csci 3335: c omputer n etworks c hapter 5 l ink l ayer and lan s vamsi paruchuri university of...

CSCI 3335 COMPUTER NETWORKS

CHAPTER 5 LINK LAYER AND LANS

Vamsi ParuchuriUniversity of Central Arkansas

httpfacultyucaeduvparuchuri3335htm

Some of the material is adapted from JF Kurose and KW Ross

Data Link Layer 5-2

Chapter 5 The Data Link LayerOur goals understand principles behind data link layer

services error detection correction sharing a broadcast channel multiple access link layer addressing reliable data transfer flow control done

instantiation and implementation of various link layer technologies

Data Link Layer 5-3

Link Layer

51 Introduction and services52 Error detection and correction 53Multiple access protocols54 Link-layer Addressing55 Ethernet

56 Link-layer switches57 PPP58 Link virtualization

MPLS59 A day in the life of a

web request

Data Link Layer 5-4

Link Layer IntroductionTerminology hosts and routers are nodes communication channels

that connect adjacent nodes along communication path are links wired links wireless links LANs

layer-2 packet is a frame encapsulates datagram

data-link layer has responsibility of transferring datagram from one node to physically adjacent node over a link

Data Link Layer 5-5

Link layer context

datagram transferred by different link protocols over different links eg Ethernet on first

link frame relay on intermediate links 80211 on last link

each link protocol provides different services eg may or may not

provide rdt over link

transportation analogy trip from Princeton to

Lausanne taxi Princeton to JFK plane JFK to Geneva train Geneva to

Lausanne tourist = datagram transport segment =

communication link transportation mode =

link layer protocol travel agent = routing

algorithm

Data Link Layer 5-6

Link Layer Services framing link access

encapsulate datagram into frame adding header trailer

channel access if shared medium ldquoMACrdquo addresses used in frame headers to identify

source dest bull different from IP address

reliable delivery between adjacent nodes we learned how to do this already (chapter 3) seldom used on low bit-error link (fiber some twisted

pair) wireless links high error rates

bull Q why both link-level and end-end reliability

Data Link Layer 5-7

Link Layer Services (more)

flow control pacing between adjacent sending and receiving

nodes

error detection errors caused by signal attenuation noise receiver detects presence of errors

bull signals sender for retransmission or drops frame

error correction receiver identifies and corrects bit error(s) without

resorting to retransmission half-duplex and full-duplex

with half duplex nodes at both ends of link can transmit but not at same time

Data Link Layer 5-8

Where is the link layer implemented in each and every host link layer implemented

in ldquoadaptorrdquo (aka network interface card NIC) Ethernet card PCMCI

card 80211 card implements link

physical layer attaches into hostrsquos

system buses combination of

hardware software firmware

controller

physicaltransmission

cpu memory

host bus (eg PCI)

network adaptercard

host schematic

applicationtransportnetwork

link

linkphysical

Data Link Layer 5-9

Adaptors Communicating

sending side encapsulates datagram

in frame adds error checking

bits rdt flow control etc

receiving side looks for errors rdt flow

control etc extracts datagram

passes to upper layer at receiving side

controller controller

sending host receiving host

datagram datagram

datagram

frame

Data Link Layer 5-10

Link Layer




web request


Error DetectionEDC= Error Detection and Correction bits (redundancy)D = Data protected by error checking may include header fields

bull Error detection not 100 reliablebull protocol may miss some errors but rarelybull larger EDC field yields better detection and correction

otherwise


Parity Checking

Single Bit ParityDetect single bit errors

Two Dimensional Bit ParityDetect and correct single bit errors

0 0


Internet checksum (review)

Sender treat segment contents

as sequence of 16-bit integers

checksum addition (1rsquos complement sum) of segment contents

sender puts checksum value into UDP checksum field

Receiver compute checksum of

received segment check if computed

checksum equals checksum field value NO - error detected YES - no error detected

But maybe errors nonetheless

Goal detect ldquoerrorsrdquo (eg flipped bits) in transmitted packet (note used at transport layer only)


Checksumming Cyclic Redundancy Check view data bits D as a binary number choose r+1 bit pattern (generator) G goal choose r CRC bits R such that

ltDRgt exactly divisible by G (modulo 2) receiver knows G divides ltDRgt by G If non-zero

remainder error detected can detect all burst errors less than r+1 bits

widely used in practice (Ethernet 80211 WiFi ATM)


CRC Example

R = remainder[ ]D2r

G

r is size of G -1 Steps

Append r 0rsquos to D Divide it by G and

compute reminder Data transmitted is

D followed by R

Message transmitted is101110 011


Link Layer




web request


Multiple Access Links and Protocols

Two types of ldquolinksrdquo point-to-point

PPP for dial-up access broadcast (shared wire or medium)

old-fashioned Ethernet 80211 wireless LAN

shared wire (eg cabled Ethernet)

shared RF (eg 80211 WiFi)

shared RF(satellite)

humans at acocktail party

(shared air acoustical)


Multiple Access protocols single shared broadcast channel two or more simultaneous transmissions by nodes

interference collision if node receives two or more signals at the same

time

multiple access protocol distributed algorithm that determines how nodes

share channel ie determine when node can transmit

communication about channel sharing must use channel itself no out-of-band channel for coordination


Ideal Multiple Access Protocol

Broadcast channel of rate R bps1 when one node wants to transmit it can send

at rate R2 when M nodes want to transmit each can

send at average rate RM3 fully decentralized

no special node to coordinate transmissions no synchronization of clocks slots

4 simple


MAC Protocols a taxonomy

Three broad classes Channel Partitioning

divide channel into smaller ldquopiecesrdquo (time slots frequency code)

allocate piece to node for exclusive use Random Access

channel not divided allow collisions ldquorecoverrdquo from collisions

ldquoTaking turnsrdquo nodes take turns but nodes with more to send can

take longer turns


Channel Partitioning MAC protocols TDMA

TDMA time division multiple access access to channel in rounds each station gets fixed length slot (length =

pkt trans time) in each round unused slots go idle example 6-station LAN 134 have pkt slots

256 idle

1 3 4 1 3 4

6-slotframe


Channel Partitioning MAC protocols FDMA

FDMA frequency division multiple access channel spectrum divided into frequency bands each station assigned fixed frequency band unused transmission time in frequency bands go

idle example 6-station LAN 134 have pkt

frequency bands 256 idle fr

eq

uency

bands time

FDM cable


Random Access Protocols

When node has packet to send transmit at full channel data rate R no a priori coordination among nodes

two or more transmitting nodes ldquocollisionrdquo random access MAC protocol specifies

how to detect collisions how to recover from collisions (eg via delayed

retransmissions) Examples of random access MAC protocols

slotted ALOHA ALOHA CSMA CSMACD CSMACA


Slotted ALOHA

Assumptions all frames same size time divided into

equal size slots (time to transmit 1 frame)

nodes start to transmit only slot beginning

nodes are synchronized

if 2 or more nodes transmit in slot all nodes detect collision

Operation when node obtains fresh

frame transmits in next slot if no collision node

can send new frame in next slot

if collision node retransmits frame in each subsequent slot with prob p until success


Slotted ALOHA

Pros single active node

can continuously transmit at full rate of channel

highly decentralized only slots in nodes need to be in sync

simple

Cons collisions wasting

slots idle slots nodes may be able

to detect collision in less than time to transmit packet

clock synchronization


Slotted Aloha efficiency

suppose N nodes with many frames to send each transmits in slot with probability p

prob that given node has success in a slot = p(1-p)N-

1

prob that any node has a success = Np(1-p)N-1

max efficiency find p that maximizes Np(1-p)N-1

for many nodes take limit of Np(1-p)N-1 as N goes to infinity gives

Max efficiency = 1e = 37

Efficiency long-run fraction of successful slots (many nodes all with many frames to send)

At best channelused for useful transmissions 37of time


Pure (unslotted) ALOHA unslotted Aloha simpler no synchronization when frame first arrives

transmit immediately collision probability increases

frame sent at t0 collides with other frames sent in [t0-1t0+1]


Pure Aloha efficiency

P(success by given node) = P(node transmits)

P(no other node transmits in [p0-1p0]


= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)

hellip choosing optimum p and then letting n -gt infty

= 1(2e) = 18 even worse than slotted Aloha


CSMA (Carrier Sense Multiple Access)

CSMA listen before transmitIf channel sensed idle transmit entire frame If channel sensed busy defer transmission

human analogy donrsquot interrupt others


CSMA collisions

collisions can still occurpropagation delay means two nodes may not heareach otherrsquos transmissioncollisionentire packet transmission time wasted

spatial layout of nodes


CSMACD (Collision Detection)CSMACD carrier sensing deferral as in

CSMA collisions detected within short time colliding transmissions aborted reducing

channel wastage human analogy the polite

conversationalist collision detection

easy in wired LANs measure signal strengths compare transmitted received signals

difficult in wireless LANs received signal strength overwhelmed by local transmission strength


CSMACD collision detection


ldquoTaking Turnsrdquo MAC protocols

channel partitioning MAC protocols share channel efficiently and fairly at high

load inefficient at low load delay in channel

access 1N bandwidth allocated even if only 1 active node

random access MAC protocols efficient at low load single node can fully

utilize channel high load collision overhead

ldquotaking turnsrdquo protocolslook for best of both worlds



Polling master node

ldquoinvitesrdquo slave nodes to transmit in turn

typically used with ldquodumbrdquo slave devices

concerns polling overhead latency single point of

failure (master)

master

slaves

poll

data

data


ldquoTaking Turnsrdquo MAC protocolsToken passing control token

passed from one node to next sequentially

token message concerns

token overhead latency single point of failure

(token)

T

data

(nothingto send)

T


Summary of MAC protocols

channel partitioning by time frequency or code Time Division Frequency Division

random access (dynamic) ALOHA S-ALOHA CSMA CSMACD carrier sensing easy in some technologies (wire)

hard in others (wireless) CSMACD used in Ethernet CSMACA used in 80211

taking turns polling from central site token passing Bluetooth FDDI IBM Token Ring


Link Layer

51 Introduction and services52 Error detection and correction 53Multiple access protocols54 Link-Layer Addressing55 Ethernet



web request


MAC Addresses and ARP

32-bit IP address network-layer address used to get datagram to destination IP subnet

MAC (or LAN or physical or Ethernet) address function get frame from one interface to

another physically-connected interface (same network)

48 bit MAC address (for most LANs)bull burned in NIC ROM also sometimes software

settable


LAN Addresses and ARPEach adapter on LAN has unique LAN address

Broadcast address =FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF

= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN(wired orwireless)


LAN Address (more)

MAC address allocation administered by IEEE manufacturer buys portion of MAC address

space (to assure uniqueness) analogy (a) MAC address like Social Security

Number (b) IP address like postal address MAC flat address portability

can move LAN card from one LAN to another IP hierarchical address NOT portable

address depends on IP subnet to which node is attached


ARP Address Resolution Protocol

Each IP node (host router) on LAN has ARP table

ARP table IPMAC address mappings for some LAN nodes

lt IP address MAC address TTLgt TTL (Time To Live)

time after which address mapping will be forgotten (typically 20 min)

Question how to determineMAC address of Bknowing Brsquos IP address

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

137196723

137196778

137196714

137196788


ARP protocol Same LAN (network) A wants to send

datagram to B and Brsquos MAC address not in Arsquos ARP table

A broadcasts ARP query packet containing Bs IP address dest MAC address =

FF-FF-FF-FF-FF-FF all machines on LAN

receive ARP query B receives ARP packet

replies to A with its (Bs) MAC address frame sent to Arsquos MAC

address (unicast)

A caches (saves) IP-to-MAC address pair in its ARP table until information becomes old (times out) soft state information that times out (goes away)

unless refreshed ARP is ldquoplug-and-playrdquo

nodes create their ARP tables without intervention from net administrator


Link Layer




web request


Ethernet

ldquodominantrdquo wired LAN technology cheap $20 for NIC first widely used LAN technology simpler cheaper than token LANs and ATM kept up with speed race 10 Mbps ndash 10 Gbps

Metcalfersquos Ethernetsketch


Star topology bus topology popular through mid 90s

all nodes in same collision domain (can collide with each other)

today star topology prevails active switch in center each ldquospokerdquo runs a (separate) Ethernet protocol

(nodes do not collide with each other)

switch

bus coaxial cable star


Ethernet Frame Structure

Sending adapter encapsulates IP datagram (or other network layer protocol packet) in Ethernet frame

Preamble 7 bytes with pattern 10101010 followed by

one byte with pattern 10101011 used to synchronize receiver sender clock

rates


Ethernet Frame Structure (more) Addresses 6 bytes

if adapter receives frame with matching destination address or with broadcast address (eg ARP packet) it passes data in frame to network layer protocol

otherwise adapter discards frame Type indicates higher layer protocol (mostly IP

but others possible eg Novell IPX AppleTalk) CRC checked at receiver if error is detected

frame is dropped


Ethernet Unreliable connectionless connectionless No handshaking between sending

and receiving NICs unreliable receiving NIC doesnrsquot send acks or

nacks to sending NIC stream of datagrams passed to network layer can have

gaps (missing datagrams) gaps will be filled if app is using TCP otherwise app will see gaps

Ethernetrsquos MAC protocol unslotted CSMACD


Ethernet CSMACD algorithm

1 NIC receives datagram from network layer creates frame

2 If NIC senses channel idle starts frame transmission If NIC senses channel busy waits until channel idle then transmits

3 If NIC transmits entire frame without detecting another transmission NIC is done with frame

4 If NIC detects another transmission while transmitting aborts and sends jam signal

5 After aborting NIC enters exponential backoff after mth collision NIC chooses K at random from 012hellip2m-1 NIC waits K512 bit times returns to Step 2


Ethernetrsquos CSMACD (more)

Jam Signal make sure all other transmitters are aware of collision 48 bits

Bit time 1 microsec for 10 Mbps Ethernet for K=1023 wait time is about 50 msec

Exponential Backoff Goal adapt retransmission

attempts to estimated current load heavy load random

wait will be longer first collision choose K

from 01 delay is K 512 bit transmission times

after second collision choose K from 0123hellip

after ten collisions choose K from 01234hellip1023

Seeinteract with Javaapplet on AWL Web sitehighly recommended Another here


CSMACD efficiency

Tprop = max prop delay between 2 nodes in LAN ttrans = time to transmit max-size frame

efficiency goes to 1 as tprop goes to 0

as ttrans goes to infinity

better performance than ALOHA and simple cheap decentralized

transprop ttefficiency

51

1


8023 Ethernet Standards Link amp Physical Layers

many different Ethernet standards common MAC protocol and frame format different speeds 2 Mbps 10 Mbps 100

Mbps 1Gbps 10G bps different physical layer media fiber cable


linkphysical

MAC protocoland frame format

100BASE-TX

100BASE-T4

100BASE-FX100BASE-T2

100BASE-SX 100BASE-BX

fiber physical layercopper (twisterpair) physical layer


Manchester encoding

used in 10BaseT each bit has a transition allows clocks in sending and receiving nodes

to synchronize to each other no need for a centralized global clock among nodes

Hey this is physical-layer stuff


Link Layer

51 Introduction and services52 Error detection and correction 53 Multiple access protocols54 Link-layer Addressing55 Ethernet

56 Link-layer switches LANs VLANs

57 PPP58 Link virtualization


web request


Hubshellip physical-layer (ldquodumbrdquo) repeaters

bits coming in one link go out all other links at same rate

all nodes connected to hub can collide with one another

no frame buffering no CSMACD at hub host NICs detect collisions

twisted pair

hub


Switch link-layer device smarter than hubs take

active role store forward Ethernet frames examine incoming framersquos MAC address

selectively forward frame to one-or-more outgoing links when frame is to be forwarded on segment uses CSMACD to access segment

transparent hosts are unaware of presence of switches

plug-and-play self-learning switches do not need to be configured


Switch allows multiple simultaneous transmissions

hosts have dedicated direct connection to switch

switches buffer packets Ethernet protocol used on

each incoming link but no collisions full duplex each link is its own collision

domain switching A-to-Arsquo and B-

to-Brsquo simultaneously without collisions not possible with dumb hub

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

switch with six interfaces(123456)

1 23

45

6


Switch Table

Q how does switch know that Arsquo reachable via interface 4 Brsquo reachable via interface 5

A each switch has a switch table each entry (MAC address of host

interface to reach host time stamp)

looks like a routing table

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

45

6


Switch self-learning

switch learns which hosts can be reached through which interfaces when frame received

switch ldquolearnsrdquo location of sender incoming LAN segment

records senderlocation pair in switch table

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

1 23

45

6

A Arsquo

Source ADest Arsquo

MAC addr interface TTL

Switch table (initially empty)

A 1 60


Self-learning forwarding example

A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

1 23

45

6

A Arsquo

Source ADest Arsquo



A 1 60

A ArsquoA ArsquoA ArsquoA ArsquoA Arsquo

frame destination unknownflood

Arsquo A

destination A location known

Arsquo 4 60

selective send


Interconnecting switches

switches can be connected together

A

B

Q sending from A to G - how does S1 know to forward frame destined to F via S4 and S3

A self learning (works exactly the same as in single-switch case)

S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G


Self-learning multi-switch exampleSuppose C sends frame to I I responds to C

A

B

S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G

1

2


Switches vs Routers

both store-and-forward devices routers network-

layer devices (examine network-layer headers)

switches are link-layer devices (examine link-layer headers)

routers maintain routing tables implement routing algorithms

switches maintain switch tables implement filtering learning algorithms

application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

networklink

physical

linkphysical

switch

datagram

application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

frame

frame

frame

datagram


VLANs Port-based VLAN switch ports grouped (by switch management software) so that single physical switch helliphellip

Switch(es) supporting VLAN capabilities can be configured to define multiple virtual LANS over single physical LAN infrastructure

Virtual Local Area Network

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip

Electrical Engineering(VLAN ports 1-8)

Computer Science(VLAN ports 9-15)

15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip


hellip operates as multiple virtual switches


Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip

traffic isolation frames tofrom ports 1-8 can only reach ports 1-8 can also define VLAN based

on MAC addresses of endpoints rather than switch port dynamic membership

ports can be dynamically assigned among VLANs

router

forwarding between VLANS done via routing (just as with separate switches) in practice vendors sell

combined switches plus routers


Link Layer




web request


Point to Point Data Link Control one sender one receiver one link easier than

broadcast link no Media Access Control no need for explicit MAC addressing eg dialup link ISDN line

popular point-to-point DLC protocols PPP (point-to-point protocol) HDLC High level data link control (Data link

used to be considered ldquohigh layerrdquo in protocol stack)


PPP Data Frame

Flag delimiter (framing) Address does nothing (only one option) Control does nothing in the future possible

multiple control fields Protocol upper layer protocol to which frame

delivered (eg PPP-LCP IP IPCP etc)


PPP Data Frame

info upper layer data being carried check cyclic redundancy check for error

detection


Chapter 5 Summary principles behind data link layer services

error detection correction sharing a broadcast channel multiple access link layer addressing

instantiation and implementation of various link layer technologies Ethernet switched LANS VLANs PPP virtualized networks as a link layer MPLS

synthesis a day in the life of a web request

Slide 1

Chapter 5 The Data Link Layer

Link Layer

Link Layer Introduction

Link layer context

Link Layer Services


Where is the link layer implemented


Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking


Checksumming Cyclic Redundancy Check

CRC Example

Link Layer (3)


Multiple Access protocols






Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)


Pure (unslotted) ALOHA



CSMA collisions

CSMACD (Collision Detection)



ldquoTaking Turnsrdquo MAC protocols (2)



Link Layer (4)


LAN Addresses and ARP

LAN Address (more)


ARP protocol Same LAN (network)

Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology


Ethernet Frame Structure (more)

Ethernet Unreliable connectionless



CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table




Self-learning multi-switch example

Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)

Point to Point Data Link Control

PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary

Data Link Layer 5-2

Chapter 5 The Data Link LayerOur goals understand principles behind data link layer

services error detection correction sharing a broadcast channel multiple access link layer addressing reliable data transfer flow control done

instantiation and implementation of various link layer technologies

Data Link Layer 5-3

Link Layer




web request

Data Link Layer 5-4





Data Link Layer 5-5

Link layer context










algorithm

Data Link Layer 5-6








Data Link Layer 5-7



nodes






Data Link Layer 5-8







controller


cpu memory

host bus (eg PCI)

network adaptercard

host schematic


link

linkphysical

Data Link Layer 5-9










datagram datagram

datagram

frame


Link Layer




web request




otherwise


Parity Checking



0 0


















CRC Example

R = remainder[ ]D2r

G




D followed by R



Link Layer




web request














time










4 simple








take longer turns





256 idle

1 3 4 1 3 4

6-slotframe






eq

uency

bands time

FDM cable









Slotted ALOHA











Slotted ALOHA




simple









1
















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)








CSMA collisions






















Polling master node




failure (master)

master

slaves

poll

data

data






(token)

T

data

(nothingto send)

T








Link Layer




web request







settable




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)













1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

137196723

137196778

137196714

137196788








address (unicast)





Link Layer




web request


Ethernet








switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






linkphysical


100BASE-TX

100BASE-T4





Manchester encoding





Link Layer





web request






twisted pair

hub














A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

45

6


Switch Table





A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

45

6






A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

1 23

45

6

A Arsquo

Source ADest Arsquo



A 1 60



A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

1 23

45

6

A Arsquo

Source ADest Arsquo



A 1 60



Arsquo A


Arsquo 4 60

selective send




A

B



S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G



A

B

S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G

1

2


Switches vs Routers






application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

networklink

physical

linkphysical

switch

datagram

application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

frame

frame

frame

datagram





1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router




Link Layer




web request







PPP Data Frame





PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary

Data Link Layer 5-3

Link Layer




web request

Data Link Layer 5-4





Data Link Layer 5-5

Link layer context










algorithm

Data Link Layer 5-6








Data Link Layer 5-7



nodes






Data Link Layer 5-8







controller


cpu memory

host bus (eg PCI)

network adaptercard

host schematic


link

linkphysical

Data Link Layer 5-9










datagram datagram

datagram

frame


Link Layer




web request




otherwise


Parity Checking



0 0


















CRC Example

R = remainder[ ]D2r

G




D followed by R



Link Layer




web request














time










4 simple








take longer turns





256 idle

1 3 4 1 3 4

6-slotframe






eq

uency

bands time

FDM cable









Slotted ALOHA











Slotted ALOHA




simple









1
















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)








CSMA collisions






















Polling master node




failure (master)

master

slaves

poll

data

data






(token)

T

data

(nothingto send)

T








Link Layer




web request







settable




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)













1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

137196723

137196778

137196714

137196788








address (unicast)





Link Layer




web request


Ethernet








switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






linkphysical


100BASE-TX

100BASE-T4





Manchester encoding





Link Layer





web request






twisted pair

hub














A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

45

6


Switch Table





A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

45

6






A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

1 23

45

6

A Arsquo

Source ADest Arsquo



A 1 60



A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

1 23

45

6

A Arsquo

Source ADest Arsquo



A 1 60



Arsquo A


Arsquo 4 60

selective send




A

B



S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G



A

B

S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G

1

2


Switches vs Routers






application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

networklink

physical

linkphysical

switch

datagram

application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

frame

frame

frame

datagram





1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router




Link Layer




web request







PPP Data Frame





PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary

Data Link Layer 5-4





Data Link Layer 5-5

Link layer context










algorithm

Data Link Layer 5-6








Data Link Layer 5-7



nodes






Data Link Layer 5-8







controller


cpu memory

host bus (eg PCI)

network adaptercard

host schematic


link

linkphysical

Data Link Layer 5-9










datagram datagram

datagram

frame


Link Layer




web request




otherwise


Parity Checking



0 0


















CRC Example

R = remainder[ ]D2r

G




D followed by R



Link Layer




web request














time










4 simple








take longer turns





256 idle

1 3 4 1 3 4

6-slotframe






eq

uency

bands time

FDM cable









Slotted ALOHA











Slotted ALOHA




simple









1
















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)








CSMA collisions






















Polling master node




failure (master)

master

slaves

poll

data

data






(token)

T

data

(nothingto send)

T








Link Layer




web request







settable




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)













1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

137196723

137196778

137196714

137196788








address (unicast)





Link Layer




web request


Ethernet








switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






linkphysical


100BASE-TX

100BASE-T4





Manchester encoding





Link Layer





web request






twisted pair

hub














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S4

S3

H

I

G



A

B

S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G

1

2


Switches vs Routers






application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

networklink

physical

linkphysical

switch

datagram

application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

frame

frame

frame

datagram





1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router




Link Layer




web request







PPP Data Frame





PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary

Data Link Layer 5-5

Link layer context










algorithm

Data Link Layer 5-6








Data Link Layer 5-7



nodes






Data Link Layer 5-8







controller


cpu memory

host bus (eg PCI)

network adaptercard

host schematic


link

linkphysical

Data Link Layer 5-9










datagram datagram

datagram

frame


Link Layer




web request




otherwise


Parity Checking



0 0


















CRC Example

R = remainder[ ]D2r

G




D followed by R



Link Layer




web request














time










4 simple








take longer turns





256 idle

1 3 4 1 3 4

6-slotframe






eq

uency

bands time

FDM cable









Slotted ALOHA











Slotted ALOHA




simple









1
















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)








CSMA collisions






















Polling master node




failure (master)

master

slaves

poll

data

data






(token)

T

data

(nothingto send)

T








Link Layer




web request







settable




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)













1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

137196723

137196778

137196714

137196788








address (unicast)





Link Layer




web request


Ethernet








switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






linkphysical


100BASE-TX

100BASE-T4





Manchester encoding





Link Layer





web request






twisted pair

hub














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Switch Table





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A

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S1

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S4

S3

H

I

G



A

B

S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G

1

2


Switches vs Routers






application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

networklink

physical

linkphysical

switch

datagram

application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

frame

frame

frame

datagram





1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router




Link Layer




web request







PPP Data Frame





PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary

Data Link Layer 5-6








Data Link Layer 5-7



nodes






Data Link Layer 5-8







controller


cpu memory

host bus (eg PCI)

network adaptercard

host schematic


link

linkphysical

Data Link Layer 5-9










datagram datagram

datagram

frame


Link Layer




web request




otherwise


Parity Checking



0 0


















CRC Example

R = remainder[ ]D2r

G




D followed by R



Link Layer




web request














time










4 simple








take longer turns





256 idle

1 3 4 1 3 4

6-slotframe






eq

uency

bands time

FDM cable









Slotted ALOHA











Slotted ALOHA




simple









1
















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)








CSMA collisions






















Polling master node




failure (master)

master

slaves

poll

data

data






(token)

T

data

(nothingto send)

T








Link Layer




web request







settable




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)













1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

137196723

137196778

137196714

137196788








address (unicast)





Link Layer




web request


Ethernet








switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






linkphysical


100BASE-TX

100BASE-T4





Manchester encoding





Link Layer





web request






twisted pair

hub














A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

45

6


Switch Table





A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

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6






A

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B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

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A Arsquo

Source ADest Arsquo



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A

B



S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G



A

B

S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G

1

2


Switches vs Routers






application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

networklink

physical

linkphysical

switch

datagram

application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

frame

frame

frame

datagram





1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router




Link Layer




web request







PPP Data Frame





PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary

Data Link Layer 5-7



nodes






Data Link Layer 5-8







controller


cpu memory

host bus (eg PCI)

network adaptercard

host schematic


link

linkphysical

Data Link Layer 5-9










datagram datagram

datagram

frame


Link Layer




web request




otherwise


Parity Checking



0 0


















CRC Example

R = remainder[ ]D2r

G




D followed by R



Link Layer




web request














time










4 simple








take longer turns





256 idle

1 3 4 1 3 4

6-slotframe






eq

uency

bands time

FDM cable









Slotted ALOHA











Slotted ALOHA




simple









1
















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)








CSMA collisions






















Polling master node




failure (master)

master

slaves

poll

data

data






(token)

T

data

(nothingto send)

T








Link Layer




web request







settable




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)













1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

137196723

137196778

137196714

137196788








address (unicast)





Link Layer




web request


Ethernet








switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






linkphysical


100BASE-TX

100BASE-T4





Manchester encoding





Link Layer





web request






twisted pair

hub














A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

45

6


Switch Table





A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

45

6






A

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B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

1 23

45

6

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Source ADest Arsquo



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B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

1 23

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6

A Arsquo

Source ADest Arsquo



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Arsquo A


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A

B



S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G



A

B

S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G

1

2


Switches vs Routers






application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

networklink

physical

linkphysical

switch

datagram

application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

frame

frame

frame

datagram





1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router




Link Layer




web request







PPP Data Frame





PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary

Data Link Layer 5-8







controller


cpu memory

host bus (eg PCI)

network adaptercard

host schematic


link

linkphysical

Data Link Layer 5-9










datagram datagram

datagram

frame


Link Layer




web request




otherwise


Parity Checking



0 0


















CRC Example

R = remainder[ ]D2r

G




D followed by R



Link Layer




web request














time










4 simple








take longer turns





256 idle

1 3 4 1 3 4

6-slotframe






eq

uency

bands time

FDM cable









Slotted ALOHA











Slotted ALOHA




simple









1
















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)








CSMA collisions






















Polling master node




failure (master)

master

slaves

poll

data

data






(token)

T

data

(nothingto send)

T








Link Layer




web request







settable




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)













1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

137196723

137196778

137196714

137196788








address (unicast)





Link Layer




web request


Ethernet








switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






linkphysical


100BASE-TX

100BASE-T4





Manchester encoding





Link Layer





web request






twisted pair

hub














A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

45

6


Switch Table





A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

45

6






A

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B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

1 23

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Source ADest Arsquo



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B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

1 23

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6

A Arsquo

Source ADest Arsquo



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Arsquo A


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selective send




A

B



S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G



A

B

S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G

1

2


Switches vs Routers






application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

networklink

physical

linkphysical

switch

datagram

application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

frame

frame

frame

datagram





1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router




Link Layer




web request







PPP Data Frame





PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary

Data Link Layer 5-9










datagram datagram

datagram

frame


Link Layer




web request




otherwise


Parity Checking



0 0


















CRC Example

R = remainder[ ]D2r

G




D followed by R



Link Layer




web request














time










4 simple








take longer turns





256 idle

1 3 4 1 3 4

6-slotframe






eq

uency

bands time

FDM cable









Slotted ALOHA











Slotted ALOHA




simple









1
















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)








CSMA collisions






















Polling master node




failure (master)

master

slaves

poll

data

data






(token)

T

data

(nothingto send)

T








Link Layer




web request







settable




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)













1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

137196723

137196778

137196714

137196788








address (unicast)





Link Layer




web request


Ethernet








switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






linkphysical


100BASE-TX

100BASE-T4





Manchester encoding





Link Layer





web request






twisted pair

hub














A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

45

6


Switch Table





A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

45

6






A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

1 23

45

6

A Arsquo

Source ADest Arsquo



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A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

1 23

45

6

A Arsquo

Source ADest Arsquo



A 1 60



Arsquo A


Arsquo 4 60

selective send




A

B



S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G



A

B

S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G

1

2


Switches vs Routers






application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

networklink

physical

linkphysical

switch

datagram

application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

frame

frame

frame

datagram





1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router




Link Layer




web request







PPP Data Frame





PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary


Link Layer




web request




otherwise


Parity Checking



0 0


















CRC Example

R = remainder[ ]D2r

G




D followed by R



Link Layer




web request














time










4 simple








take longer turns





256 idle

1 3 4 1 3 4

6-slotframe






eq

uency

bands time

FDM cable









Slotted ALOHA











Slotted ALOHA




simple









1
















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)








CSMA collisions






















Polling master node




failure (master)

master

slaves

poll

data

data






(token)

T

data

(nothingto send)

T








Link Layer




web request







settable




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)













1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

137196723

137196778

137196714

137196788








address (unicast)





Link Layer




web request


Ethernet








switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






linkphysical


100BASE-TX

100BASE-T4





Manchester encoding





Link Layer





web request






twisted pair

hub














A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

45

6


Switch Table





A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

45

6






A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

1 23

45

6

A Arsquo

Source ADest Arsquo



A 1 60



A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

1 23

45

6

A Arsquo

Source ADest Arsquo



A 1 60



Arsquo A


Arsquo 4 60

selective send




A

B



S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G



A

B

S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G

1

2


Switches vs Routers






application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

networklink

physical

linkphysical

switch

datagram

application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

frame

frame

frame

datagram





1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router




Link Layer




web request







PPP Data Frame





PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary




otherwise


Parity Checking



0 0


















CRC Example

R = remainder[ ]D2r

G




D followed by R



Link Layer




web request














time










4 simple








take longer turns





256 idle

1 3 4 1 3 4

6-slotframe






eq

uency

bands time

FDM cable









Slotted ALOHA











Slotted ALOHA




simple









1
















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)








CSMA collisions






















Polling master node




failure (master)

master

slaves

poll

data

data






(token)

T

data

(nothingto send)

T








Link Layer




web request







settable




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)













1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

137196723

137196778

137196714

137196788








address (unicast)





Link Layer




web request


Ethernet








switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






linkphysical


100BASE-TX

100BASE-T4





Manchester encoding





Link Layer





web request






twisted pair

hub














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Switch Table





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S1

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S4

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H

I

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A

B

S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G

1

2


Switches vs Routers






application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

networklink

physical

linkphysical

switch

datagram

application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

frame

frame

frame

datagram





1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router




Link Layer




web request







PPP Data Frame





PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary


Parity Checking



0 0


















CRC Example

R = remainder[ ]D2r

G




D followed by R



Link Layer




web request














time










4 simple








take longer turns





256 idle

1 3 4 1 3 4

6-slotframe






eq

uency

bands time

FDM cable









Slotted ALOHA











Slotted ALOHA




simple









1
















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)








CSMA collisions






















Polling master node




failure (master)

master

slaves

poll

data

data






(token)

T

data

(nothingto send)

T








Link Layer




web request







settable




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)













1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

137196723

137196778

137196714

137196788








address (unicast)





Link Layer




web request


Ethernet








switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






linkphysical


100BASE-TX

100BASE-T4





Manchester encoding





Link Layer





web request






twisted pair

hub














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B

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Switch Table





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A

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S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G



A

B

S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G

1

2


Switches vs Routers






application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

networklink

physical

linkphysical

switch

datagram

application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

frame

frame

frame

datagram





1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router




Link Layer




web request







PPP Data Frame





PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary


















CRC Example

R = remainder[ ]D2r

G




D followed by R



Link Layer




web request














time










4 simple








take longer turns





256 idle

1 3 4 1 3 4

6-slotframe






eq

uency

bands time

FDM cable









Slotted ALOHA











Slotted ALOHA




simple









1
















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)








CSMA collisions






















Polling master node




failure (master)

master

slaves

poll

data

data






(token)

T

data

(nothingto send)

T








Link Layer




web request







settable




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)













1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

137196723

137196778

137196714

137196788








address (unicast)





Link Layer




web request


Ethernet








switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






linkphysical


100BASE-TX

100BASE-T4





Manchester encoding





Link Layer





web request






twisted pair

hub














A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

45

6


Switch Table





A

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B

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C

Crsquo


1 23

45

6






A

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B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

1 23

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1 23

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6

A Arsquo

Source ADest Arsquo



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Arsquo A


Arsquo 4 60

selective send




A

B



S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G



A

B

S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G

1

2


Switches vs Routers






application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

networklink

physical

linkphysical

switch

datagram

application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

frame

frame

frame

datagram





1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router




Link Layer




web request







PPP Data Frame





PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary


Link Layer




web request














time










4 simple








take longer turns





256 idle

1 3 4 1 3 4

6-slotframe






eq

uency

bands time

FDM cable









Slotted ALOHA











Slotted ALOHA




simple









1
















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)








CSMA collisions






















Polling master node




failure (master)

master

slaves

poll

data

data






(token)

T

data

(nothingto send)

T








Link Layer




web request







settable




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)













1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

137196723

137196778

137196714

137196788








address (unicast)





Link Layer




web request


Ethernet








switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






linkphysical


100BASE-TX

100BASE-T4





Manchester encoding





Link Layer





web request






twisted pair

hub














A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

45

6


Switch Table





A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

45

6






A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

1 23

45

6

A Arsquo

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A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

1 23

45

6

A Arsquo

Source ADest Arsquo



A 1 60



Arsquo A


Arsquo 4 60

selective send




A

B



S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G



A

B

S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G

1

2


Switches vs Routers






application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

networklink

physical

linkphysical

switch

datagram

application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

frame

frame

frame

datagram





1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router




Link Layer




web request







PPP Data Frame





PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary














time










4 simple








take longer turns





256 idle

1 3 4 1 3 4

6-slotframe






eq

uency

bands time

FDM cable









Slotted ALOHA











Slotted ALOHA




simple









1
















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)








CSMA collisions






















Polling master node




failure (master)

master

slaves

poll

data

data






(token)

T

data

(nothingto send)

T








Link Layer




web request







settable




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)













1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

137196723

137196778

137196714

137196788








address (unicast)





Link Layer




web request


Ethernet








switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






linkphysical


100BASE-TX

100BASE-T4





Manchester encoding





Link Layer





web request






twisted pair

hub














A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

45

6


Switch Table





A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

45

6






A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

1 23

45

6

A Arsquo

Source ADest Arsquo



A 1 60



A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

1 23

45

6

A Arsquo

Source ADest Arsquo



A 1 60



Arsquo A


Arsquo 4 60

selective send




A

B



S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G



A

B

S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G

1

2


Switches vs Routers






application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

networklink

physical

linkphysical

switch

datagram

application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

frame

frame

frame

datagram





1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router




Link Layer




web request







PPP Data Frame





PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary







4 simple








take longer turns





256 idle

1 3 4 1 3 4

6-slotframe






eq

uency

bands time

FDM cable









Slotted ALOHA











Slotted ALOHA




simple









1
















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)








CSMA collisions






















Polling master node




failure (master)

master

slaves

poll

data

data






(token)

T

data

(nothingto send)

T








Link Layer




web request







settable




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)













1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

137196723

137196778

137196714

137196788








address (unicast)





Link Layer




web request


Ethernet








switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






linkphysical


100BASE-TX

100BASE-T4





Manchester encoding





Link Layer





web request






twisted pair

hub














A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

45

6


Switch Table





A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

45

6






A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

1 23

45

6

A Arsquo

Source ADest Arsquo



A 1 60



A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

1 23

45

6

A Arsquo

Source ADest Arsquo



A 1 60



Arsquo A


Arsquo 4 60

selective send




A

B



S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G



A

B

S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G

1

2


Switches vs Routers






application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

networklink

physical

linkphysical

switch

datagram

application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

frame

frame

frame

datagram





1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router




Link Layer




web request







PPP Data Frame





PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary








take longer turns





256 idle

1 3 4 1 3 4

6-slotframe






eq

uency

bands time

FDM cable









Slotted ALOHA











Slotted ALOHA




simple









1
















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)








CSMA collisions






















Polling master node




failure (master)

master

slaves

poll

data

data






(token)

T

data

(nothingto send)

T








Link Layer




web request







settable




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)













1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

137196723

137196778

137196714

137196788








address (unicast)





Link Layer




web request


Ethernet








switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






linkphysical


100BASE-TX

100BASE-T4





Manchester encoding





Link Layer





web request






twisted pair

hub














A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

45

6


Switch Table





A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

45

6






A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

1 23

45

6

A Arsquo

Source ADest Arsquo



A 1 60



A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

1 23

45

6

A Arsquo

Source ADest Arsquo



A 1 60



Arsquo A


Arsquo 4 60

selective send




A

B



S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G



A

B

S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G

1

2


Switches vs Routers






application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

networklink

physical

linkphysical

switch

datagram

application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

frame

frame

frame

datagram





1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router




Link Layer




web request







PPP Data Frame





PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary





256 idle

1 3 4 1 3 4

6-slotframe






eq

uency

bands time

FDM cable









Slotted ALOHA











Slotted ALOHA




simple









1
















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)








CSMA collisions






















Polling master node




failure (master)

master

slaves

poll

data

data






(token)

T

data

(nothingto send)

T








Link Layer




web request







settable




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)













1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

137196723

137196778

137196714

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address (unicast)





Link Layer




web request


Ethernet








switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






linkphysical


100BASE-TX

100BASE-T4





Manchester encoding





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S4

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H

I

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A

B

S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G

1

2


Switches vs Routers






application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

networklink

physical

linkphysical

switch

datagram

application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

frame

frame

frame

datagram





1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router




Link Layer




web request







PPP Data Frame





PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary






eq

uency

bands time

FDM cable









Slotted ALOHA











Slotted ALOHA




simple









1
















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)








CSMA collisions






















Polling master node




failure (master)

master

slaves

poll

data

data






(token)

T

data

(nothingto send)

T








Link Layer




web request







settable




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)













1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

137196723

137196778

137196714

137196788








address (unicast)





Link Layer




web request


Ethernet








switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






linkphysical


100BASE-TX

100BASE-T4





Manchester encoding





Link Layer





web request






twisted pair

hub














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S1

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S4

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H

I

G



A

B

S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G

1

2


Switches vs Routers






application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

networklink

physical

linkphysical

switch

datagram

application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

frame

frame

frame

datagram





1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router




Link Layer




web request







PPP Data Frame





PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary









Slotted ALOHA











Slotted ALOHA




simple









1
















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)








CSMA collisions






















Polling master node




failure (master)

master

slaves

poll

data

data






(token)

T

data

(nothingto send)

T








Link Layer




web request







settable




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)













1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

137196723

137196778

137196714

137196788








address (unicast)





Link Layer




web request


Ethernet








switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






linkphysical


100BASE-TX

100BASE-T4





Manchester encoding





Link Layer





web request






twisted pair

hub














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A

B



S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G



A

B

S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G

1

2


Switches vs Routers






application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

networklink

physical

linkphysical

switch

datagram

application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

frame

frame

frame

datagram





1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router




Link Layer




web request







PPP Data Frame





PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary


Slotted ALOHA




simple









1
















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)








CSMA collisions






















Polling master node




failure (master)

master

slaves

poll

data

data






(token)

T

data

(nothingto send)

T








Link Layer




web request







settable




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)













1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

137196723

137196778

137196714

137196788








address (unicast)





Link Layer




web request


Ethernet








switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






linkphysical


100BASE-TX

100BASE-T4





Manchester encoding





Link Layer





web request






twisted pair

hub














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B

Brsquo

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1 23

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1 23

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A

B



S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G



A

B

S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G

1

2


Switches vs Routers






application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

networklink

physical

linkphysical

switch

datagram

application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

frame

frame

frame

datagram





1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router




Link Layer




web request







PPP Data Frame





PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary





1
















= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)








CSMA collisions






















Polling master node




failure (master)

master

slaves

poll

data

data






(token)

T

data

(nothingto send)

T








Link Layer




web request







settable




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)













1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

137196723

137196778

137196714

137196788








address (unicast)





Link Layer




web request


Ethernet








switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






linkphysical


100BASE-TX

100BASE-T4





Manchester encoding





Link Layer





web request






twisted pair

hub














A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

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Switch Table





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B

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1 23

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6

A Arsquo

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Arsquo A


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A

B



S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G



A

B

S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G

1

2


Switches vs Routers






application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

networklink

physical

linkphysical

switch

datagram

application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

frame

frame

frame

datagram





1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router




Link Layer




web request







PPP Data Frame





PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary










= p (1-p)N-1 (1-p)N-1

= p (1-p)2(N-1)








CSMA collisions






















Polling master node




failure (master)

master

slaves

poll

data

data






(token)

T

data

(nothingto send)

T








Link Layer




web request







settable




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)













1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

137196723

137196778

137196714

137196788








address (unicast)





Link Layer




web request


Ethernet








switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






linkphysical


100BASE-TX

100BASE-T4





Manchester encoding





Link Layer





web request






twisted pair

hub














A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

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6


Switch Table





A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

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6






A

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B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

1 23

45

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Arsquo

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Brsquo

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Crsquo

1 23

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6

A Arsquo

Source ADest Arsquo



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Arsquo A


Arsquo 4 60

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A

B



S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G



A

B

S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G

1

2


Switches vs Routers






application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

networklink

physical

linkphysical

switch

datagram

application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

frame

frame

frame

datagram





1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router




Link Layer




web request







PPP Data Frame





PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary






CSMA collisions






















Polling master node




failure (master)

master

slaves

poll

data

data






(token)

T

data

(nothingto send)

T








Link Layer




web request







settable




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)













1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

137196723

137196778

137196714

137196788








address (unicast)





Link Layer




web request


Ethernet








switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






linkphysical


100BASE-TX

100BASE-T4





Manchester encoding





Link Layer





web request






twisted pair

hub














A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

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6


Switch Table





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B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

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6






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1 23

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Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

1 23

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6

A Arsquo

Source ADest Arsquo



A 1 60



Arsquo A


Arsquo 4 60

selective send




A

B



S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G



A

B

S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G

1

2


Switches vs Routers






application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

networklink

physical

linkphysical

switch

datagram

application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

frame

frame

frame

datagram





1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router




Link Layer




web request







PPP Data Frame





PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary




















Polling master node




failure (master)

master

slaves

poll

data

data






(token)

T

data

(nothingto send)

T








Link Layer




web request







settable




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)













1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

137196723

137196778

137196714

137196788








address (unicast)





Link Layer




web request


Ethernet








switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






linkphysical


100BASE-TX

100BASE-T4





Manchester encoding





Link Layer





web request






twisted pair

hub














A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

45

6


Switch Table





A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

45

6






A

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B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

1 23

45

6

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B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

1 23

45

6

A Arsquo

Source ADest Arsquo



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Arsquo A


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selective send




A

B



S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G



A

B

S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

H

I

G

1

2


Switches vs Routers






application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

networklink

physical

linkphysical

switch

datagram

application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

frame

frame

frame

datagram





1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip


hellip

1

82

7 9

1610

15

hellip




Port-based VLAN

1

8

9

16102

7

hellip



15

hellip




router




Link Layer




web request







PPP Data Frame





PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary






(token)

T

data

(nothingto send)

T








Link Layer




web request







settable




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)













1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

137196723

137196778

137196714

137196788








address (unicast)





Link Layer




web request


Ethernet








switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






linkphysical


100BASE-TX

100BASE-T4





Manchester encoding





Link Layer





web request






twisted pair

hub














A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

45

6


Switch Table





A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo


1 23

45

6






A

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B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

1 23

45

6

A Arsquo

Source ADest Arsquo



A 1 60



A

Arsquo

B

Brsquo

C

Crsquo

1 23

45

6

A Arsquo

Source ADest Arsquo



A 1 60



Arsquo A


Arsquo 4 60

selective send




A

B



S1

C D

E

FS2

S4

S3

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application

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1

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Link Layer




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PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary








Link Layer




web request







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switch







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frame is dropped


























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51

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Switches vs Routers






application

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datagram

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frame

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1

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detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary







settable




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



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1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

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0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

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LAN

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address (unicast)





Link Layer




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switch







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frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

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Manchester encoding





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Switches vs Routers






application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

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switch

datagram

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frame

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1

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Link Layer




web request







PPP Data Frame





PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary




= adapter

1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53



LAN Address (more)













1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

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0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

137196723

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address (unicast)





Link Layer




web request


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switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






linkphysical


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Manchester encoding





Link Layer





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1

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Switches vs Routers






application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

networklink

physical

linkphysical

switch

datagram

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frame

frame

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1

8

9

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1

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Port-based VLAN

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9

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7

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Link Layer




web request







PPP Data Frame





PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary


LAN Address (more)













1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

0C-C4-11-6F-E3-98

71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

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137196714

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address (unicast)





Link Layer




web request


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switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

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Manchester encoding





Link Layer





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application

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1

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1

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Link Layer




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PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary








1A-2F-BB-76-09-AD

58-23-D7-FA-20-B0

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71-65-F7-2B-08-53

LAN

137196723

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137196714

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address (unicast)





Link Layer




web request


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switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






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Manchester encoding





Link Layer





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Switches vs Routers






application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

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linkphysical

switch

datagram

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frame

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1

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1

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Port-based VLAN

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Link Layer




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PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary








address (unicast)





Link Layer




web request


Ethernet








switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






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100BASE-TX

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Manchester encoding





Link Layer





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Switches vs Routers






application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

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linkphysical

switch

datagram

application

transportnetwork

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frame

frame

frame

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1

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9

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1

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Port-based VLAN

1

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9

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15

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Link Layer




web request







PPP Data Frame





PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary


Link Layer




web request


Ethernet








switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






linkphysical


100BASE-TX

100BASE-T4





Manchester encoding





Link Layer





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Switches vs Routers






application

transportnetwork

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switch

datagram

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1

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1

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Port-based VLAN

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Link Layer




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PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary


Ethernet








switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






linkphysical


100BASE-TX

100BASE-T4





Manchester encoding





Link Layer





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Switches vs Routers






application

transportnetwork

linkphysical

networklink

physical

linkphysical

switch

datagram

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frame

frame

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1

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9

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1

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Port-based VLAN

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15

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Link Layer




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PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary






switch







rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






linkphysical


100BASE-TX

100BASE-T4





Manchester encoding





Link Layer





web request






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Switches vs Routers






application

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physical

linkphysical

switch

datagram

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frame

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1

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1

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Port-based VLAN

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9

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7

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15

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router




Link Layer




web request







PPP Data Frame





PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary






rates






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






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Manchester encoding





Link Layer





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Switches vs Routers






application

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physical

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datagram

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frame

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1

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9

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1

82

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Port-based VLAN

1

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9

16102

7

hellip



15

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router




Link Layer




web request







PPP Data Frame





PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary






frame is dropped


























CSMACD efficiency






51

1






linkphysical


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CSMA collisions







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CSMACD efficiency


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LAN Address (more)



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CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

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CRC Example

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Slotted ALOHA

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CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

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CSMA collisions







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CSMACD efficiency


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CSMA collisions







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LAN Address (more)



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CSMACD efficiency


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CSMA collisions







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LAN Address (more)



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Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

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CSMA collisions







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CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

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CSMACD efficiency


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Link Layer (6)

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CSMA collisions







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Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

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Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

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Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

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Chapter 5 Summary


Switches vs Routers






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CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

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CSMA collisions







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CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

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CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

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VLANs

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Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

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Chapter 5 Summary


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Slide 1


Link Layer


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CSMA collisions







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Manchester encoding

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Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

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Chapter 5 Summary







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Slide 1


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Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary


PPP Data Frame


detection






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary






Slide 1


Link Layer


Link layer context

Link Layer Services




Link Layer (2)

Error Detection

Parity Checking



CRC Example

Link Layer (3)








Slotted ALOHA

Slotted ALOHA (2)





CSMA collisions







Link Layer (4)



LAN Address (more)



Link Layer (5)

Ethernet

Star topology






CSMACD efficiency


Manchester encoding

Link Layer (6)

Hubs

Switch


Switch Table





Switches vs Routers

VLANs

Port-based VLAN

Link Layer (7)


PPP Data Frame

PPP Data Frame (2)

Chapter 5 Summary

csci 3335: c omputer n etworks c hapter 5 l ink l ayer and lan s vamsi paruchuri university of...

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