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CS64 Computer Organization
Lecture 1
Prof. Heather Zheng
(1) Your computer never complains about the # of languages you use..
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(2) The same program runs on almost all the computers…
?
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How Computer Operates
http://www.staff.ncl.ac.uk/roger.broughton/museum/iomedia/pc.htm
Levels of Representa5on
lw $t0, 0($2) lw $t1, 4($2) sw $t1, 0($2) sw $t0, 4($2)
temp = v[k];!v[k] = v[k+1];!
v[k+1] = temp;!
0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 !
High Level Language Program (e.g., C)!
Assembly Language Program (e.g.,MIPS)!
Machine Language Program (MIPS)!
Hardware Architecture Description (Logic, Logisim, etc.) !
Compiler!
Assembler!
Machine Interpretation!
Logic Circuit Description (Logisim, etc.)!
Architecture Implementation!
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Levels of Representa5on
lw $t0, 0($2) lw $t1, 4($2) sw $t1, 0($2) sw $t0, 4($2)
temp = v[k];!v[k] = v[k+1];!
v[k+1] = temp;!
0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 !
High Level Language Program (e.g., C)!
Assembly Language Program (e.g.,MIPS)!
Machine Language Program (MIPS)!
Hardware Architecture Description (Logic, Logisim, etc.) !
Compiler!
Assembler!
Machine Interpretation!
Logic Circuit Description (Logisim, etc.)!
Architecture Implementation!
Abstrac5ons
* Coordina5on across many levels (layers) of abstrac0on * ISA can free hardware/so9ware from each other
I/O system!Processor!
Compiler!Operating!
System!(Mac OSX)!
Application (ex: browser)!
Digital Design!Circuit Design!
Instruction Set! Architecture (ISA)!
Datapath & Control !
transistors!
Memory!Hardware!
Software! Assembler!
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Levels of Representa5on
lw $t0, 0($2) lw $t1, 4($2) sw $t1, 0($2) sw $t0, 4($2)
temp = v[k];!v[k] = v[k+1];!
v[k+1] = temp;!
0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1100 0110 1010 1111 0101 1000 0000 1001 0101 1000 0000 1001 1100 0110 1010 1111 !
High Level Language Program (e.g., C)!
Assembly Language Program (e.g.,MIPS)!
Machine Language Program (MIPS)!
Hardware Architecture Description (Logic, Logisim, etc.) !
Compiler!
Assembler!
Machine Interpretation!
Logic Circuit Description (Logisim, etc.)!
Architecture Implementation!
Assembly programming
Digital logic design
Linking SoAware & Hardware
software
hardware
Digital logic design
Assembly programming
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WHY DO I CARE?
From a Programmer’s Perspec5ve
• Most people learn to program in a high level language (e.g. Java, C++, etc.) – Abstracts hardware to reduce programming complexity
– Difficult or impossible to do some programming tasks efficiently
• Lower-‐level languages needed for low-‐level programming – Lower-‐level means more control and flexibility
Improve Your SoIware’s Efficiency and Speed
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From a Hardware Designer’s Perspec5ve
• Understand the interac5on between hardware and soAware
• Build a proper goal of hardware design
Improve Your Hardware’s Performance Avoid Unnecessary Complexity à Reduce Cost
Lecture Schedule
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General Class Info • When, where and who
– Lecture: TTh 11-‐12:15pm, SH 1430 – Discussion (required): Friday, 12-‐12:50 (SH1609), 1-‐1:50 (LSB 1101)
– Website: hPp://www.cs.ucsb.edu/~htzheng/teach/cs64s11 – Professor: Heather Zheng, [email protected] – TA: Gang Wang ([email protected]), Wendy Chun ([email protected])
• Office Hours: – Prof. Zheng: TBD (HFH 1121) – TA: TBD
General Class Info (2) • Prerequisites
– Engineering 3 or CS 5AA-‐ZZ or 16; and, Mathema5cs 3C
– Not open if you have received credit for ECE 15B or 15
• Textbooks – R -‐-‐ Charles H. Roth, Jr. and Larry Kinney, Fundamentals of Logic Design, 6th Edi5on
– B -‐-‐ Robert L. Brijon: MIPS Assembly Language Programming
– Class handouts
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Grading Policy • Grading
– Homework : 20% – Lab : 25% – Quiz: 10% (5-‐7)
• Randomly scheduled throughout the quarter • Simple ques5ons, no ajendance = 0
– Midterm: 20% – Final: 25%
• Academic conduct – Verbal discussion of homework assignments is fine – No sharing of wrijen assignments or lab assignments – Chea5ng will not be tolerated! And will be treated seriously and punished harshly
Homework and Lab
• Homework – 3-‐5 total – No late HW submissions accepted
• Labs – 3-‐4 – Use PCSPIM to do assembly programming – Mul5-‐level logic design – Sugges5on: start early
• One-‐5me 2-‐day extension coupon
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Discussion group
• Google Group (CS64S11) as the discussion forum / mailing list
hjp://groups.google.com/group/cs64s11 I will mass add everyone using your umail account Before April 1, email [email protected] With your name and preferred email account so that we will add you to the group
INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER SYSTEMS
History and Basic Concepts
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History of Computer
Abacus – C. 3000 B.C.
Transistors - 1947
Apple II -- 1977 IBM PC - 1981
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2X transistors/chip per 1.5-2 years
http://www.guarddawg.net/GuardDawg/MooresLaw.jpg
Moore’s Law
The Rate of Technology Advance
• 2X every 2.0 years in memory size; every 1.5 years in processor speed; every 1.0 year in disk capacity;
• Moore’s Law enables processor 2X transistors/chip per 1.5 years
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COMPUTER BASICS
5 components of any Computer
Processor! !
Computer!
Control!(“brain”)!
Datapath!(“brawn”)!
Memory!!!(where !programs, !data !live when!running)!
Devices!
Input!
Output!
Keyboard, Mouse!
Display, Printer!
Disk (where !programs, !data !live when!not running)!
Hello World!
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Opening up a computer box
• Can you find the 5 classic components? • I/O – Mouse, Keyboard, Monitor, Printer.. • Memory
– ROM, RAM, DRAM, Cache – Hard disk, FLASH
• Processor-‐ Motherboard – CPU
HOW DO WE COMMAND A CPU?
Basic job of a CPU: execute lots of instruc5ons.
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Instruc5ons • Language of the Machine
– Arithme5c such as add and subtract – Logic instruc5ons such as and, or, and not – Data instruc5ons such as move, load, and store – Control flow instruc5ons such as goto, if ... goto,
• More restricted -‐ Different CPUs implement different sets of instruc5ons.
• The set of instruc5ons a par5cular CPU implements is an Instruc5on Set Architecture (ISA). – Examples: Intel 80x86 (Pen5um 4), IBM/Motorola PowerPC (Macintosh), MIPS ( Nintendo, Silicon Graphics, Sony), Intel IA64, ...
Instruc5on Set Architectures(1/2) • Describes the aspects of a computer architecture visible to
a programmer – The na5ve datatypes, instruc5ons, registers, addressing modes, memory architecture, interrupt and excep5on handling, and external I/O (if any).
• ISA is dis5nguished from the microarchitecture, which is the set of processor design techniques used to implement the instruc5on set. – Computers with different microarchitecture can share a common instruc5on set.
– For example, the Intel Pen5um and the AMD Athlon implement nearly iden5cal versions of the x86 instruc5on set, but have radically different internal design
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Instruc5on Set Architectures(2/2) • Early trend was to add more instruc5ons to new CPUs to do
elaborate opera5ons – VAX architecture had an instruc5on to mul5ply polynomials! – Complex Instruc5on Set Compu5ng (CISC)
• RISC philosophy (Cocke IBM, Pajerson, Hennessy, 1980s) – Reduced Instruc5on Set Compu5ng (RISC) – Keep the instruc5on set small and simple, makes it easier to build fast hardware.
– Let soAware do complicated opera5ons by composing simpler ones.
– Simpler is Faster!
MIPS Architecture • MIPS – semiconductor company that built one of
the first commercial RISC architectures • Nintendo 64, playsta5on, PL2, PSP, HP printers,
Cisco routers, use MIPS processors. • Why MIPS instead of Intel 80x86?
– MIPS is simple, elegant. Don’t want to get bogged down in grijy details.
– MIPS widely used in embedded apps, x86 lijle used in embedded, and more embedded computers than PCs
– By the late 1990s it was es5mated that one in three RISC chips produced were MIPS-‐based designs.
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MIPS Programming and Emula5on
• MIPS assembly language = MIPS instruc5ons • A freely available "MIPS R2000/R3000 Simulator" called
SPIM – UNIX or GNU/Linux; Mac OS X; MS Windows 95, 98, NT, 2000, XP; and DOS)
• Good for learning MIPS assembly language programming and the general concepts of RISC-‐assembly language programming
• Informa5on – PLEASE READ! hjp://www.cs.wisc.edu/~larus/spim.html – We will be using PCSPIM to do projects
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TODO: Tutorial on PCSPIM
• Read hjp://www.cs.wisc.edu/~larus/spim.html • Especially hjp://www.cs.wisc.edu/~larus/PCSpim.pdf
• Highly recommended – tutorial videos – h5p://users.ece.gatech.edu/~sudha/2030/temp/spim/spim-‐tutorial.html
• Install and Get to know PCSPIM
PCSPIM