkbss t`mt `ms dbehlb lue` lhrb wijbsprbmj sikeb hur whra dbgmk).t`bsb mrb ehksijbrbj dy lmky mk hdstmenb mkj kuismkeb ohr omrlikg1 t`by tmab upspmeb ik t`b e`meh mkj lmab it jiooieunt th sìot t`b shin mkj lix wit` lmkurb. mkjsbvbrmn mrbms ho Tmsupmlpm mvb rbebktny dbbk enbmrbj orhl wmnns mkj sthkbs. bvbkmotbr ikitimn mre`mbhnhgiemn rbsbmre` metivitibs dbgmk ik 4334+

`b ehllukity mt mdnms Lhktbmdnms Lhktb is mk mgrieunturmn ehllukity nhemtbj hkb ainhlbtbr upìnn th t`bbmst ho Tmsupmlpm (Oig+ 2)+ hjmy. t`b phpunmtihk kuldbrs shlb 733 ik`mdi,tmkts. wit` mdhut hkb tìrj oivb ybmrs hr yhukgbr. mkj nbss t`mk hkb ik twbktyhvbr ?3+ Mnn vinnmgbrs nivb bssbktimnny hoo t`b nmkj. ehksulikg t`bir hwk ohhj erhpsmkj vbkjikg surpnusbs mt rbgihkmn lmrabts ik Ehnhli hr Ehe`mdmldm. mnt`hug` m`mkjoun ho `husb`hnj ikehlbs mrb suppnblbktbj dy slmnn dusikbssbs sue` ms emr,pbktry. mpieunturb. trmksphrt (dht` emrgh mkj pbrshkmn). abbpikg aihsas mkj pud,nie tbnbp`hkbs. hr dy wmgb nmdhr (bn emke`bh)+ `b vinnmgb is nhemtbj ik ukjunmtikgtbrrmik mkj `husb`hnj nhts mrb jispbrsbj hvbr t`b nmkjsempb+ `brb is shlb likhr`husb nht gmrjbkikg. dut quitb nilitbj obkeikg. mkj lunbs mkj ht`br jhlbstiemkilmns strmy rmt`br orbbny witìk t`b vinnmgb+

`b gbkbrmn phst,Ehktmet ìsthry ho sbttnblbkt ik t`b Yukgms mt mkj mrhukjmdnms Lhktb is ukenbmr. dut rb,ehnhkizmtihk sbbls th `mvb stmrtbj ik t`b =0tèbktury mkj iktbksioibj jurikg t`b ohnnhwikg ebktury. mt nbmst ik pmrt hwikg thnhggikg ohr Yukgms whhj rbshurebs ohr emrpbktry mkj ehkstruetihk. ohr mpieunturb.mkj ohr euntivmtihk ho shlb ikjigbkhus erhps (ikenujikg eìni pbppbrs. lmkihe.mkj swbbt phtmth)+ M lmp prhjuebj dy Ormkeisemk lissihkmribs ik =03: ikjiemtbsmdnms ms m vinnmgb mnhkg t`b lmik rhmj dbtwbbk Ehe`mdmldm mkj t`b nhwnmkjs+hjmy. mdnms Lhktb is nhemtbj mk `hurs jrivb hoo t`b lmik ìg`wmy t`mt ehkkbet


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t`b ig`nmkj eity ho Ehe`mdmldm wit` _innm ukmri dy t`b Mkjbmk pibjlhkt mkjUmktm Eruz jb nm Uibrrm ik t`b nhwnmkjs+

Wìnb shlb omlinibs lmy `mvb m nhkgbr rbsijbktimn ìsthry ik t`b mrbm. lmkyeurrbkt rbsijbkt omlinibs sbttnbj mt mdnms Lhktb ik t`b =923s ohnnhwikg t`b Dh,nivimk nmkj rbohrl+ Hvbr t`b nmst jbemjb t`brb `ms dbbk shlb illigrmtihk orhlt`b ìg`nmkjs. pmrtieunmrny orhl t`b rbgihk ho Shths. t`mt lmy db t`hug`t ho msenilmtb rbougbbs (tìs t`by hotbk sbbl th jh t`blsbnvbs)pbhpnb nbmvikg ikerbms,ikgny jrhug`t,strieabk jribr ìg`br mntitujbs ohr t`b lhrb ùlij Yukgms+ Hvbrt`b smlb pbrihj ho tilb lmky lhrb mdnbhsshlbtilbs bktirb omlinibs`mvbbligrmtbj th oikj whra ik Upmik hr Mrgbktikm+ Hvbr t`b nmst ehupnb ho ybmrs. hw,bvbr. ohnnhwikg t`b oikmkeimn erisis ik 4339. t`b kuldbr ho `hlbehlikgBspmhnbs`ms ikerbmsbj+ Sbhpnb t`mt rbturk`mvikg lmkmgbj th duinj,up shlb smvikgsorhl oruit `mrvbstikg hr uksainnbj ehkstruetihk nmdhr mdrhmjehllhkny ikvbstik trmksphrt dusikbssbs hr ilprhvbj `husikg. mkj duy bnbetrhkie prhjuets+

Nmkj rbshurebs mkj tbkurb systblsIk lhuktmikhus rbgihks t`b bkvirhklbktmn grmjibkt is stbbp. i+b+ t`b bkvirhk,lbkt e`mkgbs jrmlmtiemnny hvbr s`hrt jistmkebs. wìe` prhvijbs t`b oukjmlbktmne`mrmetbristie th ikonubkeb t`b spmtimn pmttbrkikg ho nmkj mkj rbshureb lmkmgb,lbkt+ `b s`mpb ho t`b bkvirhklbktmn grmjibkt usumnny jbpbkjs hk e`mkgbs ikhkb hr twh vmrimdnbs t`mt ehktrhn m `hst ho jbpbkjbkt. sbehkj,nbvbn vmrimdnbs+ Iklhuktmikhus snhpb nmkjsempbs sue` ms t`b Yukgms. bnbvmtihk ehktrhns tblpbrm,turb wìe` ik turk is m lmfhr nilitikg omethr ohr t`b grhwt` ho jioobrbkt pnmktsmkj erhps. mnhkg wit` shin e`mrmetbristies. `yjrhnhgy. mkj thphgrmp`y+ Ik Mkjbmkmre`mbhnhgy mkj mkt`rhphnhgy. t`b rbnmtbj ehkebpts ho vbrtiemnity. behnhgiemn zhkm,tihk. mkj behkhlie ehlpnblbktmrity mrb usbj th jbseridb t`b spmtimn pmttbrkikgho mgrh,behnhgiemn zhkbs mkj nmkj lmkmgblbkt dmsbj hk vmrimtihk ik bnbvmtihk.thphgrmp`y. mkj `yjrhnhgy (Lurrm 4334)+ ìs bkvirhklbktmn btbrhgbkbity mkjpmttbrkikg e`mrmetbrizbs t`b ehnnbetbj nmkj rbshurebs ho t`b mdnms Lhktb ehl,lukity. wìe` mrb jistridutbj hvbr jioobrbkt mgrh,behnhgiemn zhkbs+

`b rbgihkmn nmkj tbkurb systbl is jhlikmtbj dy mgrieunturmn ehnnbetivbs (sik,jiemths) t`mt hwk nmkj mkj t`mt jistridutb t`b rig`ts th euntivmtb nmkj th its lbl,dbrs+ `brb mrb ohur sikjiemths mt mdnms Lhktb t`mt hrgmkizbs omrlbrs mkj ehktrhntbkurb ho nmrgb euntivmdnb mrbms ik t`b rbgihk6 Srilbrh jb Lmyh. ]uikeb jb Mgh,sth. mdnms Lhktb. mkj _innm Dmrribkths+ Bme` ounny pmij,up lbldbr `ms t`b usb,rig`t ho mt nbmst hkb `betmrb ho t`b sikjiemths nmkj `hnjikgs+ Hkeb mequirikg nmkjt`rhug` t`b sikjiemth (wìe` m pbrshk emk jh orhl t`b mgb ho =0). usb,rig`ts mrbbxenusivb mkj ohr niob+ Rsb,rig`t ho sikjiemth nmkj lmy mnsh db trmksobrrbj witìkt`b omliny. b+g+ t`rhug` ik`britmkeb+ Ik mjjitihk th sikjiemth nmkj hnjikgs. t`brbis privmtbny hwkbj tbrrmik t`mt lmy db nbmsbj. dhug`t. mkj shnj orbbny (ik 4330 t`bprieb ho m e`meh wms mdhut =333 RUJ m `betmrb)+


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Mnt`hug` sikjiemth nmkj hkeb jistridutbj is bssbktimnny ehksijbrbj ms t`b slmnn,`hnjbrs hwk. `b hr s`b lmy nhhsb t`bsb rig`ts io kht mdijikg th ebrtmik runbs mkjounoinnikg ebrtmik hdnigmtihks thwmrjs t`b ehnnbetivb+ ìs winn `mppbk io t`b prh,pribthr `ms mk ukpmij jbdt th t`b sikjiemth (b+g+. io `b hr s`b `ms kht pmij t`b mk,kumn obb ho 23 ebktmvhs pbr `betmrb Qmdhut 3+=3 RUJ ik 4330s eurrbkey bxe`mkgbrmtb\). jhbs kht ehlb th its rmt`br orbqubkt lbbtikgs. hr jhbs kht ehlpnbtb ehl,lukmn whra t`mt `ms dbbk jbeijbj dy t`b sikjiemth mssbldny+ `brb is mnsh m runbt`mt m e`meh winn rbvbrt th t`b sikjiemth io it `ms dbbk mdmkjhkbj ohr lhrb t`mkt`rbb ybmrs mkj t`b omrlbr jhbs kht rbenmil it (m oibnj ik omnnhw jhbs kht ehuktms mdmkjhkbj). wìe` is emusikg m pmrtieunmrny ehkonietikg situmtihk ohr omlinibsnbmvikg hkny tblphrmriny th whra ik Upmik mkj Mrgbktikm. lmaikg it jiooieunt thrbenmil t`b e`mehs t`by usbj th euntivmtb hkeb t`by rbturk th t`b vinnmgb+

`b omrlbrs mt mdnms Lhktb `mvb pnhts t`mt t`by euntivmtb mt sbvbrmn jioobrbktnhemtihks. ho wìe` Tmsupmlpm is hkny hkb+ Bme` ho t`bsb pnhts mkj nhemtihks mrbmssheimtbj wit` pmrtieunmr qumnitibs rbgmrjikg shin obrtinity. snhpb grmjibkt. vbgbtm,tihk ehvbr. tblpbrmturb. prbeipitmtihk. mir ùlijity. wikj ehkjitihks. bte+. ohn,nhwikg t`b stbbp bkvirhklbktmn grmjibkt ho t`b Yukgms+ Lmiktmikikg meebss th mvmribty ho bkvirhklbkts suitmdnb ohr t`b euntivmtihk ho jioobrbkt erhps `mrvbstbjmt jioobrbkt tilbs ho t`b ybmr is m wmy th ikerbmsb ohhj sbeurity mkj th sprbmjmgrh,behkhlie risa mt t`b `husb`hnj nbvbn+ ìs strmtbgy ho rbshureb lmkmgblbktis jblhkstrmdny rbsinibkt mt nhwbr nbvbns ho sheimn hrgmkizmtihk w`brb t`brb is mstrhkg ehkkbetivity dbtwbbk lmkmgbrs mkj t`b rbshurebi+b+. mt t`b `husb`hnjmkj ehllukity nbvbns+

mdnbh omrlbrs `mvb usumnny meebss th e`mehs ik mt nbmst t`rbb. dut shlbtilbsup th six jioobrbkt pnmebs+ Dut mnn e`mehs mrb kht omrlbj siluntmkbhusny1 t`bpnhts`mno m `betmrb hr hkb `betmrb bme`mrb ik jioobrbkt p`msbs ho t`b omnnhweyenb (dut sbb dbnhw hk t`b boobets ho mppnyikg eìeabk lmkurb. wìe` is dbehl,ikg ehllhk) mkj hkb. twh. hr t`rbb pnhts mrb metivbny euntivmtbj mt mkyhkb tilb+Lmky omrlbrs `mvb meebss th mrhukj t`rbb `betmrbs ho euntivmdnb nmkj ik thtmn mkjmkkumnny omrl dbtwbbk `mno m `betmrb th t`rbb `betmrbs. dut t`brb is mk ukbqumnjistridutihk ho nmkj mlhkg ehllukity lbldbrsshlb `mvb :3 hr lhrb `be,tmrbs mkj lmy euntivmtb mdhut oivb `betmrbs mkkumnny. w`brbms shlb `mvb kbmrnykhtìkg mkj kbbj th rbny hk bn emke`bhi+b+. wmgb nmdhrhk t`b oibnjs ho m lhrbmoonubkt nmkj hwkbr th sustmik t`blsbnvbs+ Jbspitb slmnn`hnjbr ikbqumnity t`brb ism ghhj rbsbrvb ho ukenmilbj euntivmdnb nmkj ik t`b mrbm+

Lhst e`mehs mrb (kht surprisikgny) ik tbrrmik wit` lmrabj ikenikmtihkikjbbj.lmky mrb hk stbbp hr vbry stbbp snhpbs. shlbtilbs mpprhmeìkg :2 jbgrbbs ikenikm,tihk ik pmte`bsmkj Tmsupmlpm ohrls t`b hkny lmfhr tbrrmik witìk t`rbb hurswmnaikg jistmkeb orhl t`b ehllukity t`mt is kbmrny nbvbn+ Wit` oibnjs nhemtbj ikm sbribs ho jioobrbkt bkvirhklbkts. m mdnbh lmy `mvb m oibnj enhsb th t`b `hlb,stbmj. witìk 43 likutbs wmnaikg jistmkeb. dut lmy mnsh kbbj th wmna twh. t`rbb.bvbk oivb `hurs th rbme` shlb ho ìs hr `br oibnjs. ybt stinn hotbk rbturkikg mt kig`tth t`b vinnmgb+ Mt hkny mdhut 43 likutbs drisa wmna jhwkìnn orhl t`b vinnmgb.Tmsupmlpm is ebrtmikny wbnn nhemtbj+ Ik t`b nmst ehupnb ho ybmrs. hwbvbr. wmnaikg


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jistmkeb is nbss ho mk issub ms nig`t lhthreyenbs (usumnny =23 ee) `mvb omst dbehlbbkhrlhusny phpunmr ik t`b vinnmgb (kbmrny 23 ms ho Khvbldbr 43=3)+ Rsikg lh,threyenbs. mdnbhs emk eut jhwk sigkioiemktny hk trmksphrt tilb mkj spbkj lhrb`hurs tbkjikg t`b oibnjs. tùs ikerbmsikg prhjuetivity+

E`mkgbs ik enilmtie ehkjitihks hwikg th jioobrbkebs ik bnbvmtihk mrb hotbk ehk,sijbrbj t`b lhst ilphrtmkt sbt ho vmrimdnbs th jbtbrlikb suitmdnb omrlikg tbrrmiks1kht hkny hk meehukt ho t`b jirbet ikonubkeb ho tblpbrmturb mkj ùlijity hk shinobrtinity. dut mnsh dbemusb it moobets t`b kuldbr ho iksbet pbsts+ `brb mrb tùs sbv,brmn ehkjitihks th dmnmkeb w`bk e`hhsikg t`b lhst hptilmn nhemtihks ohr euntivm,tihk+ Wìnb tbrrmik prbobrbkebs rbnmtb lmikny th t`b prhjuetivity ho t`b nmkj mkjwmrl mkj wbnn,wmtbrbj nhemtihks mrb usumnny t`b lhst vmnubj. hkb omrlbr phiktshut t`mt mnt`hug` nhw,bnbvmtihk e`mehs mrb gbkbrmnny lhrb prhjuetivb t`b iksbetst`rivikg ik `httbr mkj lhrb ùlij enilmtb lmab t`b mir stuooy mkj jisehurmgbsorhl whraikg t`brb+ Srhxility th t`b `hlbstbmj is mk mjjitihkmn omethr. dut usu,mnny kht t`b jbtbrlikikg hkb+

Wìe` pmrtieunmr nhemtihks t`mt mrb ohukj lhst prhjuetivb vmribs dbtwbbkomrlbrs. dut shlb vmnub Tmsupmlpm t`b ig`bst prbeisbny hk meehukt ho t`b wmrltblpbrmturb mkj ùlijity ho t`b shins. rblmraikg t`mt mnlhst bvbrytìkg grhwst`brb+ @hwbvbr. it is khtbwhrt`y t`mt t`hsb mdnbhs t`mt jh prbobr th omrl mtTmsupmlpm mvb kh sthkb wmnns hr nikbs ik t`bir e`mehs1 t`bsb mvb dbbk rblhvbj+`b omet t`mt lmky omrlbrs rblhvb t`b mgrh,mre`mbhnhgiemn rblmiksikenujikgdht` t`b wmnns mkj t`b lierh,tbrrmebse`mkkbnshk meehukt ho bmsibr tinnikg mkjpnmktikg mkj th orbb mrbms ohr euntivmtihk is ebrtmikny prhdnblmtie orhl hur phiktho vibw+ `b phtbktimn dbkboits ho t`b mkeibkt oibnj strueturbs ik rbgmrjs th thp,shinbrhsihk mkj wmtbr lmkmgblbkt jhbs kht sbbl th db m omethr ilphrtmkt bkhug` thdb rbeahkbj wit` thjmy+ Wìnb lmky Tmsupmlpm omrlbrs rbtmik t`bsb obmturbs. itis ukenbmr w`bt`br hr kht t`by whunj mvb rblhvbj t`bl io t`by mj mj t`b tilbmkj bkbrgy th spbkj th jh sh+ Lhst ho t`bsb nmkjs mrb stinn ikmeebssidnb ohr lb,e`mkiemn pnhwikg. mkj sh t`b shin is whrabj wit` jiggikg stiea. `hb. hr piea mxb+Jbstruetivb tbkjbkeibs mrb mnmrlikg mkj t`brb is m kbbj ohr lmiktmikikg jimnhgubwit` eurrbkt nmkj lmkmgbrs hk t`bsb lmttbrs th snhw jhwk t`b pmeb ho jmlmgbjhkb th t`b mre`mbhnhgiemn `britmgb+

Yukgms enilmtbs mkj shinsempbHwikg th phhr tblphrmn mkj spmtimn ehvbrmgb ho lbtbhrhnhgiemn stmtihks ik t`bDhnivimk lhktmm mkj ehksijbrmdnb jioobrbkebs ik lhuktmikhus lierh,enilmtb.t`b mkkumn prbeipitmtihk mvbrmgb mt Tmsupmlpm is ukebrtmik dut s`hunj db ik t`bvieikity ho mt nbmst 5333 ll+ Mnt`hug` t`brb is rbnmtivbny spbmaikg kh jistiketjry sbmshk wit`hut rmik ik t`b mkkumn prbeipitmtihk pmttbrkYukgms enilmtbs mrblhrb strhkgny e`mrmetbrizbj dy sbmshks ho lhrb hr nbss iktbksb rmikomnnmdnmsomrlbrs ijbktioy t`rbb gbkbrmn enilmtie sbmshks hvbr t`b ybmr6 orh (ehnj). sbeh yemnhr(jry mkj wmrl). mkj nnuvim(rmik)+ `b ehnj pbrihj ruks orhl Fmkumry th


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Lmy mkj is gbkbrmnny mssheimtbj wit` t`b lhst pnbmsmkt wbmt`br1 orbs` mir mkj khrmik w`bk whraikg t`b oibnjs+ Uikeb t`b kbmr,bqumthrimn nmtitujikmn nhemtihk prh,vijbs ohr rbnmtivbny lhjbst sbmshkmn jioobrbkebs ik mvbrmgb tblpbrmturb t`b lhstprhkhukebj sujjbk nhwbrikg ho tblpbrmturb is mssheimtbj wit` surmzhs. wìe` mrbdribo bpishjbs ho ehktikbktmn ikvmsihks ho phnmr mir orhl Mktmretiem t`mt mrb ehl,lhk jurikg t`b shut`brk `blisp`brb wiktbr+ `b pbrihj ho nbss rmik tmabs pnmebik Lmy th Ubptbldbr. wit` Fukb mkj Funy dbikg t`b jribst lhkt`s+ `b wbttbstpbrihj lmy stmrt ik Mugust mkj ehktikub ohr t`b rblmikikg pmrt ho t`b ybmr+

Kig`t orhst mkj ehnj spbnns. bxebssivb rmiks emusikg rhht rht. mkj jry sbmshk`bmt ainnikg hoo pnmkts mrb emusbs ohr ehkebrk ik t`b mkkumn enilmtie eyenb+ Ehl,pmrbj th lmky ht`br rbgihks ho t`b trhpiesdht` ik nhwnmkj mkj ìg`nmkj nhem,tihksjrhug`ts mrb quitb rmrb ik t`b Yukgms mkj rbnmtivbny likhr w`bk t`by jhheeur+ `b nmtbst rbphrtbj jrhug`t mt mdnms Lhktbik t`b lij,4333swms mt`rbb,lhkt` pbrihj wit`hut rmik+ Uue` jrhug`t bvbkts lmy ebrtmikny nhwbr shlb`mrvbsts. dut mrb kht hk t`b semnb th jbvmstmtb slmnn`hnjbr behkhlibs+ Ikstbmj.nmkjsnijbs mrb ho lue` grbmtbr ehkebrk mkj phtbktimnny lhrb jmlmgikg th niob mkjnild+ Nmkjsnijbs heeur rbgunmrny ik t`b Yukgms. mkj pmrtieunmr ìg`,risa zhkbsikenujb strhkgny snhpikg tbrrmik enbmrbj orhl ohrbst vbgbtmtihk w`bk t`by ehlbukjbr `bmvy rmikomnn. i+b+ ukjbr ehkjitihks w`brb Yukgms omrlbrs hotbk whra mkjnivb+ Ikjbbj. shlb ybmrs mgh t`brb wms m nmkjsnijb rig`t dbìkj t`b vinnmgb se`hhn+

Mnt`hug` se`hhn duinjikgs wbrb nueainy spmrbj. m kbw se`hhn wms brbetbj hk smobrgrhukj shhk t`brbmotbr+

Nhemn pbrebptihks ho spmtimn vmrimtihk ho jioobrbkt aikjs ho enilmtbs mrb nikabjth t`b prbeipitmtihk mkj t`brlmn e`mrmetbristies ho e`meh nhemtihks. rbonbetikg t`bvbrtiemnny,dmsbj mgrh,behnhgiemn zhkmtihk ho t`b Yukgms+ Ohr ikstmkeb. hkb mdnbhmssheimtbs tidih (lhjbrmtbny wmrl) wit` Tmsupmlpm. `bnmjh (orhst) wit` DrhkebLmyh. mkj emnurhsh (`ht) wit` Ehkeù Lmyh. mnn nhemtihks w`brb pnhts mrb eun,tivmtbj+ @bkeb. mdnbhs lmiktmik m strhkgny twh,jilbksihkmn spmtih,tblphrmnrbobrbktimn ormlbwhra ohr enilmtb vmrimtihk mkj jivbrsity dmsbj hk nivbj bxpbri,bkeb+ Ik tbrls ho nhkg,tbrl enilmtb e`mkgb. t`brb sbbls th db nhemn ehksbksus t`mt

Yukgms enilmtbs `mvb e`mkgbj hvbr t`b nmst obw ybmrs+ It is ukenbmr. `hwbvbr. thwìe` bxtbkt t`bsb pbrebptihks mrb strietny bxpbribkeb,dmsbj hr stilunmtbj orhlt`b drhmjbr whrnjwijb enilmtb e`mkgb jisehursb ik pudnie lbjim+ Bit`br wmy.t`brb mrb shlb vmrimtihks mlhkg mdnbhs ik rbgmrjs th bxmetny `hw eurrbkt eni,lmtb is pbrebivbj ms jioobrbkt orhl ik t`b pmst+ Uhlb vibws vhiebj th us ikenujbt`mt6 (=) nhemn enilmtbs mvb dbehlb wmrlbr mkj t`mt t`b suk is strhkgbr khw t`mkdbohrb. (4) jrhug`ts wbrb lhrb orbqubkt ik t`b pmst. (5) t`brb mrb kh mkkumn ehnjpbrihjs ms t`brb usbj th db. (:) t`brb wms ìg`br prbeipitmtihk jurikg Jbebldbrth Obdrumry dbohrb t`mk t`brb is thjmy. (2) Lmy th Funy usbj th db ehnjbr. (?) t`brbwbrb strhkgbr orhsts dbohrb. mkj (7) t`b mkkumn eyenb ho sbmshkmnity `ms dbehlblhrb prhkhukebj+ Ik t`b ulij Yukgms. wmrlbr enilmtb is gbkbrmnny sbbk ms phsi,tivb orhl m nhemn mgrieunturmn pbrspbetivbwit` m rmkgb ho pnmkts lmturikg omstbrmkj prhjueikg dbttbrmkj pbhpnb sbbl th lmiktmik m shlbw`mt ehkonietikg mt,


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titujb hk enilmtb e`mkgb. givbk ht`br khrlmtivb vibws khrlmnny ehllukiemtbjik pudnie jisehursb+

`b lmik nivbni`hhj issubs mkj omrlikg ehkebrks t`mt mdnbhs rmisb mrb rbnmtbjth enilmtb1 th rmiks mkj th jrhug`ts+ Ohr ikstmkeb. hkb emusb ohr ehkebrk is t`mtt`b `bmvibst rmiks winn ehlb bmrny ik t`b sbmshk mkj rus` `mrvbst. ùlijity emus,ikg lhnjikg mkj rhttikg ho t`b prhjueb+ Ht`br ehkebrks ikenujb6 (=) jrhug`ts

fbhpmrjizikg m ghhj `mrvbst. (4) orhsts hr thh lue` rmik jmlmgikg t`b phtmth`mrvbst. (5) ehhn tblpbrmturbs kbgmtivbny moobetikg erhp grhwt` mkj jbnmyikg `mr,vbst. mkj (:) t`b erhp jisbmsbs mkj iksbet pbsts t`mt ohnnhw ik t`b wmab ho t`b rmiks+

Ik rbgmrjs th t`b Yukgms shinsempb. mdnbhs rbehgkizb t`rbb lmik aikjs ho shinik t`bir nmkjsempbs. mnn jboikbj hk dmsis ho t`bir ehnhr6 ymkm fmnnpm (dnmea shin).abnnu fmnnpm(ybnnhw shin). mkj puem fmnnpm(rbj shin)+ Euntivmtihk is kbmrny mnwmysmssheimtbj wit`ymkm fmnnpmshins+ Ymkm fmnnpmis m ìg`,hrjbr emtbghry ik t`b nhemnohna shin tmxhkhly ohr m sbribs ho rbnmtbj obrtinb shins t`mt bxìdit shlb vmrimtihk ikehnhr. hrgmkie ehktbkt. tbxturb. sthkb ikenusihks. mkj jbpt`. dut t`mt mrb mnn dnmeath jmra drhwk wit` ìg` hrgmkie ehktbkt. ghhj empmeity th `hnj ùlijity. mkjwit` m =353 el jbbp smkjy M `hrizhk t`mt is ehlohrtmdnb th whra ukjbr dht` jrymkj ùlij ehkjitihks+ Mnt`hug` mnn ho t`bsb jmra obrtinb shins mrb akhwk msymkm

fmnnpm. t`brb mrb shlb kmlbj vmribtibs. ohr ikstmkeb t`b smkjy vmribtye`mufm fmnnpm+Uikeb mnn pnmkts euntivmtbj ik t`b mrbm grhw dbst ik t`bsb aikjs ho shins. bssbktimnnymnn e`mehs mrb ik nhemtihks wit`ymkm fmnnpmshins+ Ik Tmsupmlpm.ymkm fmnnpmjhli,kmtb. dut t`brb mrb shlb likhr pmte`bs wit` abnnu fmnnpmik mrbms moobetbj dy thpshin s`bbt brhsihk+ `b ybnnhwis` abnnu fmnnpmmrb rbnmtivbny jbbp enmyby shins wit`nittnb mvminmdnb kutribkts mkj hrgmkie ehktbkt t`mt mrb `mrj th whra mkj mrb khr,lmnny kht euntivmtbj. mnt`hug` t`by emk db io eìeabk lmkurb is mjjbj prhousbny+Abnnu fmnnpmenmys mrb shlbtilbs usbj ms mjhdb ik `husb ehkstruetihk+ Suem fmnnpmis t`b nbmst ehllhk ho t`b lmik shin emtbghribs mkj is m rbjjis` shin wit` vbry nhwobrtinity t`mt is kht usbj ohr euntivmtihk mt mnn+

Euntivmtihk ik t`b Yukgms`b lmik p`msbs ho mgrieunturmn whra t`mt strueturb t`b mgrhkhlie ybmr ik Tmsu,pmlpm mkj bnsbw`brb ik t`b snms` mkj durk euntivmtihk ho t`b Yukgms ikenujb6 (=)enbmrikg t`b e`meh orhl vbgbtmtihk. (4) turkikg t`b shin. (5) pnmktikg t`b erhps. (:)wbbjikg mkj sprmyikg ohr pbsts. mkj (2) `mrvbstikg+ Io m e`meh is hpbkbj up motbr mpbrihj ik omnnhw it kbbjs th db enbmrbj orhl trbbs mkj dus` hvbrgrhwt`+ Eut wbbj.ohnimgb. mkj drmke`bs mrb nbot hk t`b grhukj. dut tìea whhj wit` ìg`br bkbrgyvmnub mrb drhug`t hlb ohr oirbwhhj+ mdnbhs mvb usumnny durkt t`b eut tìeabtik t`bir e`mehs motbr dbikg nbot th jry. dut t`b prmetieb ho nbmvikg hrgmkie lmttbrukdurkbj hk t`b grhukj ms luneìkg wms rbebktny iktrhjuebj ms mk mntbrkmtivb thdurkikg dy KGH mgrhkhly ehksuntmkts mkj `ms dbehlb lhrb ehllhk+

`b shin is whrabj mkj turkbj wit` m jiggikg stiea. m `hb. hr m piea mxb. lixikgik ms`. e`mrehmn. mkj jbehlphsikg hrgmkie lmttbr wit` t`b shin+ Tbebktny it `ms


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Oigurb =5+ Eìni pbppbr is eurrbktny mk il,phrtmkt nhemn ems` erhp+ Bn eìni bs uk euntivhehlbreimn ilphrtmktb bk nm metumnijmj+

Oigurb =:+ Sulpaik1 `brb grhwk thgbt`br wit`lmizb+ Vmpmnnh1 mqu erbeb fukth ehk bn lmz+

mnsh dbehlb vbry ehllhk th lix t`b shin wit` eìeabk lmkurb mkj ht`br shurebsho kitrhgbk t`mt prhjuebs m ìg`ny obrtinb shin prhvijikg ohr omstbr pnmkt grhwt`+

Motbr lixikg t`b shin. omrlbrs wmit ohr mkht`br twh wbbas dbohrb pnmktikg+Uikeb jioobrbkt pnmkts `mvb jioobrbkt grhwt` pbrihjs. ehkjitihks. mkj tbkjikg

kbbjs. t`b mkkumn mgrieunturmn whra emnbkjmr orhl pnmktikg th `mrvbstikg vmribsjbpbkjikg hk wìe` erhps mkj vmribtibs mrb euntivmtbj. dut mnsh hk t`b nhemtihk

ho e`mehs ik t`b Yukgms lhsmie mkj hk t`b prbobrbkebs ho ikjivijumn omrlbrs (m,dnb 4)+ Mt Tmsupmlpm mdnbhs euntivmtb lmky jioobrbkt sbts ho pnmkts. ikenujikgpurpnb mrrhwrhht (meìrm). mrrmeme`m(mt nbmst t`rbb jioobrbkt vmribtibs jboikbj dyehnhr6 wìtb. ybnnhw. mkj vihnbt). dbmks. swbbt phtmth (wìtb. ybnnhw. mkj vihnbtvmribtibs). eìni pbppbrs (Oig+ =5). lmkihe (wìtb. ybnnhw. mkj pika. ikenujikg dht`swbbt mkj dittbr vmribtibs). lmizb. pbmkuts. phtmthbs. pulpaik (Oig+ =:). trbb th,lmth (Oig+ =2). kbw ehehyml (wmnusm1 wìtb mkj dnmea vmribtibs). ymek (wìtb.ybnnhw. mkj vihnbt1 Oig+ =3). mkj sbvbrmn jioobrbkt aikjs ho vbgbtmdnbs (mdnb =)+ Duthvbr t`b nmst obw ybmrs eìni pbppbrs. pulpaik. lmkihe. phtmthbs. mkj pbmkuts

`mvb ehlb th jhlikmtb mt Tmsupmlpm+ Wìnb kht eurrbktny metivbny euntivmtbj wb`mvb mnsh khtbj t`b bxistbkeb ho m obw ehtthk dus`bs (Oig+ =?)+


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Oigurb =2+ rbb thlmth+ h,lmtb jb rdhn+

Oigurb =?+ Jhk Funik Bsemnbrmwit` ehtthk pieabj orhl morbb,grhwikg dus` mt Tmsu,pmlpm+ Jhk Funik Bsemnbrmehk bn mnghjk rbehgijh jbuk mrdusth qub erbeb nidrb bkTmsupmlpm+


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`brb mrb sbvbrmn jioobrbkt lhjbs th mequirb pnmktikg lmtbrimn mkj `hw t`bsblbt`hjs mrb dmnmkebj hoo bme` ht`br vmribs orhl omrlbr th omrlbr+ Uhlb mdnbhslmikny smvb pnmktikg lmtbrimn orhl t`b prbvihus `mrvbst. sbnbetikg ohr t`b nmrg,bst. lhst rbsinibkt. mkj lhst prhjuetivb pnmkts+ Ht`brs prikeipmnnypure`msb t`bpnmktikg lmtbrimn (b+g+. ho eìni pbppbrs. lmizb. phtmthbs. mkj pulpaik) orhlehllbreimn mkj sbli,ehllbreimn ohukjmtihks mkj suppnibrs t`mt bkjhrsbs t`beuntivmtihk ho pmrtieunmr erhps. ohr ikstmkeb STHIKSM (Oukjmeik Srhlheik bIkvbstigmeik jb Srhjueths Mkjikhs. m ohukjmtihk ohr t`b prhlhtihk mkj ikvbs,tigmtihk ho ikjigbkhus erhps sue` ms dbmks Qphrhth\. kbw ehehyml Qwmnusm\. mkj

ymek)+ Uhlb sbbjs mrb bxe`mkgbj dbtwbbk mdnbhs. ohr ikstmkeb sbbjs ho oruittrbbs sue` ms nblhk. mprieht. mkj pmssihk oruit+ Khrlmnny. `hwbvbr. bxe`mkgb hopnmktikg lmtbrimn ho ilphrtmkt erhps sue` ms eìni pbppbrs. lmizb. pbmkuts. mkjphtmthbs is usumnny rbstrietbj th witìk t`b omliny hr t`b enhsbst aik. mkj bxtrm,omlinimr bxe`mkgb ho t`bsb erhps mlhukts th dhrrhwikg+ `brb mrb mnsh rbphrts hobxe`mkgb dbtwbbk mdnms Lhktb mkj ht`br ehllukitibs. rmkgikg orhl kbmrdyEhrmki Smlpm (mt m jistmkeb ho shlb 53 likutbs dy emr) th ehllukitibs ik t`bjistmkt Yukgms ho Nm Smz. dut sue` bxe`mkgbs mrb rbphrtbjny vbry ukehllhkthjmy+ Hkb mdnbh lbktihks t`mt sbbjs mkj pnmktikg lmtbrimn mrb shlbtilbsjrmwk orhl t`b ohrbst. ikjiemtikg t`mt ohrbsts mkj omnnhw oibnjs ohrl ilphrtmktrbshureb dmsbs ohr pnmktikg lmtbrimn. ik mjjitihk th ms ùktikg grhukjs mkj ohrehnnbetikg winj ohhjs mkj oruits. whhj ehkstruetihk lmtbrimn. mkj oirbwhhj+

Srbvihus th t`b iktrhjuetihk ho eìeabk lmkurb hkb th ohur ybmrs ho euntivmtihkmt Tmsupmlpm wms ohnnhwbj dy =2 th 43 ybmrs ho omnnhw (=3 th =4 ybmrs is rbphrtbj mslikilul mkj 43 ybmrs ms ijbmn) th nbt t`b nmkj rbst (jbsemrsmr nm tibrrm) mkj t`b shinth rbe`mrgb kutribkts+ Dut wit` t`b eurrbkt prmetieb ho mjjikg eìeabk lmkurbmkj lixikg it ikth t`b shin. t`b nhkg,omnnhw systbl `ms dbbk sijb,stbppbj ohr ehk,tikuhus euntivmtihk+ It rblmiks th db sbbk t`b nhkg,tbrl boobets ho ìg`,kutribktlmkurikg hk t`b sustmikmdinity mkj rbsinibkeb ho slmnn`hnjbr mgrh,behkhlibs mkj

Yukgms mgrh,behsystbls+ Wìe` mrb t`b sheimn. behkhlie. mkj behnhgiemn trmjb,hoos. ohr ikstmkeb ik rbnmtihk th nhwbrbj iktbksity ho ohrbst enbmrmkeb eyenbs pbrempitm. ikerbmsikg jbpbkjbkeb hk mjjitivbs sue` ms kitrhgbk,`bmvy ehllbreimnlmkurb. mkj m rmjiemnny jioobrbkt lbtmdhnisl ik t`b shin eyenb8

Wit` t`b ikerbmsikg usb ho eìeabk lmkurb. erhp rhtmtihk se`blbs mrb enbmrnydbehlikg nbss ilphrtmkt th ohnnhw+ Dut pmrtieunmr sbqubkebs ho erhp rhtmtihk mrbstinn lmiktmikbj ik lmky e`mehs t`mt mrb euntivmtbj hvbr sbvbrmn sbmshks prbvihusth nhkg,omnnhw ik hrjbr th dmnmkeb shin th pnmkt kutribkt mkj lmttbr eyenbs (mdnb5)+ Ohr ikstmkeb. ik m ohur,ybmr se`blb mrrmeme`mis grhwk jurikg t`b oirst ybmr.ohnnhwbj dy pbmkuts mkj ymek ybmr twh. t`bk swbbt phtmth t`b tìrj ybmr. ohn,nhwbj dy mjjikg obrtinizbrs ybmr ohur+

mdnbhs iktbrerhp t`rbb th oivb jioobrbkt pnmkts ik t`b smlb e`meh. ohr ikstmkebmrrmeme`m. eìni pbppbrs. lmizb. mkj phtmthbs. dut mnn mrb pnmktbj ik t`bir ikjivijumnrhws+ Uhlb pnmkts mrb grhwk thgbt`br. hr emk mt nbmst db grhwk thgbt`br wit`hutkbgmtivb boobets hk yibnjs. dut shlb pnmkt ehldikmtihks mrb mvhijbj sikeb t`b erhpsjh kht grhw wbnn thgbt`br (mdnb :)+ Ohr ikstmkeb.ymek grhws wbnn wit` purpnb mr,


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rhwrhht mkj kbw ehehyml. dut kht wit` lmizb mkj lmkihe+Mrrmeme`ms`hunj khtdb grhwk wit` eìni pbppbrs mkj phtmthbs dbemusb it `mrjbks t`b shin. mkj phtmthbsemkkht db grhwk wit` eìni pbppbrs hr wit` pulpaiks+ `brb mrb ht`br sue` rbstrie,

tihks rbgmrjikg iktbrerhppikg. dut t`b dmsie phikt ohr shlb mdnbhs is t`mt kht`,ikg s`hunj db euntivmtbj thgbt`br sijb dy sijb. mnn pnmkts mrb ehlpmtidnb io t`by mrbkht put thgbt`br dut `mvb t`bir rbspbetivb pnmeb ik t`b e`meh+

Omrlbrs usb e`bliemn pbstieijbs th ehldmt pbsts sue` ms onibs. dugs. nmrvmb.mkj grmss`hppbrs t`mt eut mkj bmt pnmkt nbmvbs+ Ik gbkbrmn. t`brb mrb lhrb pbsts mtwmrlbr tblpbrmturbs. mkj sh t`brb mrb lhrb pbsts ik Tmsupmlpm ehlpmrbj th mtìg`br bnbvmtihks mkj obwbr t`mk ik oibnj pnhts nhemtbj mt nhwbr mntitujbs+ Mppny,ikg e`bliemn iksbetieijbs dy sprmyikg is t`b lmik wmy th ehktrhn pbsts (ikjbbj. khht`br tbe`kiqub is usbj bxebpt ohr silpnb mkj prhdmdny quitb ikboobetivb dug trmps6

m ybnnhw pnmstie ehktmikbr oinnbj wit` mkilmn hin). mkj t`brb mrb lmky jioobrbkt ik,sbetieijbs sprmybj ohr jioobrbkt pnmkts mkj pbsts+ Ohr shlb pnmkts kh iksbetieijbsmrb mppnibj mt mnn. dut sprmyikg prmetiebs vmry ìg`ny dbtwbbk omrlbrs+ Iksbetieijbsmrb `hwbvbr lhrb ehllhkny mppnibj th ems` erhps sue` ms eìni pbppbrs mkj ph,tmthbs. w`brbms erhps prikeipmnny nhemnny ehksulbj mrb usumnny kht sprmybj mt mnn.ohr ikstmkeb t`b rhht mkj tudbr erhps mrrmeme`m. lmkihe. swbbt phtmth. mkjymek+`brb mrb mnsh shlb pnmkt oukgi pbsts. mgmikst wìe` oukgieijbs mrb usbj+ Ht`brpbsts ikenujb jbbr mkj rmddit t`mt bmt pnmkts. mkj mdnbhs ukt mkj sbt trmps dht`th prhtbet pnmkts mkj ohr ohhj suppnblbkts+ Hvbr t`b nmst ehupnb ho ybmrs wb `mvb

mnsh sbbk mk ikerbmsb ik t`b ehllhk rmt ik mdnms Lhktb. m kuismkeb wìe` lmyikerbmsb jmlmgb th ohhj suppnibs mkj pnmktikg lmtbrimn abpt ik pbhpnbs `hlbs+`b Yukgms mgrieunturmn eyenb is m thug` se`bjunb1 t`brb mrb lmky tmsas mnn

ybmr rhukj mkj omrlbrs `mvb jiooieunty th ijbktioy bit`br t`b lhst hr t`b nbmstwhra,iktbksivb pbrihj. jbenmrikg t`mt wb rbmnny `mrjny bvbr rbst. hkny hk Uuk,jmys mkj oibstms+ Witìk t`b `husb`hnj. bvbryhkb pmrtieipmtbs ik whraikg t`boibnjs. ikenujikg eìnjrbk hoo se`hhn `hurst`brb mrb oirl sikjiemth prhìditihksmgmikst abbpikg eìnjrbk orhl se`hhn+ Ik mjjitihk th t`b `husb`hnj ms t`b dmsiemgrieunturmn prhjuetihk ukit t`brb mrb twh ohrls ho ehnnmdhrmtihk ik mgrieunturmn

whra6 (=) bn emke`bh. hr wmgbj mgrieunturmn jmy,nmdhr hk m ehktrmet,dmsis. pmijwit` lhkby hr omrl prhjuets sue` ms mrrmeme`m. eìni pbppbrs. mkj phtmthbs1 mkj(4) myki. mk Mylmrm tbrl ohr rbeiprhemn nmdhrI `bnp yhu thjmy. yhu `bnp lb

mdnb 5+ Bxmlpnbs ho erhp rhtmtihk sbqubkebs ohnnhwbj dy mdnbhs+ Bfblpnhs jbsbeubkeims jb rhtmeik jb euntivhs sbguijh phr mdnbhs+

Ybmr = Ybmr 4 Ybmr 5 Ybmr : Ybmr 2

Eìni pbppbr Shtmthbs Omnnhw dbgiksEìni pbppbr Shtmthbs Dbmks hr lmizb Omnnhw dbgiksEìni pbppbr Shtmthbs Lmizb Shtmthbs Omnnhw dbgiksEìni pbppbr Lmizb Shtmthbs Omnnhw dbgiks

Mrrmeme`m Sbmkuts mkjymek

Uwbbt phtmth Obrtinizikg


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thlhrrhw+ Dht` ohrls lmy db usbj jurikg bxtrm,iktbksivb whra pbrihjs. pmr,tieunmrny mt `mrvbst tilb. dut t`b mykisbbls bssbktimnny th `mvb omnnbk hut ho usbmkj t`b hkny ohrl ho rbeiprhemn nmdhr thjmy is dbtwbbk enhsb aik. ohr ikstmkebdbtwbbk drht`brs hr dbtwbbk omt`br mkj shk+ `b hnjbr gbkbrmtihk ho mdnbhsrbemnns t`mt pbhpnb wbrb whraikg thgbt`br lue` lhrb dbohrb. dut t`mt tìs wmsprbvihus th t`b nmkj rbohrl ho t`b =923s w`bk t`brb wbrb nmkjnhrjs wit` nmrgb`hnjikgs. wìe` is kh nhkgbr t`b emsb+ Ik t`b pmst. t`brb wms mnsh m ohrl ho ehl,lukmn nmdhrohr ikstmkeb hrgmkizbj jurikg m `husb ehkstruetihk prhfbett`mtwms emnnbj smemwmlm(Mylmrm) mkj rmyli(]ubeùm)+ Jurikg t`b smemwmlmhrrmyli. whlbk prbpmrbj lbmns mkj eìe`m(mk mneh`hnie dbvbrmgb lmjb orhl obr,lbktbj lmizb ehllhk mnn hvbr t`b ebktrmn Mkjbs) ohr m lmnb whra pmrty+

Nhemn mgrhkhlie akhwnbjgbt`b akhw,`hw th prhjueb ik t`bsb nmkjsempbsis khrlmnny ehkvbybj witìk t`b omliny. pmssbj hk orhl gbkbrmtihk th gbkbrmtihk+Eìnjrbk mrb tmug`t `hw th euntivmtb orhl t`bir bnjbrst`bir pmrbkts. grmkjom,t`brs. mkj orhl hnjbr drht`brshdsbrvikg mkj pmrtieipmtikg ik t`b oibnj. mnnhwbjth prmetieb mkj nbmrk th pbrobet t`bir omrlikg sainns whraikg t`b e`meh mnhkgsijbt`bir hnjbr aik+ Ik shlb ikstmkebs. hwbvbr. nbmrkikg hw th euntivmtb is jioobrbkt.ohr ikstmkeb w`bk m erhp `ms dbbk iktrhjuebj dy bxtbrkmn hrgmkizmtihks (b+g+.STHIKSM. w`hsb ehksuntmkts `mvb ikstruetbj mdnbhs `hw th euntivmtbphrhthdbmks)+ `b iktbrobrbkeb ho bxtbrkmn mgbkeibs mkj methrs is phtbktimnny prhdnblmtiemkj kbbjs th prhebbj wit` shlb jbniemeyms ikjbbj wb `mvb nbmrkt+ Uhlb tilbmgh vinnmgb bnjbrs hpphsbj ehksuntikg mgrhkhlists orhl mk iktbrkmtihkmn KGHt`mt mjvisbj mgmikst swijjbk hk meehukt ho t`mt durkikg wbmabk t`b nmkj mkjilphvbris` ohrbst rbshurebs. mrguikg t`mt t`b visitikg bkgikbbrs jh kht ukjbrstmkjnhemn omrlikg+ Dut thjmy. m mdnbh rblmrabj. yhukg pbhpnb w`h `mvb dbbk thse`hhn mkj emk rbmj mkj writb dbttbr vmnub t`b mjvieb ho mgrhkhlie bkgikbbrs+Ikjbbj. tìs pmrtieunmr mgrhkhlist rbehllbkjbj luneìkg. wìe` wms mjhptbjdy t`b sikjiemth mkj is khw bkohrebj dy rbgunmtihks hk euntivmtihk prmetiebs. wit`m oikb ho 233 dhnivimkhs (mdhut =33 RUJ) ohr durkikg oibnjs+

Ik tìkaikg mdhut t`b pmst. `hw mgrieunturb `ms e`mkgbj hvbr tilb mkj mssbss,ikg trmksohrlmtihks ik nhemn nivbni`hhjs. mdnbhs drikg up vmrihus jioobrbkt ms,pbets ho e`mkgb mkj ehktikuity. orhl vbry spbeioie jbtmins th swbbpikg ehllbktsmdhut `hw niob wms dbttbr dbohrb+ W`bk it ehlbs th omrlikg prmetiebs. `hwbvbr.t`bsb mrb t`hug`t ho ms `mvikg e`mkgbj vbry nittnb hvbr tilb+ `b mgrieunturmn emn,bkjmr `ms dbbk silinmr ohr gbkbrmtihks6 yhukg pbhpnb euntivmtb ik t`b smlb wmy mst`bir bnjbrs jhw`h motbr mnn tmug`t t`bl bvbrytìkg t`by akhw mdhut omrlikgik t`b Yukgms+ Dut nhemn mgrieunturb is rbehgkizbj th `mvb e`mkgbj rmjiemnny hktwh meehukts ik rbebkt tilbs6 (=) t`b mppniemtihk ho eìeabk lmkurb ms obrtinizbrmkj (4) sprmyikg t`b pnmkts wit` e`bliemn iksbetieijbs+ Uhlb mnsh khtb t`mt sbvbrmnpnmkts mkj vmribtibs t`mt wbrb euntivmtbj ik t`b pmst `mvb dbehlb nbss ehllhk.suggbstikg t`mt t`brb wms m strhkgbr blp`msis prbvihusny hk rhht mkj tudbr erhpssue` ms purpnb mrrhwrhht. mrrmeme`m. lmkihe. swbbt phtmth. kbw ehehyml. mkj

ymek t`mk t`brb is thjmy+


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Mkht br bxprbssihk ho e`mkgb is t`mt t b mgrieunturmn ritumns t mt wbrb prbvihusnypbrohrlbj ms mk iktbgrmtbj pmrt ho t`b mgrieunturmn emnbkjmr sbbl nmrgbny th db grhw,ikg hut ho gbkbrmn usb. mkj mrb t`bsb jmys lmiktmikbj prikeipmnny dy bnjbrny mdnb,hs+ Mgrieunturmn ritumns wbrb th m grbmt bxtbkt ebnbdrmtbj ehllukmnny ik t`b pmstdut `mvb dbehlb lhrb privmtb. pbrohrlbj hk mk ikjivijumn dmsis ik t`b `hlb hr ik

t`b e`meh. ohr ikstmkeb t`b ahm(m ritumn hoobrikg ho pnmkts lmjb ohr m ghhj outurb`mrvbst)+ @mrvbstikg ritumns mrb ebnbdrmtbj ik t`b e`mehik t`b ohrl ho nidmtihks hoeìe`mmkj hoobrikgs ho ohhj prbpmrbj orhl t`b `mrvbsts pnmkts+ h e`mnnmrik tìswmy is th givb dmea. th ehlpbksmtb ohr w`mt t`b Bmrt` prhvijbs. mkj th e`mnnmr eìe`m(spinnikg dbbr hk t`b grhukj) rblmiks m vbry ehllhk ritb mt bvbryoibstmmkj ebnbdrm,tihk t`mt ikvhnvbs t`b ehksulptihk ho mneh`hn. ms bnsbw`brb ik t`b Mkjbs+ Titumns thdrikg mdhut rmik mnsh usbj th db lhrb ehllhk. dut mrb grhwikg hut ho prmetieb+ Ikt`bsb ritumns. oirbs mrb nit hk ìg` pnmebs ik t`b `hpb t`mt t`bsb whunj prhjueb rmik+

M mdnbh rbehuktbj `hw mk bnjbrny omrlbr thha up tìs ritumn prmetieb mkj lmjb

oirbs hk t`b ìnns th drikg hk t`b rmiks jurikg t`b lhst rbebkt jrhug`t+ Dut kh rmikemlb. ikerbmsikg t`b sabptieisl ho ht`br vinnmgbrs th t`b hnj ritumn wmys+

Omrlbrs ehksulb phrtihks ho bvbrytìkg t`by euntivmtb mkj `mrvbst. ikenujikgpurpnb mrrhwrhht. me`hfe`m. mrrmeme`m. eìni pbppbrs. ehrimkjbr. gmrnie. lmizb. lmk,ihe. likt. kbw ehehyml. hkihk. pbm. pbmkuts. phtmthbs. pulpaik. swbbt phtmth.thlmthbs.ymek. oruits niab gumvm. ieb,erbml dbmks. nblhk. mkj quikeb. mkj vbg,btmdnbs+ Tbnmtivbny spbmaikg t`by ehksulb nbss ho t`b eìni pbppbr `mrvbst. sikeb it ist`b lmik ems` erhp+ M lmfhr phrtihk ho t`b `mrvbst. mdhut 7393". mrb shnj mt t`blmrabts ik Ehe`mdmldm mkj Ehnhli. lhst ilphrtmktny eìni pbppbrs. lmizb. ph,

tmthbs. mkj pulpaik. dut mnsh shlb me`hfe`m. mrrmeme`m. hkihk. mkj kbw ehehyml+`b rblmikikg pmrt is abpt ohr jhlbstie ehksulptihk mkj ohr kbxt ybmrs pnmktikg+

Wit` t`b ebktrmn lmrabts mt Ehnhli mkj Ehe`mdmldm ms t`b lmik jistridu,tihk khjbs it is kh nhkgbr ehllhk wit` jirbet bxe`mkgb ho prhjuets wit` omrlbrsorhl ht`br rbgihks+ Ik t`b pmst. `hwbvbr. pbhpnb orhl t`b Mntipnmkh trmvbnnbj tht`b Yukgms th bxe`mkgb t`bir prhjuets wit` t`b mdnbhs. ohr ikstmkeb mrrmeme`m.eìni pbppbrs. pbmkuts. mkj pulpaik ohr dbmks mkj ìg`br,rbgihk phtmth vmribtibssue` ms eùh+ hjmy. prhjuets mrb heemsihkmnny bxe`mkgbj dbtwbbk ht`br kbmrdyehllukitibsLmiem Lhktb. Umk Fhs. mkj Ehrmki Smlpmohr ht`br prhjuets.

mkj t`brb is mnsh bxe`mkgb dbtwbbk omlinibs mt mdnms Lhktb+ Dbtwbbk mdnbhs itis. hwbvbr. lhrb ehllhk th dhrrhw ohhjstuoos. usumnny th db rbturkbj m ybmr nmtbrdy t`b kbxt `mrvbst+

Nhkg,tbrl sthrmgb is prhdnblmtie ik t`b ulij Yukgms bkvirhklbkt sikeb pnmkt,ikg lmtbrimn mkj ohhj stuoos shhk stmrt th jbemy mkj rht. mnt`hug` shlb erhps sthrbdbttbr t`mk ht`brs+ @mrvbstbj kbw ehehyml is rbnmtivbny rbsistmkt mkj emk db sthrbjohr mdhut m ybmr wit`hut ghikg dmj. eìni pbppbr sbbjs lmy db sthrbj up th 2 lhkt`s.mkj lmizb mkj jribj dbmks lmy nmst : lhkt`s ik sthrmgb+ Eìni pbppbr oruits mkjpulpaik nmst kh lhrb t`mk m lhkt`. mkj mrrmeme`m. lmkihe. mkjymek emk mrjny

db sthrbj mt mnn motbr `mrvbst. m ehupnb ho wbbas mt lhst meehrjikg th nhemn meehukts+Snmktikg lmtbrimn is gumrjbj ik m jmra mkj prhtbetbj pnmeb witìk t`b husb (nhemn

`husbs mrb hkb, hr twh,sthribj whhjbk strueturbs wit` onhhrdhmrj wmnns mkj onhhrs.


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rhhoikg ho ehrrugmtbj irhk. hk m nhw sthkb ohukjmtihk hr hk sinn sthkbs)+ It lmymnsh db pnmebj ik smeas ukjbrkbmt` t`b `husb. ik m spbeimn eupdhmrj ho stieas (trhfb)w`brb it is kht rbme`bj dy t`b suk. hr ik gnmss ehktmikbrs+ Nbss ehllhk thjmy is t`bprmetieb th sthrb sbbjs ik ebrmlie ehktmikbrs (puus) ik m ehrkbr ho t`b `husb+ Ubbjslmy mnsh db sthrbj ik m prhtbetbj mkj s`mjbj pnmeb ho t`b e`meh. bit`br ehvbrbj wit`drmke`bs (pmùieì) hr pnmebj ukjbrgrhukj ik bxemvmtbj jbprbssihks. shlbtilbsnikbj wit` sthkbs mkj ehvbrbj wit` strmw (ohrlikg mpirwm)+ Uikeb m nmrgbr s`mrb hot`b `mrvbsts is prhjuebj ohr t`b lmrabts ik Ehe`mdmldm mkj Ehnhli thjmy t`mkdbohrb. t`brb is nbss jblmkj ohr nhkg,tbrl sthrmgb+ `b prhjueb is shnj shhk motbr`mrvbst (eìni pbppbrs ik pmrtieunmr) mkj hotbk gumrjbj hkny m s`hrt tilb dy t`b sijbho t`b rhmj dbohrb dbikg nhmjbj hk th trueas ohr trmksphrt th t`b lmrabts+

Hk m oikmn khtb. msabj th ehksijbr `hw omrlikg lmy db ilprhvbj mkj mssbss,ikg w`mt it tmabs th ikerbmsb mgrieunturmn prhjuetihk t`b lhst ilphrtmkt omethrst`mt mdnbhs eitb ikenujb6 (=) mjjikg lhrb lmkurb mkj obrtinizbrs th lix wit` t`bshin mkj dhhst pnmkt grhwt`1 (4) ikerbmsbj sprmyikg wit` iksbetieijbs. oukgieijbs.mkj pbstieijbs1 (5) ehkstruetikg mk irrigmtihk systbl1 (:) `mvikg t`b lbmks th ìrbbxtrm mgrieunturmn nmdhr. pmrtieunmrny mt mrvbst tilb1 (2) mvikg lhrb lunbs th trmks,phrt `mrvbst orhl jistmkt mkj ikmeebssidnb oibnjs1 mkj (?) behkhlie supphrt th ik,vbst ik m trmethr th whra t`b shin mkj ohr omstbr lhthrizbj sprmyikg+ Uhlb mdnbhsgh shlbw`mt mgmikst ikerbmsikg lbe`mkizmtihk mkj mppniemtihk ho obrtinizbrs mkje`bliemns ms t`b lmik prhgrml th ikerbmsb prhjuetihk. mkj rmisb hrgmkie obrtinizikgmkj luneìkg ms ilphrtmkt mntbrkmtivb prmetiebs ohr ikerbmsikg nhemn slmnn`hnjbrnivbni`hhjs+

Oikmn rblmraSrikeipmnny jrmwikg hk m sbribs ho iktbrvibws wit` slmnn`hnjbr omrlbrs rbsijbktik t`b ehllukity mt mdnms Lhktb tìs e`mptbr `ms hutnikbj m dribo hvbrvibwho lmky jioobrbkt mspbets ho eurrbkt omrlikg prmetiebs mkj ohhj prhjuetihk sys,tbls ik t`b Yukgms ho Ehe`mdmldm+ ìs aikj ho mgrieunturmn nmkjsempb kmrrm,tivb ohrls mk ilphrtmkt dmsbnikb ohr mssbssikgik ehkfuketihk wit` ht`br aikjsho jmtm. pmrtieunmrny mre`mbhnhgiemn shurebsnhkgbr,tbrl mgrieunturmn jykmlies+`b dmsie mpprbeimtihk ho eurrbkt nhemn mgrhkhlie akhwnbjgb mkj prmetiebs ikt`b rbgihk ho mdnms Lhktb t`mt tìs e`mptbr prhvijbs hoobrs ilphrtmkt nbmjs ohrukjbrstmkjikg pmst mgrhsystbls ik tìs nmkjsempb mkj mrb vitmn ohr rbehkstruetikgt`b ouketihk ho t`b ohrghttbk oibnj systbl mt Tmsupmlpm+

Meakhwnbjgblbkts+ Wb mrb lhst grmtboun ohr t`b tilb mkj t`b bxpbrtisb t`mt lmkymdnbhomrlbrs s`mrbj wit` us th jbseridb t`bir whra+ Wb mrb ikjbdtbj th t`blmkj th mnn t`bir obnnhw mdnbhs mkj t`b mut`hritibs ho t`b ehllukity mkj sikjiem,

ths ohr pbrlittikg hur ikvbstigmtihks mt Tmsupmlpm mkj ohr t`bir `hspitmnity mkjgbkbrhsity ik wbnehlikg us th t`bir vinnmgb mkj t`bir `hlbs+ Wb mrb mnsh grmtbounohr pbrlissihk th ehkjuet oibnjwhra grmktbj dy t`b pmst mkj eurrbkt jirbethr ho


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t`b Ikstituth jb Ikvbstigmeihkbs Mrqbhngiems ik Ehe`mdmldm. Jmvij Sbrbirm mkjLmrim jb nhs Mkgbnbs Luhz+ Oikmkeimn supphrt wms prhvijbj dy m rbsbmre` grmktorhl t`b Uwbjis` Iktbrkmtihkmn Jbvbnhplbkt Ehhpbrmtihk Mgbkey th E`ristimkIsbkjm`n+ ìs e`mptbr `ms dbkboittbj orhl Ninimk Tbdbnnmths suggbstihks hk t`btbxt. mkj Mjrimkm Luhz aikjny trmksnmtbj t`b mdstrmet mkj emptihks ikth Upmk,is`1 lmky t`mkas th dht` ohr t`bir tilb mkj bxpbrtisb- Mnn ilmgbs mrb dy t`b sbkihrmut`hr uknbss khtbj ht`brwisb+

TbobrbkebsDmnb. Winniml 433?+ `b Tbsbmre` Srhgrml ho @isthriemn Behnhgy+ Mkkumn Tbvibw ho

Mkt`rhphnhgy5267290+Dbrthkih. Nujhvieh 4332 Q=?=4\+ _hemdunmrih jb nm nbkgum Mylmrm+ Mrbquipm. Sbru6 Bji,

eihkbs Bn Nbethr+Enblbkt. E`mrnbs =999m+ =:94 mkj t`b Nhss ho Mlmzhkimk Erhp Gbkbtie Tbshurebs+ I+ `bTbnmtihk dbtwbbk Jhlbstiemtihk mkj @ulmk Shpunmtihk Jbenikb+ Behkhlie Dhtmky256=00=99+

=999d+ =:94 mkj t`b Nhss ho Mlmzhkimk Erhp Gbkbtie Tbshurebs+ II+ Erhp Dihgbhgrm,p`y mt Ehktmet+ Behkhlie Dhtmky2564354=?+

Ehdh. Dbrkmdb =979 Q=?25\+ @isthry ho t`b Ikem Blpirb(trmksnmtbj dy Thnmkj @mlinthk)+Mustik6 Rkivbrsity ho bxms Srbss+

Jbkbvmk. Winniml L+ 433=+ Euntivmtbj Nmkjsempbs ho Kmtivb Mlmzhkim mkj t`b Mkjbs(Hx,ohrj Gbhgrmpìemn mkj Bkvirhklbktmn Utujibs)+ Hxohrj6 Hxohrj Rkivbrsity Srbss+

Jhkaik. T+M+ =979+Mgrieunturmn Zbrrmeikg ik t`b Mdhrigikmn Kbw Whrnj(_iaikg Oukj Sud,

niemtihks ik Mkt`rhphnhgy 2?)+ ueshk6 Rkivbrsity ho Mrizhkm Srbss+Isbkjm`n. E`ristimk 4330+ Mppnibj Mgrh,Mre`mbhnhgiemn Tbsbmre` ik t`b Dhnivimk Yukgms+

Z`b UMM Mre`mbhnhgiemn Tbehrj0(5)64=47+ 43=3+ `b Mkt`rhphebkb Ohrebs Rs th Tbehksijbr Mjmptmtihkist Lhjbns ho @ulmk,

Bkvirhklbkt Iktbrmetihks+ Bkvirhklbktmn Ueibkeb / Zbe`khnhgy::6?337+Isbkjm`n. E`ristimk. Wmntbr Uke`bz. Ubrgih Emnnm. Lmreh Irm`hnm. Jmgkbr Umnvmtibrrm.

mkj Fumk Lmrebnh iehkm Ik prbss+ Mre`mbhnhgys Shtbktimn Ehktridutihk th Shhns hoMgrhkhlie Akhwnbjgb6 M Emsb ho Mppnibj Mgrh,Mre`mbhnhgy ik t b Dhnivimk Yukgms+Ik @ulmks mkj t`b Bkvirhklbkt6 Kbw Mre`mbhnhgiemn Sbrspbetivbs ohr t`b 4=st Ebktury.Lmtt`bw Jmvibs mkj Orbjm Kairhtb (bjs)+ Hxohrj6 Hxohrj Rkivbrsity Srbss+

Lurrm. Fh`k _+ 4334+ Bn lukjh mkjikh6 phdnmeik. lbjih mldibktb y behkhlm(@isthrimMkjikm 4:)+ Nilm6 IBS Bjieihkbs+

Lybrs. Khrlmk. Tussbnn M+ Littbrlbibr. Eristikm G+ Littbnlbibr. Gustmvh M+ D+ jm Ohk,sbem. mkj Fbkkiobr Abkt 4333+ Dihjivbrsity @htsphts ohr Ehksbrvmtihk Srihritibs+ Km,turb:356025020+

Kmvmrrh. Ghkzmnh mkj Lmdbn Lmnjhkmjh 4334+ Gbhgrmom behngiem jb Dhnivim6 vbgbtmeiky mldibktbs meutiehs+ Ehe`mdmldm6 Oukjmeik Uilk I+ Smtih+

Sbkkikgthk. T+ hdy. Lmtt Nmvik. iikm Uraikbk. Gwinyl S+ Nbwis. Dbktb D+ Anitgmmrj.mkj Ehnik B+ @ug`bs 43=3+ Ehktrmstikg Snmkt Jivbrsioiemtihk @isthribs witìk t`bMkjbmk Dihjivbrsity @htspht+ Srhebbjikgs ho t`b Kmtihkmn Memjbly ho Ueibkebs ho t`bRkitbj Utmtbs ho Mlbriem=37(5=)6=5705=5707+

Srmkeb. Gìnnbmk + (bj+) =904+ Dihnhgiemn Jivbrsioiemtihk ik t`b Zrhpies+ Kbw Yhra6 Ehnul,dim Rkivbrsity Srbss+Umigkbs. ìbrry =902+ Nhs Mkjbs Hribktmnbs6 ìsthrim jb uk hnvijh+ Ehe`mdmldm6 IBO,

EBTBU+


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cultivating the yungas: notes on current farming at rasupampa and tablas monte

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