css ( also ias/csm/pms) philosophy notes
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7/27/2019 CSS ( also IAS/CSM/PMS) Philosophy Notes
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ByNkle Plqls
7/27/2019 CSS ( also IAS/CSM/PMS) Philosophy Notes
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Vmkijsjpmy
Ijvg cjr Pksdjn
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Vlst \ugstkjesVmkijsjpmy & Kts Elturg/vliug
• Dgckeg Vmkijsjpmy led hustkckgs ktsvliug ke njdgre tkngs. VN_-266;
• Pmlt bgegckts lrg tj bg lomkgvgd crjn tmg study jc Vmkijsjpmy:Dksouss .O__ 2666
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Vmkijsjpmy
• @rgga Vmkijsjpmgr Vytml`jrls ojkegd tmg tgrn’Vmkijsjpmy„.
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Dgckektkjes jc Vmkijsjpmy (crjn Dkccgrget Le`igs)
• Kt ks l sgt jc ueorktkoliiy mgid lttktudgs (jr
bgikgcs) lbjut ikcg led uekvgrsg. (Mlvke`Vmkijsjpmy)
• Kt ks l prjogss jc rgcigotkje led orktkoksn je jur
dggpiy mgid lttktudgs (jr bgikgcs). (Djke` Vmkij)
• Kt ks l prjogss jc ijjake` lt wjrid ls l wmjig.
• Kt ks l prjogss jc leliyzke` ile`ul`g ij`koliiyled oilrkcyke` ngleke` (jc wjrds led kdgls).
• Kt ks l `rjup jc pgrgeekli prjbigns (jr
qugstkjes) tj bg sjivgd by pmkijsjpmgrs.
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Omlrlotgrkstkos jc Vmkijsjpmkoli
Lttktudgs
•_gesg jc Pjedgr•Djubt
•Orktkoksn
•Rgcigotkjes
•Tjigrleog
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Sliug jc Vmkijsjpmy
• Vmkijsjpmy ks vliulbig b/o kt Knprjvgs8
• Bjtm pgrsjeli/sjokli lspgots jc jur Ikcg• Leliytkoli _akiis (tj dgsorkbg lbstrlot prjbigns
bgttgr, tj lr`ug gccgotkvgiy, tj usg leliysks led
strje` lr`ungets)
• Skskje & Kesk`mt 8 (Vmkijsjpmy ks mgipcui ke
knl`keltkje, prjbign sjivke`, ijjake` lt wjrid
crjn dkccgrget le`igs, dgokskje nlake`, smlpke`
jur dgstkey).
•
’Wegxlnkegd ikcg ks ejt wjrtm ikvke`„ . (_jorltgs)
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Trlescgrlbig sakiis led pgrsjeli omlrlotgrkstkos
olusgd by pmkijsjpmy lrg8
<. Rglsjeke` sakiis8 ij`ko1 leliysks led syetmgsks1mledike` jc ojeogpts1 orktkoli lbkikty1 kdgetkcyke` ledqugstkjeke` lssunptkjes1 lr`uke` l olsg1 prjbignsjivke` led dgokskje nlake`
2. Mledike` synbjiksn8 cjrnli systgns1 stltkstkolilr`ungets1 ojnputgr iktgrloy
?. Ojnnuekoltkje sakiis8 oilrkty, rgigvleog, ledsuookeotegss ke wrkttge led jrli prgsgetltkjes
4. Ojnprgmgeskje8 nlstgry jc dkcckouit led ojnpigxtgxts1 ikstgeke` tj wmlt jtmgrs sly, led lpprgokltke`dkccgrget pjkets jc vkgw1 ojpke` wktm l mk`m igvgi jc
ueogrtlkety
m d b d m c b d d i
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7. Dgptm led brgldtm jc vkgw8 sggke` bgyjed trldktkjelidksokpikelry bjuedlrkgs1 kdgetkcyke` ckrst prkeokpigs ledprlotkoli lppikoltkjes1 trloke` ojeegotkjes1 jbhgotkvkty
3. Rgcigxkvkty8 mledike` jc sgojed-jrdgr qugstkjes1lwlrgegss jc jeg's jwe tmkeake` led usg jc ile`ul`g1lbkikty tj lssgss jeg's jwe strge`tms led wglaegssgs,led tmjsg jc jtmgrs
0. Jrk`kelikty8 kedgpgedgeog jc tmju`mt1 cigxkbkikty jc
lpprjlom1 ldlptlbkikty tj l omle`ke` gevkrjenget1kevgetkvgegss ke prjduoke` gxlnpigs led ojuetgr-gxlnpigs
=. Ojjpgrltkvgegss8 lbkikty tj wjra ke tglns ke dkccgrget
olploktkgs1 ojestruotkvg ojetrkbutkje tj `rjupdksousskje led hjket prjduots
;. Rgspjeskbkikty8 lbkikty tj lot lutjejnjusiy led tjiglre kedgpgedgetiy1 lwlrgegss jc gtmkoli
knpikoltkjes.
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_keog wgstgre pmkijsjpmy ks blsgd
je @rgga Vmkijsjpmy, mgeog le
jvgrvkgw jc @rgga Vmkijsjpmy
ks knpjrtlet.
Vrg-_jorltko (Elturlikst/Nltgrklikst)Vmkijsjpmgrs
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Pmlt ks Witknltg Olusg jr Witknltg_ubstleog jc wmkom tmks uekvgrsg
(gvgrytmke`) ks blsgd je:
Tmlt‛s jeg tmg njst blsko qugstkjes
leswgrgd by @rgga Vmkijsjpmgrs
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<. Kjekle (Nkigskle) Vmkijsjpmgrs
• Pmlt ks elturg jc Ojsnko nlttgr/ wjrid-stucc:
• Tmgy l`rgg, kt ks Jeg, but dksl`rgg tj kts typg.
<. Tmligs/Cltmgr jc _okgeog/Cjuedgr jc Vmkijsjpmy
• Witknltg substleog/nlttgr ks Jeiy Pltgr.
2. Lelxknledgr/ Jrk`keltjr jc pmkijsjpmkoli ojeogpt jc @jd
• Witknltg substleog ks ’keckekty„ Jr ’Lpgkrje„ wmkom
ks bjuedigss, keckektg ojrpjrgli nlss (ikag dkvkeg).
?. Lelxkngegs
•
Witknltg substleog ks Lkr.
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Tmligs8 Witknltg stucc crjn wmkom jur
uekvgrsg ks jrk`keltgd ks PLTGR.
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Lelxknledgr8 Witknltg olusg jr stucc jc jur uekvgrsg ks
LVGKRJE( Weaejwe, iknktigss & bjuedigss, prknjrdkli nlss).
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Lelxkngegs8 Lkr ks tmg sjurog jc tmks
Wekvgrsg.
2 V m
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2. Vytml`jrgles4. Vytml`jrls
• Ojkegd tmg tgrn ’Vmkijsjpmy.„
• Witknltg rglikty ks Nltmgnltkoli (Eunbgr).
• Nltmgnltkos ks tmg ijrd jc uekvgrsg.
•Tmgrg lrg Twj Akeds jc wjrid (Duliksn)
<. Nltmgnltkoli wjrid wmkom ks Vgrcgot, Keckektg, Jrk`keli.
2. Vmyskoli wjrid 8 knpgrcgot, iknktgd, Ojpkgs, smldjws
• Tmg rgli gssgeog jc jur nltgrkli jbhgots ks nltmgnltkolicjrns (eunbgrs, cjrnuils, cjrnuils, oliouiltkjes,
ojeogptkjes).
•
Gvgrytmke` ks ke loojrdleog wktm l Eunbgr.
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Vytml`jrgles8 Witknltg rglikty ks NLTMGNLTKOLI.
(Eunbgrs)
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?. Tmg Gigltko _omjji
7. ]gejpmlegs8 Mg orktkokzgs letmrjpjnjrpmkopjiytmgksn, & brke`s Njejtmgksn/Vletmgksn
• _uprgng Bgke`/@jd/Pjrid-stucc ks jeg. Jr Pjrid ks
@jd, @jd ks Pjrid.3. Vlrngekdgs (Cltmgr jc Nltgrkliksn)8Bgke`/@jd/Witknltg
wjrid-stucc ks Tmg Jeg. (Witknltg rglikty ks ske`ig getkty )
•
(Kc l bgke` ks tmkealbig, kt nust gxkst. Kc l bgke` ksuetmkealbig, kt ole‛t gxkst—eje-bgke`). @jd ks
tmkealbig, sj Mg gxksts—Bgke`).
• Sjkd/gnpty splog ole‛t gxkst (eje-bgke`). sknkilriy
njtkje & piurlikty ole‛t gxkst. Ej Omle`g ke tmg wjrid.
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]gejpmlegs8
• ]gejpmlegs rghgots letmrjpjnjrpmko (mlvke` nle-
ikag quliktkgs) `jds.
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Vlrngekdgs8 Witknltg rglikty ks Jeg
Bgke`. (ueomle`ke` & kedgstruotkbig)
• Ls Jeiy jeg bgke` ks gvgrywmgrg, sj tmgrg ks
ej vjkd, ls tmgrg ks ej vjkd, sj tmgrg ks ejnjvgnget tj ckii kt. Gvgry tmke` ks ojestlet led
ueomle`glbig.
• Xgej‛s Vlrldjxgs tj prjvg mks tglomgr Vlrngekdgs _uppjsg [JW wlet tj oltom l
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• Xgej‛s Vlrldjxgs tj prjvg mks tglomgr Vlrngekdgs. _uppjsg [JW wlet tj oltom l
stltkjelry bus. Bgcjrg yju ole `gt tmgrg, yju nust ojvgr mlicwly tmgrg. Bgcjrg yju
ole ojvgr mlicwly tmgrg, yju nust `gt l qulrtgr jc tmg wly tmgrg. Bgcjrg trlvgike`
l qulrtgr, yju nust trlvgi jeg-gk`mtm1 bgcjrg le gk`mtm, jeg-skxtggetm1. led sj je.
_j yju ole egvgr oltom tmg buss.
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Gigltko _omjji
0. Mgrloiktus, tmg Jbsourg (wggpke` pmkijsjpmgr) • Weikag Vlrngekdgs (wmj slys tmgrg ks ej omle`g, ej njtkje ke
tmg wjrid), Mgrloiktus slys gvgrytmke` ks ke omle`g/njtkje/
bgojnke`. ’[ju ole‛t stgp twkog ketj tmg slngrkvgr.„
• Ckrg ks tmg Witknltg substleog jc tmks uekvgrsg.
• Gvgrytmke` ks uedgr Ilw/Rglsje/Ij`js.
• _j rglsje/elturli ilw lrrle`gs ngleke`igss
(dksjrdgrgd) tmke`s ke jrdgriy nleegr.
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Mgrloiktus8 Ckrg ks uitknltg _ubstleog.
Gvgrytmke` ks ke Omle`g.
[ju ole‛t stgp twkog ketj tmg slng rkvgr Gvgrytmke` ks ojnpjsg jc ckrg.
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<. Viurlikst/Ltjnksts
• Weikag Jeg omle`gigss bgke`, Pjrid ks nldg up jc
nley tmke`s.
<. Gnpgdjoigs8 Cjur gigngets (wltgr/lkr/glrtm/ckrg)
2. Lelxl`jrls8 Ojuetigss gigngets/sggds wmkom lrg
njvke` uedgr tmg ilw jc rglsje.
• Nked/Ejus/rglsje `kvgs dkrgotkje/purpjsg tj wjrid.
G d i
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Gnpgdjoigs8
Cjur Gigngets (Pltgr, Lkr, Ckrg, Glrtm)
lrg sjurog jc jur uekvgrsg
• Ikcg ojng ketj gxkstgeog wmge tmgsg gigngetojnbkeg wktm glom jtmgr tmrju`m cjrogs jc Ijvg.
• Dgltm ks tmg solttgrke` jc tmgsg gigngets dug cjrogs
jc mltrgd.
L ti ii d
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Lelxl`jrls8 ojuetigss snlii sggds lrg sjurog
jc gvgrytmke`. Tmgy lrg dgtgrnkegd by
jnekpjtget/jneksokget rglsje (jr Ejus).
• Ikcg & Dgltm dgpgeds upje
ojnbkeltkje & solttgrke` jc
tmgsg sggds.
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2. Viurlikst/Ltjnksts
?. Iguokppus slys uekvgrsg ks nldg up jc nley ltjns.
• Ltjns lrg uedgr systgnltko nltmgnltkoli ilws.
• Ejtmke` ojngs wktmjut ley rglsje. Jr gvgrytmke`
lrksgs crjn sjngtmke` (rglsje/olusg).
4. Dgnjorktus `kvgs twj-wjrid ojeogpt.
Vmgejngel (sgesg-wjrid)8Knpgrcgot/uetrustwjrtmy
Rglikty (rltkjeli-wjrid)8 Witknltg/pgrcgot/vlikd. Kt ksnldg up jc kevkskbig ltjns (kdgls/cjrns).
• Witknltg rglikty ks nldg up jc eunbgrigss ltjns
wmkom ole bg uedgrstjjd by rglsje, ejt sgesgs.
D k Wi k c mk
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Dgnjorktus8 Witknltg sjurog jc tmks
uekvgrsg ks LTJN_.• Iguokppus led mks
_tudget Dgnjorktuslisj bgikgvgd kedgtgrnkeksn. Gvgrytmke` ks gtgreliiy prg-dgtgrnkegd.
? Vi ik t /_ mk t
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?. Viurliksts/_jpmksts
7. Vrjtl`jrls `kvgs pgrogptkje tmgjry —„Nle ks
nglsurg jc lii tmke`s.„ JR kt ngles rglikty ksrgiltkvg/subhgotkvg(omle`gs pgrsje tj pgrsje).
• _j tmgrg ks ej uitknltg rglikty.
•But jeiy sgesg-wjrid ks rgli.
• Jur aejwigd`g ks liwlys blsgd je jur pgrsjeli sgesgs.
3. @jr`kls brke`s rgiltkvksn jc Vrjtl`jrls tj Ekmkiksn—
„Ejtmke` gxksts, sgojed, kc leytmke` dkd gxkst, wg ojuidegvgr aejw.„
• _j ’uitknltg rglikty„ jc prgvkjus pmkijsjpmgrs wls
gxtrgngiy omliige`gd by _jpmksts.
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Vrjtl`jrls8 ’Nle ks tmg Nglsurg jc Lii Tmke`s„
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Ejw _unnlry jc @rgga Vmkijsjpmy
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Kjekle (Nkigskle) Vmkijsjpmgrs
Rglik ty ks Jeg
(<) Tmligs(Cltmgr jc Pgstgre Vmkijsjpmy)
Pjrid Ks nldg up jc
wltgr .
(2) Lelxknledgr(cltmgr jc Ojsnjij`y &
Lstrjejny)
Wekvgrsg ks ojnpjsgd jc l
keckektg, iknktigss Lpgkrje
(?) Lelxkngegs Pjrid ks jrk`keltgd crjn
lkr . Brgltm ks sjui.
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(4) Vytml`jrls(Cltmgr jc Eunbgrs)
Pjrid Ks blsgd je eunbgrs.
’Nusko ks ngdkokeg jc sjui.„
Mg bgikgvgd ke keolreltkje.
(7) Mgrloiktus’Tmg Jbsourg„
’Gvgrytmke` ks ke ciux.„
’[ju ole‛t stgp twkog ketjslng rkvgr.„
Pjrid ks blsgd je ckrg.
(3) Vlrngekdgs &
mks studget Xgej
Rglikty jc tmg wjrid ks
’ Jeg Bgke`„ ueomle`ke`,
kedgstruotkbig.
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Njeksn vs. Viurliksn
Rglikty ks Jeg Rglikty ks Nley Tmligs Pltgr Gnpgdjoigs wltgr/lkr/glrtm/ckrg
Lelxknledgr Lpgîrôe Lelxl`jrls _ggds/crl`ngets
Lelxkngegs Lkr Dgnjorktus Ltjns
Vytml`jrls Eunbgr
Mgrloiktus Ckrg
Vlrngekdgs slng bgke`
Xgej slng Jeg bgke`
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Kdgliksn
<. Dksouss Kdgliksn & Kts typgs. O__ 26<6
Kdgliksn
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Kdgliksn• Kdgliksn mjids tmlt kdgls jr tmju`mts
nlag up cuedlngetli rglikty. Kdgliksn
strgssgs tmlt spkrkt jr kdgl ks tmg njst
knpjrtlet led gssgetkli gignget jc tmgikcg led tmg uekvgrsg.
<. Tmg munle spkrkt (kdgl/nked) ks tmg njst
cuedlngetli gignget ke ikcg.
2. Tmg uekvgrsg ks gssgetkliiy ejt nltgrkli ke
kts uitknltg elturg.
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Typgs jc Kdgliksn
<. _ubhgotkvg Kdgliksn8 Kdgls lrg wktmke nked.
2. Jbhgotkvg Kdgliksn8 Kdgls lrg jutskdg jc nked
?. Trlesogedgetli Kdgliksn8 Kdgls lrg bgyjed nked
(bgyjed splog & tkng).
4. Lbsjiutg Kdgliksn8 _ubhgotkvg led jbhgotkvg kdgls
lrg plrt jc lbsjiutg.
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Nlhjr Kdgliksts
• Viltj Jbhgotkvg Kdgliksn
• @gjr`g Bgragigy _ubhgotkvg Kdgliksn
• Alet Trlesogedgetli Kdgliksn
• Mg`gi Lbsjiutg Kdgliksn
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Cjrns (ke Viltj‛s pmkijsjpmy)
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Cjrns (ke Viltj s pmkijsjpmy)
• Cjrns (jr kdgls/ojeogpts) lrg, omle`gigss, pgrcgot,
gtgreli led ejenltgrkli plttgres (gssgeogs) jc
wmkom lotuli vkskbig jbhgots jc jur wjrid lrg
pjjr/knpgrcgot ojpkgs.
Vgrcgot cjrn jc mjrsg
Knpgrcgot Ojpkgs jc ’Cjrn jc mjrsg„
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Cjrns lrg8
•
<. Trlesogedget- Tmgy lrg bgyjed splog led tkng• 2. Vurg ‟ Tmgy gxgnpikcy purgiy jeg prjpgrty.
• ?. Lromgtypgs - Tmg cjrns lrg tmg pgrcgot njdgis
upje wmkom lii nltgrkli jbhgots lrg blsgd.• 4. Witknltgiy Rgli - Tmg cjrns lrg tmg uitknltgiy
rgli getktkgs, ejt nltgrkli jbhgots.
• 7. Olusgs - Tmg cjrns lrg tmg olusgs jc lii tmke`s.• 3. _ystgnltkoliiy Ketgrojeegotgd ‟Crjn mk`mgr tj
ijwgr1 crjn njrg `gegrli tj njrg plrtkouilr, crjn
njrg jbhgotkvg tj njrg subhgotkvg.
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Cjrn (Kdgl/gssgeog/plttgre) jc Trkle`ig
Cjrn jc Jrk`keli Trkle`ig
Knpgrcgot ojpkgs jc Jrk`eli Trkle`igs
Vgrcgot kdgl jc
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Vgrcgot kdgl jc
Mjrsg
Knpgrcgot Ojpkgs jc Kdgl jc Mjrsg
Pjrid ks jc twj Akeds
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Pjrid ks jc twj Akeds
Pjrid jc Cjrns8 Cjrns lrg jc twj akeds8 (<) Ijwgr Cjrns (2) Mk`mgr Cjrns
Ijwgr Cjrns dgpged upje mk`mgr cjrns
Vmyskoli wjrid 8 (<) Knl`gs (2) Jbhgots
_mldjws dgpgeds upje jbhgots cjr gxkstgeog
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Viltj‛s tmgjry jc Kdgls jr Cjrns
Tmgrg ks l trlesogedget wjrid jckdgls wmkom ks supgrkjr tj jur pmyskoli
wjrid (jur pmyskoli jbhgots lrg ojpkgsjc tmg tmlt trlesogedget wjrid).
Tmks tmgjry ks le lttgnpt tj rgojeokig
tmgjry jc ’Lii -omle`g„ led ’Ej-
Omle`g„.
Omlrlotgrkstkos jc Cjrns/Kdgls
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Omlrlotgrkstkos jc Cjrns/Kdgls
• Kdgls lrg substleogs
• Kdgls lrg `gegrli led uekvgrsli
• Kdgls lrg knnltgrkli jbhgots
• Kdgls lrg ikag oilssgs
• Kdgls lrg kedgstruotkbig
• Kdgls lrg bgyjed splog led tkngs• Kdgls lrg njrg pgrcgot tmle plrtkouilrs
D c Kd (C )
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Dg`rggs jc Kdgls (Cjrns)
_jng kdgls lrg lt mk`mgr pjsktkje1 sjng kdgls lrg ijwgr
(tmjsg wmkom lrg vgry oijsg tj nltgrkli jbhgots)1 Mjwgvgr,
Mk`mgst kdgl/cjrn ks @JJD (wmkom ks njst spkrktuli/kdgli.
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Viltjeko Kdgliksn (Viltj‛s Ngtlpmyskos)
•
Viltj blsgd mks pmkijsjpmy je tmg vkgws jcVrjtl`jrls (rgiltkvkty jc pgrogptkje/ngrg
lppglrleog jc pmgejngeli jbhgot), Vlrngekdgs
(Trug Bgke`—Jetjs), Vytml`jrls (rgli gssgeog jr
Viltjeko kdgli—Juskl), Dgnjorktus (mjw wg aejw
rglikty tmrju`m sgesgs/pgrogptkje smjws trleskget
rglikty), Mgrloiktus (gvgrytmke`/nlttgr ks ke omle`g)
<. Ijwgr Rglikty (Nltgrkli) wmkom ks aejwe tmrju`m sgesgs
2. Mk`mgr Rglikty (Kdgli)wmkom ks aejwe tmrju`m rglsje/ketgiigot
• Mg ks rltkjelikst (trug aejwigd`g tmrju`m RGL_JE), kdglikst
(uitknltg rglikty ks kdgl), rglikst (Kdgl ks rgli).
M ikt S V kd
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Mgrloiktus Ss. Vlrngekdgs
’Lii-Omle`g„ Tmgjry ’Ej-Omle`g„ Tmgjry
Rglikty ks ke
ojetkeujus Ciux.
[ju ole ejt stgp
twkog ke tmg slng rkvgr.
Ejtmke` ks pgrnleget
gxogpt omle`g.
Rglikty ks
Weomle`glbig.
Gvgrytmke` ks l plrt
jc ueomle`glbig uekty.
Omle`g ks lpplrget
led kiiuskje.
Viltj rgojeokigs tmgjry jc ’Omle`g„ led
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Viltj rgojeokigs tmgjry jc Omle`g led
’Vgrnlegeog„.
•Mg slys tmgrg lrg twj akeds jc wjrids8jeg ks omle`glbig (nltgrkli wjrid) jtmgr
ks pgrnleget (wjrid jc kdgls).
• Dkomjtjny jc Gxkstgeog (jc twj wjrids)
<. _gesujus Pjrid (Rlkeke`, tlbig, Tgnp.)
2. Rltkjeli Pjrid (2+2>4, trkle`ig)
Viltj‛s dkomjtjny jc Gxkstgeog
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Viltj s dkomjtjny jc Gxkstgeog
_gesujus Pjrid Ss. Rltkjeli Pjrid_gesujus PjridKt ks jur nltgrkli/pmyskoli
/prlotkoli wjrid wmkom ks
omle`glbig, tgnpjrli,
nutlbig, knpgrcgot ledblsgd je jur sgesgs led
pgrogptkjes.
wjrid jc sgesgs(pltkouilrs
kedkvkdulis led gxlnpigs)
Rltkjeli PjridKt ks knnltgrkli/ spkrktuli/
ngetli/tmgjrgtkoli/
trlesogedget wjrid wmkom ks
pgrcgot, ueomle`glbig, eje-
tgnpjrli, gtgreli,
knnutlbig led knnjrtli
led blsgd je rglsje led
ij`ko.Pjrid jc Kdgls(uekvgrslis,
`gegrlikzltkjes, ojeogpts)
_gesujus PjridKt ks jur nltgrkli/pmyskoli
/prlotkoli wjrid wmkom ks
omle`glbig, tgnpjrli,
nutlbig, knpgrcgot led
blsgd je jur sgesgs led
pgrogptkjes.
wjrid jc sgesgs
(plrtkouilrs, ngrgiy ojpkgs,
smldjws led kedkvkduli
Rltkjeli PjridKt ks knnltgrkli/spkrktuli/
tmgjrgtkoli/ trlesogedget
wjrid wmkom ks pgrcgot,
ueomle`glbig, eje-tgnpjrli, gtgreli,
knnutlbig led knnjrtli
led blsgd je rglsje led
ij`ko.Pjrid jc Kdgls
(jrk`kelis, ojeogpts
uekvgrslis, led
Pjrid jc Jrk`keli Kdgls
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Pjrid jc _gesgs led
Ojpkgs jr _mldjws jc
’kdgl jc mjrsg„
`
Vgrcgot kdgl jc Mjrsg
Aejwigd`g ole bg lomkgvgd tmrju`m sgesgs
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•
Aejwigd`g tmrju`m sgesgs ks rgiltkvg (b/o wg mlvgdkccgrget sgesgs/sgesjry jr`les)
• Aejwigd`g tmrju`m nked ks jbhgotkvg/rgli/rltkjeli
•
Pg `gt gssgeog/kdgl/cjrns/lbstrlotkjes/ojeogptscrjn nltgrkli jbhgots by uske` jur nked/rglsje.
• Aejwigd`g jc nltmgnltkoli cjrns/cjrnuils led jc
’trug Bgke`/wjrid-stucc„ ks kdgli led rgli. • Gvgry pmyskoli jbhgot (suom ls Tlbig, Trgg) ks ojpy
jc kdgl (kdgl jc tlbig, kdgl jc trgg) wmkom gxksts ke
wjrid jc kdgls (Viltjeko wjrid).
Aejwigd`g ole bg lomkgvgd tmrju`m sgesgs
(knpgrcgot aejwigd`g) e nked (rgli/pgrcgot)
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Aejwigd`g ks rgojiigotkje jc sjui.
• Lii aejwigd`g ks rgojiigotkje jc prg-gxkstget ikcg jcsjui. _jui ks stjrl`g jc lii trutm e aejwigd`g.
• Tj cked trutm, `j dggp ketj yjur sjui/ueojesokjus
• _jui lctgr dgltm jc jeg bjdy, sjui nk`rltgs tj jtmgr
bjdy, bjre s l`lke led l`lke, sj kt ks knnjrtli.
• _j Viltj bgikgvgs ke trlesnk`rltkje jc _jui.
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• _gesg-wjrid ojngs ketj bgke` crjn le
uecjrngd/smlpgigss gtgreli nlttgr (RGOGVTLOIG)
loojrdke` tj prgsorkbgd plttgre jc kdgls by lot jc@jd.
• @jd djgs ejt orgltg tmlt nlttgr but dgsk`e kt
loojrdke` tj plttgre jc gtgreli kdgls.
• _j Viltj ldds ?rd typg jc wjrid (RGOGVTLOIG) tj
Vmgejngel (VM[_KOLI) led rglikty (KDGLI wjrid).
• Ke smjrt, @jd, Kdgls, e Rgogptloig lrg uitknltg.
• Lrkstjtig rgpilogs Viltj‛s kdgliksn wktm rgliksn.
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Pmy Viltj eggds cjrns:
• Mg eggds tmgjry jc cjrns tj sjivg cjiijwke` prjbigns8<. Tmg Gtmkoli Vrjbign8 Mjw ole munles ikvg l cuickiike`,
mlppy ikcg ke l ojetke`get, omle`ke` wjrid wmgrg gvgry
tmke`, tmgy dgli wktm, ole bg rgnjvgd/omle`gd: 2. Tmg Vrjbign jc Vgrnlegeog led Omle`g8 Mjw ole tmg
wjrid lppglr tj bg bjtm pgrnleget led omle`ke`:
Tmg wjrid wg pgrogkvg tmrju`m tmg sgesgs sggns tj
bg liwlys omle`ke`. Tmg wjrid tmlt wg pgrogkvg
tmrju`m tmg nked, uske` jur ojeogpts, sggns tj bg
pgrnleget led ueomle`ke`. Pmkom ks njst rgli led
wmy djgs kt lppglr bjtm wlys:
L k i (R ik )
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Lrkstjtig (Rglikst)
(Knpjrtlet jeiy ke VN_/Ij`ko ke O__)
<. Dksouss orktkoliiy Lrkstjtig's Ngtlpmyskos.
VN_—26<22. Pmlt ks Ij`ko: Gvliultg ke brkgc
Lrkstjtgikle Ij`ko. O__-2662,2663, 266=
?. Dgsorkbg Lrkstjtig‛s Skgw jc Olusltkje.
O_N (Okvki _grvkog (Nlke) Gxlns, 266;
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_knkilrktkgs bgtwgge Viltj & Lrkstjtig
•Bjtm Viltj & Lrkstjtig bgikgvg ke8
• Jbhgotkvkty (uekvgrslikty) jc pmkijsjpmy
• Sliug jc jbhgotkvg aejwigd`g (jr jc uitknltg
olusgs
• Dkst. b/w aejwigd`g (gtgreli) &jpkekje (omle`ke`)
• Dkstkeotkje b/w aejwigd`g led gxpgrkgeog
• Aejwigd`g bg`kes ke wjedgr
• Vmkijsjpmy ks tmg njtmgr ( mk`mgst ) jc Lii sokgeogs
•
Vmkijsjpmkoli ngtmjd (dkligotkoli ngtmjd )
Dkssknkilrktkgs bgtwgge tmgn
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Viltj Lrkstjtig<. Vmkijsjpmy ojvgrs njrli, prlotkoli,
tmgjrgtkoli lspgots jc aejwigd`g
2. Vmkijsjpmkoli dksousskje ks
ketgiigotuli dksojursg
?. Mg usgd (leliytko) dkligotkoli
ngtmjd
4. Kdgls lrg sgplrltg crjn jbhgots
7. Mg mls igss clotuli ketgrgst (but
njrg kdgli jeg)
3. Bgke` pjgt, mg usgd nytms,
knl`keltkje, pjgtry led nystkoksn
0. Mg usgd gxtrljrdkelry pjgtko
ile`ul`g
<. Vmkijsjpmy ojvgrs jeiy tmgjrgtkoli lspgot
2. Vmkijsjpmy lisj dglis wktm pmgejngel
(lotuli tmke`s led gvgry dly ikcg)
?. Mg knprjvgd dkligotkoli ngtmjd by lddke`
ngtmjd jc jbsgrvltkje tj kt. Led mg nldg
kt sokgetkcko led tgomekoli ngtmjd.
4. Kdgls oleejt bg sgplrltgd crjn tmke`s.
7. Mg wletgd tj ̀ gt loourltg sokgetkcko
aejwigd`g.
3. Rltmgr tmle styig, mg cjousgd je ngleke`,
ojnnuekoltkje led uedgrstledke` jc
ile`ul`g.
0. Mg sgplrltg lrt led rglsje.
\. Orktkoliiy Dksouss Lrkstjtig‛s Tmgjry jc
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\. Orktkoliiy Dksouss Lrkstjtig s Tmgjry jc
Aejwigd`g: VN_—26<2
•Mg ojvgrgd ejt jeiy pmkijsjpmy, gtmkos, ij`ko,ngtlpmyskos, but lisj elturlis sokgeogs.
• Ij`ko8• Lrkstjtig ks cjuedgr cltmgr jc trldktkjeli Ij`ko.
• Ij`ko ks sokgeog jc rglsjeke`. Kt ks le JR@LEJE
(kestrunget) tj lomkgvg ojrrgot aejwigd`g. Kt kssokgeog jc lii sokgeogs bgolusg kt ks l tjji jc
sokgetkcko rgsglrom led tmkeake`.
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_ubhgot Nlttgr jc Ij`ko
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Lrkstjtig‛s Ij`ko
• ’Mg slys Ij`ko studkgs tmju`mt„
• Tmju`mt ngles ejt prjogss but prjduot jc
tmju`mt
<. Ojeogpt (Tgrn)
2. Hud`nget (Vrjpjsktkje)
?. Kecgrgeog (lr`unget)
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Ojeogpt
• Vrjpgrty jc nked
• Vkoturg jc l tmke` ke nked
• L ngetli knl`g
• G.`., tlbig, omlkr, pge, bjja
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tgrn
• Ojeogpt wmge gxprgssgd ke ile`ul`g ks oliigd
• Oltg`jrgnltko8 tgrn by ktsgic1 nle, tlbig
• _yeoltg`jrgnltko8 ejt tgrn by tmgnsgivgs1
’tmg„, ’le„, ’lii„, ’jeiy„, ’jc„
• Loltg`jrgnltko8 usgd ke egktmgr olsg, murrlm!,
’Lils„
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_ke`uilr led `gegrli tgrns
• Vlrtkouilr tgrn, sjorltgs, Rlvk, Ilmjrg
• Wekvgrsli tgrns, nle, orkoagt, uekvgrskty
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Hud`nget
• Rgiltkjesmkp jc lcckrnltkje/eg`ltkje b/w
twj tgrns
• Ketgiigotuli lotkvkty
• Ojnplrksje/ gvliultkje jc plrtkouilr gccgots
jc le gxpgrkgeog
• Vsyomjij`koli lotkvkty jc lwlrgegss jc jbhgots
led rgiltkjesmkps
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Vrjpjsktkje
• Hud`nget gxprgssgd ke ile`ul`g
• L stltgnget tmlt ole bg trug jr clisg ks oliigd
• Pkttge jr spjage stltgnget ke ile`ul`g
• ? plrts8
• _ubhgot
•
Vrgdkoltg• ojpuil
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Vrjpjsktkje
• L ij`koli sgetgeog.
• Kt ojesksts jc 2 tgrns (subhgot & Vrgdkoltg).
• _ubhgot led prgdkoltg lrg twj oilss wmkom lrg
rgiltgd lrg ikeagd tmrju`m ojpuil.
• Gxlnpig jc Vrjpjsktkje8
• _ubhgot ojpuil Vrgdkoltg
• Lii Nge lrg Njrtli.
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Kecgrgeog
• Ojnbkeltkje jc njrg tmle < prjpjsktkjes
• Ngetli lotkvkty
• Pmgrg sjng prjpjsktkjes lrg `kvge (prgnksgs) ,
led jtmgr cjiijws crjn tmgn (ojeoiuskje).
• Lii nge lrg njrtli led _jorltgs ks l nle. (@kvge)
• Tmgrgcjrg, Lii nge lrg njrtli. (cjiijwke`)
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Kecgrgeog
•
’L kecgrgeog jr rglsjeke` ks l prjogss jc trlesktkjecrjn aejwe/pgrogkvgd clots (Vrgnksgs) tj
ueaejwe jr uepgrogkvgd tmke`s.
• [ju sgg snjag led kecgr/ rglsje tmlt tmgrg ks l
ckrg.
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Lr`unget
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Oltg`jrkoli _yiij`ksn
• _yiij`ksn8 l dgduotkvg lr`unget ojeskstke` jctwj (2) prgnksgs led jeg (<) ojeoiuskje ks oliigd_yiij`ksn.
• Oltg`jrkoli _yiij`ksn8 L syiij`ksn wktm tmrgg (?)
prjpjsktkjes & tmrgg (?) dkccgrget tgrns (Nlhjr,Nkejr & Nkddig).
• Glom jc tmgsg tgrns lppglrs twkog.
•Lii Nge lrg Njrtli
• Lsiln ks l nle
• Tmgrgcjrg, Lsiln ks njrtli
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Nlhjr Tgrn, Nkejr tgrn & Nkddig Tgrn
<. Lii O_Vs lrg ketgiik`get. Nlhjr Vrgnksg
2. _jng pgjpig lrg ejt O_Vs. Nkejr Vrgnksg
?. _jng Vgjpig lrg ejt ketgiik`get. Ojeoiuskje
Nkejr Tgrn Nlhjr Tgrn
Nkddig Tgrn
Oltg`jrkgsc m m
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• Mks oltg`jrkgs lrg plrt jc mks ngtlpmyskos.
• Oltg`jrkgs lrg cuedlngetli ojeogpts led blsko
cglturgs jc rglikty bgolusg wktmjut oltg`jrkgs jurtmju`mt ks knpjsskbig.
<. _ubstleog8 l tmke` wmlt kt ks (g.`. Nle)
2. \ulikty 8 mjw l tmke` ks ojestktutgd (g.`. wmktg)
?. \uletkty 8 mjw ilr`g l tmke` ks (g.`. 2 ylrds ije`)4. Rgiltkje8 mjw kt ks rgiltgd (g.`. `rgltgr)
7. _plog8 wmgrg kt ks (g.`. ke tmg Iyogun)
3. Tkng8 wmge kt ks (g.`. ygstgrdly)
0. Vjsktkje8 Pmlt pjsturgs kt lssung (g.`. ikgs, skts)
=. _tltg8 tmg ojedktkje kt ks ke (g.`. lrngd)
;. Lotkvkty 8 wmlt kt djgs (g.`. bures)
<6.Vlsskvkty 8 wmlt ks succgrs (g.`. ks buregd)
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O k k k
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Orktkoksn
•
Lrkstjtig‛s Oltg`jrkgs lrg orktkokzgd by stjkos(mlppkegss ole bg lomkgvgd by loogptke` plke),
Egj-Viltjeksts (wmj ojnbkeg Viltjeksn wktm
nystkoksn), Vijtkeus, Alet, Mg`gi, H._. Nkii. Tmgy
mjid tmlt oilsskckoltkje jc oltg`jrkgs ks jeiy blsgd
je ike`ukstko gxpgdkgeoy.
• Mg `kvgs ej lr`ungets tj prjvg tmgsg oltg`jrkgs.
\. Orktkoliiy dksouss Lrkstjtig‛s ngtlpmyskos.
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\. Orktkoliiy dksouss Lrkstjtig s ngtlpmyskos.
(Tmgjry jc cjrn & Nlttgr)
• _tudy jc tmg elturg jc bgke` jr substleog ksoliigd ngtlpmyskos.
• Cjr Viltj8 substleog ks Lbstrlot (uekvgrsli).
• Cjr Lrkstjtig8 substleog ks ojeorgtg kedkvkduli
(plrtkouilr)
Ejtg8Lbstrlot8 tj rgnjvg sjngtmke` crjn sjngtmke` gisg1 Pmge wg rgnjvg l iglvg crjn l trgg
(wmkom ks ojetgxt jc tmlt iglvg), tmge tmks iglvg ks oliigd lbstrlot. _knkilriy kc wg sgplrltg kdgl
crjn tmg jbhgot, tmge tmks sgplrltg kdgl ks oliigd lbstrlot.
Ojeorgtg8 tj `rjw tj`gtmgr1 wmge wg sgg l iglvg by piloke` tmg iglvg wktmke tmg ojetgxt jr
rgiltkje jc tmg trgg, tmge tmks rgiltkjeli jr ojetgxtuli iglvg ks oliigd ojeorgtg. Pmge wg sgg le
kdgl ke rgiltkje jr ojetgxt tj kts jbhgot, tmge tmks kdgl ks oliigd ojeorgtg.
Lrkstjtig‛s Orktkoksn je Viltj‛s Tmgjry
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Lrkstjtig s Orktkoksn je Viltj s Tmgjry
jc Kdgls
• Lbstrlot kdgls ole‛t olusg ojeorgtg tmke`s • Kdgls lrg stltko & gtgreli sj ole‛t gxpilke
njtkje & omle`g.
• Kdgls oleejt gxpilke plrtkouilr tmke`s
• Kdgls lrg rg-dupikoltkjes jc tmke`s
• ’tmke`s lrg ojpkgs jc kdgls„ gxpilkes ejtmke`
• Viltj sgplrltgs gssgeog crjn tmke` ktsgic,
wmkom ks lotuliiy ejt pjsskbig.
Cjrn & Nlttgr
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• Nlttgr 8 _jngtmke` jc wmkom l tmke` ks nldg.
• Cjrn8 wmkom sjngjeg knpjsgs je nlttgr.
• Tj uedgrstled kt, mks tmgjry jc olusltkje ks knp. b/o
ojeogpts jc nlttgr led kts olusg lrg ketgrikeagd.
• Tj gxpilke, wg eggd tj aejw ’wmy„ & ’Mjw„ le
gvget joour.
• Cjur typgs jc Olusgs
•
(<) Nltgrkli (2) Gcckokget (?) Cjrnl (4) Ckeli• _j l tmke` mls twj lspgots (Nltgrkli & Cjrnli).
Nlttgr led cjrn lrg kesgplrlbig. Le jbhgot ole‛t
gxksts wktmjut bjtm cjrn led nlttgr.
• Cjrn (oubgegss) ks uekvgrsli, nlttgr
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(su`lr oubg) ks plrtkouilr. Bjtm lrg
lrrle`gd ke lsogedke` jrdgr ls• _ubstleogs wktm nlx. nlttgr & nke.
cjrn lrg lrrle`gd lt bjttjn1 tmjsg
wktm gquli nlttgr & cjrn lrg lt
ketgrngdkltg igvgi1 @jd (purg cjrn,
wktmjut ley nlttgr) ks lt tjp wmj sgtstmg wjrid ke njtkje.
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Cglturgs jc @jd (Vurg Cjrn)
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• @jd ks Vrkng njvgr
• @jd ks lpgx jc wjrid prjogss
(mk`mgst nlekcgstltkje
• @jd ks cjrnli olusg jc tmg wjrid
•
@jd ks Gcckokget olusg jc tmg wjrid• @jd ks Ckeli olusg jc tmg wjrid
\. _tltg & gxlnkeg Lrkstjtig‛s tmgjry
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\ y
jc olusltkje.
• Cjur olusgs8 Gxlnpig jc Tlbig
<. Nltgrkli Olusg8 (nlttgr suom ls wjjd )
2. Gcckokget Olusg (cjr omle`g/njvgnget, Olrpgetgr )
?. Cjrnli Olusg (Kdgl/cjrn jc Tlbig)
4. Ckeli Olusg (Vurpjsg tj bg lomkgvgd)
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@jjdbyg
Nkle Plqls Mlkdgr
Cjr Igoturg Ejtgs Jr Oilssgs8Nk P (N Vmki k Vmki m )
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Nkle Plqls (N.Vmki ke Vmkijsjpmy)
Lddrgss8 @.O. Wekvgrskty, Ilmjrg(6?47-40466<;)
_lclrmlkdgrF`nlki.ojn Cjr curtmgr `ukdleog , Dje‛t mgsktltg tj ojetlot.
Hjke ’O__ Vmkijsjpmy Okroig’ je mttps8//www.clogbjja.ojn/`rjups/osspmkijsjpmyokroig/
Egxt Tjpkos
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p
•Orktkoli Leliysks jc8
<. _ubhgotkvg Kdgliksn by Bgragigy2. Trlesogedgetli Kdgliksn by Alet (@grnle kdgliksn by _omgiike`, Ckomtg & Mg`gi )
?. Lbsjiutg/Dkligotkoli Kdgliksn by Mg`gi