cse1720 summer 2005 lecture 02 / 1 lecture no. 2 business functions, hardware configurations,...
DESCRIPTION
CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 3 Objectives of this Lecture To provide some insight into the business environment framework To briefly look at computer hardware functions, and in particular at a microcomputer configuration To look behind the scenes To introduce Directory and Directory structuresTRANSCRIPT
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 1
Lecture No. 2
Business Functions, HardwareConfigurations, Directories
and Excel
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 2
CSE1720 Overheads and other materials
These are available from the Web.
The address is http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/courseware/cse1720s All of the overhead materials are in Office97 format.
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 3
Objectives of this Lecture
• To provide some insight into the business environment framework
• To briefly look at computer hardware functions, and in particular at a microcomputer configuration
• To look behind the scenes
• To introduce Directory and Directory structures
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 4
Objectives of this Lecture
• To look at some more PC hardware
• To (briefly) look at some hardware configurations, including a parallel processor setup
• And, we’ll have a look at Excel (the software, not the car)
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 5
Corporate Structures
Corporate Structure for better Cost Controls and Market Responsiveness
Executive Management
Business Business Business Business Business Unit 1 Unit 2 Unit 3 Unit 4 Unit n...Profitable Profitable Not Profitable Not Profitable Profitable
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 6
Worldwide Business Environment
BusinessStrategy is forSURVIVAL
BusinessStrategy is forSUCCESS
THOSE
ATTEMPTING
THE
TRANSITION
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 7
Survivor OrganisationBusiness Characteristics
• Low Share price
• Low Growth and Profits
• Unsustainable High Costs
• Crisis Management
• Risk Adverse
• Victim of Global Economy
• Static development of Information Technology strategy
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 8
Potential Success OrganisationBusiness Characteristics
• Fluctuating share prices
• Low growth and profits
• Forms alliances and Joint Ventures
• High costs
• Poor Customer focus
• Management Accountability
• Will take ‘Calculated’ risks
• Some directions to upgrade Information Technology
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 9
Success OrganisationBusiness Characteristics
• Strong share price
• Good growth and profits
• Costs under control
• Prepared to take business risks
• Good customer focus
• Management embrace /accept change(s)
• Management understand role of Information Technology as a Business Support tool
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 10
Information Poverty
• Planning without facts
• Poor Information Support for Policy formation and Implementation
• Isolation from International Data Sources
• Low Access to Information on International Markets
• Highly Limited Access to Information in Rural Areas
(World bank Report on Developing CountriesAsian Mass Communication Research and Information Centre)
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 11
Some Terminology -1• Business Functions : Broad groups of closely related activities and decisions which
contribute to a product or service like cycle. (e.g.. planning, materials management, production planning, quality assurance).
• Business Processes : Decision related activities which occur within a function. They
are related to management of people, money, material and information.
Materials Management (Business Function)could be subdivided into: requirements planning, purchasing, goods received, material accounting, stock-keepingBusiness Processes should reflect related activity groupings
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 12
Some Terminology -2
Business Activities : Specific operations or transactions required to carry out a processSome guidelines:
An activity should produce some clearly defined (identifiable) result - a product, a decision, a plan ......
An activity has clear boundaries - a clear beginning and end. Activities do not overlap.
An activity is carried out as a unit, by a single agent or a team
Once initiated, an activity proceeds independently of and from other activities.
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 13
Some Terminology -3
Business Entities : Are persons, objects or events about which
Information is, or will be, recorded in the Information Data Base
Many of these Entities can be identified with Business Activities (e.g. supplier, purchase order, customer)
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 14
Some Terminology -4
Critical Success Factors : *Key factors which must be performed well to ensure the success of an organisation*Are also known as Critical Performance Items (CPI’s)
*Also Called Key Performance Indicators (or KPI’s)
e.g. production failure rate < 0.01% of total production units production cost increases <= c.p.i.
customer service complaints < 1% of all customer transactions absenteeism < 1% of staff in any 24 hour period product quality => advertised standards (water, power) no more than 1% of trains > 3 minutes late at destination
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 15
Some Terminology
Business Performance Management (not about Customers, Sales, Turnovers explicitly)
Business Intelligence
Key Performance Indicators - Internal
Risk Management
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 16
Business Failures ?• Business failure can stem from a lack of timely information• or the Inability to manage pricing and product mix (as in Pan-
Am some years ago)• Lack of business acumen• Inadequate financial reporting• Lack of performance reviews• Poor cash flow management• Poor or missing Internal controls• Lack of funds• Over borrowing• High costs of finance• Under capitalisation
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 17
Business Failures ?
• Turnaround / Turnover• Turnaround capital costs• Restructuring expertise• Over trading
- George Lopez, CPA Insolvency Spokerperson- My Business Magazine ( ? Date)
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 18
Typical Business Management Reports
• Financial Status Assets, Liabilities, Cash in Hand,Cash Flows
• Company Customer Information, Client Information, Competitor’s Information, Profit Margins
• Operational Status of the Company and its Employees - Standards, Productivity, Overheads, Market Rating
• Provision of Documentation to Government and other Regulatory bodies
Revenue Payroll tax WorkCover Payments GST payments ?
International Trade etc.......
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 19
Factors Affecting Retail Business 1
• Recession Total Retail Sales
Disposable Incomes • Movement away from core business - customer confusion
Risk of losing focus and market share• Competition
• Failure to identify changing customer trends
• ‘Optimum’ site for Business Limited and competitive
Passing trade
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 20
Factors Affecting Retail Business 2
• Failure to use modern technology for internal and external uses
- software for accounting market analyses cash flows EFTPOS security coding electronic document exchange
and: smart phones, fax, electronic displays, noteboards, graphics, color printing (prime examples of ‘office automation’ and ..The Web and its services (Communication / Applications)
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 21
Hardware
(Data Processing Cycle)
Variety ofDevices
Variety ofDevices
Variety ofDevicesMicro, MiniWorkstationMainframe
Single Application Communications ControlData Base General Purpose
MAJOR OBJECTIVE
To convert ‘RAW’ data ----------> USEFUL INFORMATION
INPUT PROCESSING OUTPUTMECHANISMS MECHANISMS
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 22
Interprets InstructionsIssues commands to all components
Control Unit
+ - * /> < =
also called Main Memory
Components of a Computer System - Hardware
Input Primary Storage Output
Auxiliary or Secondary (mass storage)
Arithmetic andLogic Unit
Reads data Holds (temporarily) RecordInstructions Data and Programs Results
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 23
A Typical Microcomputer Configuration
1. A microcomputer - processor2. A keyboard and a Mouse - input3. A colour monitor (screen) - soft copy4. A printer - hard copy5. Disk drives for permanent storage ( 1 should be interchangeable type)
OTHER OPTIONS6. A CD-ROM unit7. A modem/communications adapter8. Voice/Audio9. Video Card
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 24
Hardware - The CPU
• The CPU or processor is the heart of the computer, and it consists of 3 main parts:
Arithmetic and Logic Unit
Control Unit
Input/Output interface (consists of Registers)
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 25
ALU
ControlUnit
Memory
InputDevices
OutputDevices
CPU
O/S UserPrograms
I/O interface
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 26
The CPU performs actual processing of data.
• Data and programs are stored in memory, and moved to and from CPU as required via the I/O interface unit.
• Signals representing data and instructions travel between system components along electronic pathways, (sets of wires, or electronic paths), called buses.
Hardware- the CPU
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 27
• Input devices allow user to input data in a format the computer can interpret. e.g keyboard accepts letters and numbers and
converts them to a binary code such as ASCII.
• Output devices allow computer to output data in format useful to user or other hardware. e.g. a monitor converts binary codes to characters
and images, whilst a modem converts digital data to analog form for transmission over telephone lines.
Binary codes are made up of 0’s and 1’s
Hardware- Input/Output
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 28
• Memory - Purpose of memory is data storage. A hierarchy of memory exists . - data required for immediate manipulation by
CPU is stored in small areas of fast access memory within CPU called registers.
- data required for active program is generally stored in primary memory, commonly called RAM.
- data which may be required at later time is generally stored in secondary storage e.g. on disk, tape, or CD-Rom.
Hardware - Memory
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 29
• Digital computers deal with data in binary form - all data is represented using just two digits - 1 and 0. Non numeric characters and other symbols are assigned unique binary codes.
• Primary memory consists of a set of locations defined by sequentially numbered addresses. Each location contains a binary number that can be interpreted as data or an instruction.
Hardware- Memory
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 30
• Memory is commonly measured in byte, kilobytes, megabyte and gigabytes 1 bit = 1 binary digit (0 or 1).
1 byte = 8 bits
1KB = 1024 bytes = 210
1MB = 1000 KB = 220
1GB = 1000 MB = 230
• Secondary (permanent) storage generally much larger than primary (temporary) storage.
Hardware- Memory
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 31
A Typical Microcomputer Configuration
1. A microcomputer - processor2. A keyboard and a Mouse - input3. A colour monitor (screen) - soft copy4. A printer - hard copy5. Disk drives for permanent storage ( 1 should be interchangeable type)
OTHER OPTIONS6. A CD-ROM unit (probably Read/Write capability7. A modem/communications adapter8. Voice/Audio9. Video Card
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 32
In June 2003
Intel Pentium 4 2.4 GHz256 Mb DDR Ram (266MHz)40Gb Hard Disk17in Viewsonic E370 Monitor32 x 8 x 4 CD-RewriterPS/2 Keyboard and Mouse1.44Mb Floppy disk driveIntel PRO/100 Network Controller
Compaq MicroTower
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 33
June 2003
MS office XP ProfessionalNo Office Software Mentioned - Allow $940.00No AntiVirus Allow $85 (Vet)
$1,649 ( $2654)
Could be better priced at a Swap Meet.
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 34
And in June 2004
HP Compaq Business Desktop• Intel Pentium 4 Processor with HT Technology - 2.8GHz,
1MB cache, 800Mhz FSB (hyper thread)
• Microsoft Windows with XP Professional• Microsoft Office Small Business Edition 2003 - Word, Excel,
Powerpoint, Publisher and Outlook• 512MB Ram PC3200 (400MHz), DVD/Combo drive• 80GB Ultra Sata 7200 rpm Hard Drive• 15in TFT Monitor (extra $450) 17in TFT monitor extra $600• Price ; $1749 ($15.18 per week - independent rental Company)(keyboard, floppy drive, mouse, printer, communications, anti-
virus software ???)
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 35
June 2004
HP Compaq Business Notebook • Intel Centrino Mobile Technology• Intel Pentium M Processor 753• Integrated Intel Pro 11b/g Wireless LAN• Microsoft Windows XP Professional• 15.4 widescreen (1680 x 1050 display)• 512 MB 333Mhz SDRAM• 80GB 5400 rpm Hard Drive• Integrated DVD+RW drive• Processor Speed 1.7GHz, 400MHz• and the price ? $3,495 (or $29.93 per week)
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 36
More Information
Tutorials are in LaboratoriesB 3.42 B 3.42BB 3.43 B 3.45
and B 3.46
They run from 1.30pm to 3.00pm and are on 22/11, 23/11, 24/11 and 25/11 29/11, 30/11, 1/12 and 2/12 6/12, 7/12 and 8/12/2005
The examination is on Friday 10th December. It will start at 9.30m.
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 37
A Microcomputer ‘System’
Main Auxiliary Main Memory Other SystemMicro MPU Controllers andProcessor Co-Processor Devices
RAM ROM
System Bus
Keyboard Video Display Parallel Floppy Disk Serial DeviceInterface Interface Interface Interface Interface Controller
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 38
Directory Tree Structure
c:\
CSE1720 MKT1120 FIN1130
assgn 1
exercises
notes
week 1
week 2
week 3
pastexam
RootDirectory
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 39
Linking Micro Components
These are some terms you will meet in connection with microcomputers. Some of them are applicable to mini and main frame units.
1. Bus architecture - the path along which the processor sends data and commands to RAM and peripheral devices.2. Port - term used to identify connection point to the bus * serial: serial transmission of data i.e. one bit at a time * parallel: transmission of several bits at the same time
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 40
More on Buses• PCI = Peripheral Component Interconnect (Macintosh)
• VESA = Video Electronics Standards Association
• MCA = MicroChannel Architecture (IBM PS/2)
• EISA = Extended Industry Standard Architecture
• ISA = Industry Standard Architecture (ISA is 16 bit (binary digit). The others are 32 and 16 bit)
USB - Universal Serial BusSCSI - Small Computer System InterfaceIEEE 1394 - FireWire (I.link)
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Linking Micro Components 2
Expansion Slots and Add-On Boards :
RAM - allows additional memory to be added Colour and Graphics Adapter - EGA, VGA, Super VGA Modem - Communications facilities with remote computers (nodes) Serial and parallel ports - increase capacity Printer Spooler - offers overlap print/processing Hard Disk - an additional disk storage capability Co-processor - Additional processor used for maths functions Network Interface - Facilitates and controls the exchange of data in a networkAny others that you know about ?
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 42
Microcomputer Developments
• Publicity about ‘computer developments’ is biased towards the ‘Personal’ machines = greatest number of users
There are also developments in the Workstation, Mini and Mainframe ranges
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 43
Development in the areas of:Speeds (cycle speeds of processors
100MHz for Pentium - compare with 12MHz in
1990)
Microcomputer Developments
Development in the areas of:
• Speeds (cycle speeds of processors 1.7GHz for Pentium - compare with 12MHz in 1990)• Disk Capacity - Currently 64 Gigabyte• Memory Size - Up to 2Gb. Compare with 640Kb in late 1980’s• Add-On Chips - e.g. MMX facilities• Current tasks - Up to 32. Previously 2• Reliability - exceptionally high for ‘quality’ units• Cost : Approx $2,500 now. Previously > $15,000
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 44
Multiple Processing
MainMemory
MainMemory
Processor Processor A B
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 45
Multiple Processing
Dissimilar Processors - Independent Memories
Memory Memory
Large CPU Small CPU
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 46
Multiple Processors
SmallCPU
Small CPU
SmallCPU
MainMemory
LargeCPU
Dissimilar Processors Sharing Main Memory
SmallCPU
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 47
Other ArrangementsDuplexed and Dual Systems
FrontEnd Processor File
Storage
Switch
FrontEnd Processor File
Storage
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Other ArrangementsMultiple Computer Network with Physically Centralised Data
Base
Node A
Node B
Node C
Node D
Node E
CentralisedData Base
high speed communicationslines
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Other ArrangementsA MultiProcessing Configuration
FrontEnd
Processor Data Base
DataBase
DataBase
Processor
Processor
FrontEnd
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 50
Duplexed and Dual Systems
FrontEnd Processor File
Storage
Switch
FrontEnd Processor File
Storage
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 51
Parallel Processing
Control Processor
Processor R Processor R Processor R 1 A 2 A 3 A M M M
Results Assembled for Output
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 52
Intranet and Internet Relationship
Firewall
Intranet
Internet
All connections TCP/IP
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 53
Server-Side Connectivity
Web serverwithmiddleware extension
DatabaseServer
SQL Statementsand Formatting requirements Database
HTML/XML
SQL
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 54
Server-Side Connectivity
Web Server
Middlewareserver withListener
DatabaseServer
DatabaseRequest
SQL
ResultsHTML/XML
SQL statements and formattingrequirements
Database
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 55
Some Web Basics
Client-Server Computing with Middleware
Middleware
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Some Web Basics
Two Tier Architecture
SQL Statements DatabaseServer
Database
Query Results
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 57
Three Tier Architecture - Application Server
SQL Statements
Database Server Application Server
Query Results
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 58
Excel
• Let’s look at Excel, the spreadsheet software
• It was mainly due to a spreadsheet (VisiCalc) that personal computers became an ‘essential’ component of the Business environment
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 59
Electronic Spreadsheets
What is an electronic spreadsheet or worksheet ?It is a Computer Software package which allows a user to
• Manipulate mainly NUMERIC data• Develop formulae• Define certain DATA TYPES• Store and Retrieve Files (Spreadsheet and Graphs
also called Charts) • Produce results in Text, or Graphics, or both forms• Include security controls
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Electronic SpreadsheetsIt is a Computer Software package which allows a user to• Access BUILT-IN Functions• Develop ‘Automatic’ programs known as Macros• Present data and results in a MATRIX form• Access a large number of Menu Options• Access extensive built in Help facilities• Create quick, accurate and representative numeric
profiles of Business conditions and / or problems• Rapidly amend both data and processing• Join data from multiple spreadsheets• Create simulations
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Electronic Spreadsheets
• Prepare information for Management Decision Making processes
• Develop systems for Productivity gains• Develop systems for Personal interests• Import and Export data from other software such as
Microsoft Word, Access, PowerPoint, CorelDRAW!, Harvard, WordPerfect, and a range of other software
• Some software: Lotus, Excel, Knowledgeman, Easycalc, Visicalc, AsEasyAs, Paradox .......
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 62
Electronic Spreadsheets
Electronic Spreadsheets are ‘User Friendly’. The current software provides :
• Windows based software• Multiple Tool Bars, Status bar, Function• A Description of the current selected function• Multiple Menu and Sub-Menu Options• A wide range of Built in functions: Mathematical,
Financial, Accounting, Engineering, Logical, Text Handling, Database, Statistical ...
=sum(range), =if(statement), =pmt(statement), etc• Spellcheck
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 63
Electronic Spreadsheets
• Some Excel Formatting and Editing Facilities
• Colour setting - text ,diagrams, cell backgrounds• Pattern settings • Numeric editing - $, %, . .0 .00 + - ( ) Credits in Red• Alignment of Text and Data in cells - Left, Centre, Right,
Horizontal and Vertical• Underlining, Italics, Bolding, Font Size, Font Styles• Boxing and filling
boxing
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 64
Electronic Spreadsheets
File Security : • Save, Save with Backup (always) • Password Protection
• GLOBAL (total spreadsheet) and LOCAL Protection
• Multi User Access - Workgroups • Validation function (as in the exercises)
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 65
Electronic Spreadsheets
COLUMN
ROW
A B
1
2
3
4
This celladdress isB3.The cell mayalso benamed e.g.Total
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Cell Addressing Modes
1. RelativeThis refers to the change of cell addresses when a formula or a reference is copied to another cell or range of cells
Assume that in A12 there is a formula =sum(A1:A11)
If this formula is copied to B12, then the formula addresses A1 to A11 alter to B1 to B11 if/when any of the values in cells A1:A11 change, so does the content of A12, but not the contents of B12
If the formula is moved to B12, then there is no alteration to the embedded addresses, BUT there is no formula in A12
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Addressing
• ABSOLUTE Used to ‘fix’ an embedded address when this address is moved to another cell or cells as in cascade copy or move operations
The format is (for example) $D$25 The cell reference will not alter when copied or moved
from the current cell to another cell.
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 68
An Example
Example: Cell B12 contains the formula =sum($D$25*A12). If
this formula is copied to another cell, the $D$25 will NOT alter.
The RELATIVE address A12 WILL ALTER.
=sum($d$25*A12)B
12D
=sum($d$25*C12)
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Addressing
• Other Representations Column Reference Row Reference
• $D$25 will not change will not change
• $D25 will not change will change
• D$25 will change will not change
• D25 will change will change
• The F4 function key is used to change the mode
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 70
Editing Functions
• Used to highlight items in the body of a spreadsheet Regularly used features are:• Justification of data in cells (Left, Right, Centre)• Decimal Point placement (or no decimal)• Definition of Numbers - % $ , Credit, • Insertion of Rows, Columns• Deletion of Rows, Columns• Upper and Lower case• Text and Background color• Boxing• Underlining, double lining,
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 71
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 72
More Information
Tutorials are in LaboratoriesB 3.42 B 3.42BB 3.43 B 3.45
and B 3.46
They run from 1.30pm to 3.00pm and are on 22/11, 23/11, 24/11 and 25/11 29/11, 30/11, 1/12 and 2/12 6/12, 7/12 and 8/12/2005
The examination is on Friday 10th December. It will start at 9.30m.
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CSE1720 Summer 2005 Lecture 02 / 73
http://www.csse.monash.edu.au/courseware/cse1720s
See you same time, same place, tomorrow
supercalifragilisticexpialigosis