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7/10/2019
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Welcome! • Session Title:
Mighty Mycorrhizae: Nutrient Management Using Friendly Fungi
• Speaker/s:
Blair BusenbarkDr. Leonardo Casieri
• Session Sponsor:
Mycorrhizal Applications LLC
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SESSION EVALUATION
HORTICULTURE HAS CHANGED
• Mycorrhizal Applications was founded in 1995.
• Grower Practices in 1995:
– 20‐20‐20 was a fertilizer standard
• Urea and Ammonia were the dominate nitrogen sources.
– 400 ppm or more nitrogen was the norm
– Plants were constantly fed
• Big Box Growers were paid 30 days after delivery.
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HORTICULTURE HAS CHANGED
• Production Culture in 1995:
– Plugs were starting to become popular.
– Seed produced plants were the most popular product offering.
– Vegetative plants were less common, Proven Winners had only been in business three years.
– Container sizes were different ‐typically smaller, the cell pack was standard for consumer sales.
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TIME IS NOW FOR MYCORRHIZAE
• MycoApply® sold through Horticultural Distribution in the United States and Canada.
• Growers Practices in 2019.
– 15‐5‐15 or a variant is the fertilizer standard
• Nitrate fertilizers are the standard nitrogen source
– 200 ppm or less nitrogen is the norm
– Plants are not always constantly fed
• Big Box Growers now paid via pay‐by‐scan.
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TIME IS NOW FOR MYCORRHIZAE• Production Culture in 2019:
– Liner and plug production are industry standards.
– Vegetative propagation has flourished. Multiple companies have been created to fill market needs.
– Propagation specialists have been created. Medium and small growers buy plugs and liners.
– Cost of plant material has increased.
– Larger containers have become more common. Four inch and gallon production is part of most growers’ product offerings.
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WHAT ARE MYCORRHIZAL FUNGI?• Mycorrhizal fungi form symbiosis with ≈95% of
land plants.
• They live in the soil and colonize plant roots.
• Mycorrhizae provide better absorption of nutrients and increased water uptake to the plant in exchange for carbon supply.
• Mycorrhizal fungi cannot function without living plants. (Obligate symbionts)
• Plants or mycorrhizae can initiate the symbiosis; root exudates trigger spore germination.
• Increase effective root surface area for absorption.
• Increase tolerance to various stressors (drought, nutrient deficiency, heavy metal toxicity, etc.).
• Different types of mycorrhizae. Most plants Endo.
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ENDOMYCORRHIZAE
• Form symbiotic association with ≈85% of
plant species on earth.
• Colonize plants inside root cortical cells.
• Root is not altered in morphology –
difficult to determine when roots are
colonized – must clear and stain followed
by microscopic examination.
• Form hyphae (“fungal roots”) in the soil
and within root tissues.
• Reproductive structures (spores) either
within the plant root or outside in the soil.
• Environmental conditions and root
exudates trigger spores to germinate in
the soil.
COLONIZED
NON-COLONIZED
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ECTOMYCORRHIZAE
• Associate with ≈10% of plant
species on earth.
• Major hosts are coniferous and
select deciduous trees.
• Form fruiting bodies (carpophores
= mushrooms).
• Root is altered in morphology –
easily recognized.
• Roots become thicker and
repeatedly branched after
colonization.
• Hyphae penetrate within the first
layer of root cortical cells and form
a network of hyphae around root
tips.
Image: David Hansford, New Zealand Geographic
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CANOLA, MUSTARD
NON-MYCORRHIZAL PLANTS
CABBAGE, BROCCOLI, KALE, CAULIFLOWER
PIGWEED
CARNATION
BEETS
SPINACH
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CONTAINER – GROWN PLANTS
• Increased Root Mass:
– Endo mycorrhizae do not increase rooting to the point that the container is root bound.
– Most of the increase in the root mass comes from the development and growth of mycorrhizal hyphal filaments.
– Increased root mass can help transplant into a larger container more quickly root.
– Less plant loss and reduced transplant shock.
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• Increase Water Uptake:
– Water absorption occurs along the entire length of the hyphae.
– In times of excess, water is stored in hyphae for use when needed by the plant.
– Increases water availability without increasing moisture in the soil.
– An increase in drought resistance of approximately 36‐48 hours.
– Allows a grower to grow dry and not stress out their plants.
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CONTAINER – GROWN PLANTS
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• Increased Nutrient Uptake:
– Produces enzymes that convert nutrients into bioavailable forms.
– Increases the production of solubilizing enzymes by plant roots.
– Working together with other microorganisms to convert insoluble minerals into soluble forms.
– Increases overall nutrient uptake efficiency.
– Reduces nutrient leaching from pots and plant containers.
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CONTAINER – GROWN PLANTS
PLANT’S NEEDS DRIVE SYMBIOSIS
• What causes the plant to be less interested?
– Fertilizer Overabundance
• When nutrients are readily available, the plant does not need to connect with the mycorrhizae.
– Growing Wet
• When water is readily available, the plant does need to connect with the mycorrhizae.
Why Put Forth The Energy To Establish The Relationship?
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• Different species are responsible for different functional benefits.
• Seasonal changes of rhizosphere microbial communities – “One species does not fit all”.
– Soil microclimate (e.g., changes in soil moisture, phosphate availability)
– Plant phenology (seasonality)
• Different species dominate under different ecological conditions (e.g., soil type, nutrient content).
• Multiple mycorrhizal fungi species increase the speed to providing benefits and extent of symbiotic colonization.
• Multiple species also increase the capabilities of extracting a broader nutritional offering for the plant.
MULTIPLE MYCORRHIZAL SPECIES
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• Higher levels of phosphorus reduce the mycorrhizal colonization of most mycorrhizal species.
• Multiple mycorrhizal fungi species allows for nutritional performance under a wider range of growing conditions.
• Multiple species allows for continued mycorrhizal benefits even when phosphorus level are high.
• In nature, plants have relationships with multiple mycorrhizal species to optimize the symbiotic relationship. Why would you want to limit your benefits by relying on a single species mycorrhizal offering?
MULTIPLE MYCORRHIZAL SPECIES
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PRODUCTION PARADIGM
• Growing with higher water and feed
– Softer/larger/lusher growth – increased insect and disease susceptibility, and PGR usage
– Higher fertilization costs – Not Desirable
• Growing with less water and feed
– Smaller plant size – often requires less PGRs
– Better toned growth –reduced insect and disease issues
– Lower fertilization costs – Increased Profitability
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PLANTS NEEDS DRIVE SYMBIOSIS
• What causes the plant to be more interested?
– Lower Fertilizer Availability
• Leaner growing induces stress that encourages the development of the mycorrhizal relationship.
• Lower application rates and/or not using constant feed.
– Dryer Cultural Practices
• Growing dryer induces stress that encourages the development of the mycorrhizal relationship.
• Allowing the plant to dry down forces the plant to search for more water, increases need for mycorrhizae.
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TIMING IS EVERYTHING• Inoculation process requires one
month to establish symbiosis with benefits going to the plant.
• Growers typically start to see benefits from within two months from inoculation.
• Some mycorrhizal species are quicker to establish the symbiotic relationship.
• Application during propagation offers lowest costs and starts the benefits clock sooner.
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EVERYONE LIKES OPTIONS • Purchase a soil manufacturer growing media with mycorrhizae added.
• Growers can add mycorrhizae to growing media through soil incorporation.
• Applying a drench either in propagation or in production.
• Using a plug/liner dip to treat small quantities.
• Spraying a drench on bare root plants.
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MYCORRHIZAL ECONOMICS
• Cost to treat
– Impacted by soil volume.
– Treatment transfers when the plant is moved to a larger container.
– Cost per tray to treat a plug/liner tray $0.05‐0.06.
– Cost per plant to treat ‐ $0.0008 per 72 cell liner.
– Cost per plant to treat ‐ $0.0002 per 392 cell plug.
– One treatment is all that is needed for most plants.
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MYCORRHIZAL ECONOMICS• Lower Production Costs
– Greater utilization by the plant, less fertilizer.
– Less fungicides, insecticides and PGRs.
– Less labor – irrigation, applications.
– Less dump – more saleable plants.
• Increased Sales
– Better retail sell through, less returns.
– Increased customer satisfaction – improved gardening experience, more secondary sales.
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Come Visit Mycorrhizal Applications in Booth #3305
Mighty Mycorrhizae: Nutrient Management Using
Friendly Fungi Blair Busenbark and Dr. Leonardo Casieri
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S
S
N
N
P
P
P
K
K
K
AMF: Exploring outside the Nutrient Depletion Zone
N P
S
K
N
P
S
K
P
S
K
N
P
S
K
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Soil Nutrients’ Mobility
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Plant-available P
Case scenario: PpH-dependent availability
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Plant-available PAMF-improved
availability
Case scenario: PpH-dependent availability
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AMF: Improving Nutrient and Water uptake efficiency
Mycorrhizal interaction: complex interaction
between plant and AMF
1) Functionality of mycorrhizal fungi with the planti. Role of arbuscules and vesicles
ii. Hyphae function nutrient and water uptake
Time
After contactBefore contact
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Leonie H. Luginbuehl and Giles E.D. Oldroyd*
Understanding the Arbuscule at the Heart of Endomycorrhizal Symbioses in Plants
Current Biology 27. September 11, 2017
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Arbuscules in Medicago roots
Arbuscules :
Symbiotic market place where nutrients are exchanged
Loading: • symplastic• apoplastic
Species dependant
Unloading:
Organ dependant
Nutrient exchange ‐ the Plant side…
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Nutrient exchange ‐ the Plant side…
plant
Poly PPoly P
C pool
H2O
NH4 NO3
Gln
Arg
Pi
interfacial apoplast
Arg
Pi
NH4
H2O
soil
PiPi
Pi ??
?
?
Zn
hexose
hexose
sucrose
H+
H+
pentoseglucanes
C poolfructose ?
?
?
MST1 ?
Nutrient exchange ‐ the AMF side…
Soilsolution
Interfacial apoplast
External fungal cell
MYC
ORRHIZAL
PATH
WAY
DIREC
TPA
THWAY
Soilsolution
Plant leaf cell
MtSULTR1.1 ?MtSULTR1.2 ?LjSULTR1 ?
VacuoleInternalfungal cell
Plant root cell Vacuole
MtSULTR4.1 ?
Plant root cell
Plant root cell
Plant root cell
Plant leaf cell
PHLO
EM / XYLEM
AtSULTR4.1AtSULTR4.2MtSULTR4.1 ?
SO42-
SO42-
SO42-
SO42-
SO42-
SO42-
CysMet
Proteins
SO42-
SO42-
SO42-MtSULTR2.2 ?
LjSULTR1 ?
AtSULTR1.1AtSULTR1.2MtSULTR1.1MtSULTR1.2
AtSULTR1.3AtSULTR2.1AtSULTR2.2
MtSULTR1.3MtSULTR2.1MtSULTR2.2MtSULTR3.1
AtSULTR1.3AtSULTR2.1
MtSULTR1.3
MtSULTR2.2 ?
SO42-
SO42-
S-lipids
S-AA
Org-S
S uptake pathways in plants
SO42- SO4
2-RiSULTRs ?
RiAATs ?
AATs ?S-AA ?
S-AA ? S-AA
S-sensing ?
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AMF :Helping plants in soil-less media and in mineral soil
Overcoming the chemical and/or physical root uptake limitations
Improving Nutrients and Water availability
Ameliorating plant growth and stresses’ resistance
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Come Visit Mycorrhizal Applications in Booth #3305
Questions/Technical Support
What questions do you have?
Blair Busenbark
(425) 429‐1492
Leonardo Casieri, PhD
(314) 551‐7068
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WEBSITE ADDRESS: cultivate.cnf.ioStep 1:
Enter website URLStep 2:
Choose a SessionStep 3:
Click to Evaluate
SESSION EVALUATION