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Eng201 Business and Technical English Writing Lecture Wise

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ENG201 Business and Technical English Writing Lecture no.23

How to make persuasive speaking during a presentation? What’s its important?

Persuasive Speaking: Persuasive Speaking is used to influence what an audience thinks or does. Some of the goals of

persuasive speaking include:

• To reinforce the attitudes, beliefs, and values an audience already holds

• To inoculate an audience against counter persuasion

• To change attitudes

• To motivate an audience to act

Delivery Methods: There are at least four methods for making a presentation:

1 Extempore

2 Impromptu

3 Memorization

4 Reading

Any of these four methods can be used for persuasive speaking.

What is the importance of long report?

Long reports can be prepared for different purposes that can be:

a. Informational

• Inform or instruct – present information

• Reader sees the details of events, activities or conditions.

• No analysis of the situation, no conclusion and no recommendations.

b. Analytical

• Written to solve problems

• Information is analyzed.

• Conclusions are drawn and recommendations are made

Explain informational assignments?

Reports can also be called assignments as most often an employee is assigned to write a report

for some purpose. There are two main types of a report: informational and analytical.

Informational Reports: These reports offer data, facts, feedback, and other types of information,




without analysis of situation or recommendation. In these types of reports, reporting of facts may

be factored by sub-topics:

o In order of Importance: If you are reviewing five product lines, you might organize your study

in the increasing order of the amount of revenue, they generate.

o Sequentially: If you are studying a process, present your information step by step - 1, 2, 3,

o Chronology: When investigating a chain of events, organize the study according to the event

that happens first.

o Spatially: If you are studying a physical object, study it left to right, top to bottom, inside to

outside.

o Geography: If the location is important, factor your study geographically.

o Categorically: If you are asked to review several distinct aspects of a subject, you need to look

at one category at a time, for example sales, profit, or investment.

What is coherent and why are important?

Good academic papers have coherence. The term coherence refers to content aspects. A paper

has coherence if it presents its arguments in a clear, plausible and comprehensible order. There

are no ‗logical gaps‘ in its line of reasoning. It avoids unnecessary digressions.

If a paper is easy to understand, this is mostly due to a coherent presentation of its contents. It

follows a clear line in presenting facts and arguments and avoids statements which are

incomprehensible for the reader. Coherent pieces of writing are selective in their presentation of

content. They focus on the important issues and cut out what is irrelevant or unintelligible for a

reader. This requires that their authors (a) know their subject well, and (b) have an eye on their

audience and tailor their writing to what their readers probably know beforehand and are able to

understand. Coherent writing creates a comprehensible context for the contents presented. It, too,

presents them in a comprehensible order.

What is the importance in long report which is really important to write a long report in an

organization?

Writing a report in business is a necessity and there are times when as a business manager you

are required to write a detailed report and also times when you need to pass on concise

information in a summarized fashion. The aim of any report, whether long or short is to be clear

so that the information that is intended to be passed on is easily understood.

A long report always has a title, introduction, body, and then conclusion. It is always more than

one page in length. It sometimes contains a covering letter that mentions all the details that are

included in the long report. At the end of the long report, there is bibliography and appendix. It is

common to have a long report printed and bound with hard cover. The tone in a long report is

restrained and somber in contrast to a short letter.




For what purpose we write the long report?

The purpose of report writing is to tell someone or specific group of people about the facts that

you have studied and give them summary of the fact and also the conclusion.

Can we deliver report in oral form instead of written form?

Reports are considered to be legal documents in the workplace, hence Written Report form is

the most appropriate and appreciated document as compare to Oral Report form.

In which situations the long report is prepared and what is the range of long report?

Report-writing situations may vary time to time, for example;

A one-hundred-page report on a seventh-month project to test a special method of venting high-

speed engines for using in space vehicles.

A two-paragraph report, based upon a manufacturing engineer‘s visit to a new plant that is about

to be put into service.

The length of report varies according to the situation and the project. There are no definite

criteria for it. The length of a report can be from only two paragraphs to two hundred pages.

Analysis Report includes Interpretation. What do you mean by Interpretation?

Interpretation means, the act or process of interpreting or explaining; elucidation or an

explanation of some given information or data, In Analysis Report we have to give the

explanation and description of information or data provided by us

What is the difference between planning a report and pork work?

Planning for report writing is very important. It can be administered by the discussion of the

sequence of tasks to be accomplished and description of the end result that are interpreted from

investigation, review of the project assignments, schedules, and resources management on the

other hand pork work lacks all such sequential tasking.

Q. how to establish an appropriate degree of formality in a report?

1. By following the style and pattern of Formal report discussed in our Course, one can easily

establishes and maintains the appropriate degree of formality in a Report.

Planning short report discuss in lecture but my question is what is require for planning a

long report and what type of short and long report separately?




1. A long report is longer and has more depth and information in it. A short report isn't as long

and has less depth and information. Usually a short report will only cover the basics or "need to

know" information on the subject

Disability bias and bias free language with examples??

Basically, bias-free language means using terms that treat people with respect. Sometimes it

means leaving out certain kinds of words altogether, such as not describing someone's physical

characteristics when doing so serves no purpose

What five points are required in planning Reports?

When you gather facts, you need to arrange them in a suitable format. Before putting a single

word on the page, follow the following series of steps that form the foundations of any report:

a. Define the outline and purpose

b. Outline the issue for investigation

c. Prepare a work plan

d. Conduct research

Analyze and interpret data, draw conclusions and develop recommendation.


Informational and Analytical assignments can we call it structure of report?

No, it is purpose of report. Report can be written to analyze or to inform. Structure concerns with

different parts of report and their arrangement.

What is the fourth type of collecting the primary data?

There could be many methods (besides mentioned in your handouts) to collect primary data for

research work, e.g. case study, social network analysis. Please specify which one is causing

problem in understanding for you.




Please describe that. How many type of Report using inside or outside the organization

Such as investigation of any incident. Please describe parameter which mostly used for

report writing.

There are different types of report such as:

research reports

laboratory reports

case study reports

field study reports

cost-benefit analysis reports

proposals

progress reports

feasibility studies

technical reports

financial report

Therefore, before writing, you have to decide what type of report you are going to write

according to the situation. Reports are documents which present focused, salient content to a

specific audience. They are considered to be legal documents in the workplace thus, they need to

be precise, accurate and difficult to misinterpret.

Informational and Analytical assignments can we call it structure of report?

No, it is purpose of report. Report can be written to analyze or to inform. Structure concerns with

different parts of report and their arrangement.

How many type of Report using inside or outside the organization Such as investigation of

any incident. Please describe parameter which mostly used for report writing.





research reports

laboratory reports

case study reports

field study reports


proposals

progress reports

feasibility studies

technical reports

financial report

Therefore, before writing, you have to decide what type of report you are going to write according

to the situation. Reports are documents which present focused, salient content to a specific

audience.

What are Line chart and its importance in long report?

A style of chart that is created by connecting a series of data points together with a line. This is

the most basic type of chart used in finance and it is generally created by connecting a series of

past prices together with a line. It depends on the data of reports

What are the Prefatory and Supplementary parts of formal report?

In drafting the report, you need to distinguish clearly the various sections of the report,

remembering the functions for each section. There are three basic divisions of a formal report,

prefatory parts, supplementary parts, and the report proper (sometimes referred to as the body of

the report).

Prefatory parts may include the title page, letter of authorization, letter of transmittal, table of

contents, list of illustrations and synopsis or executive summary. With respect to the prefatory

parts section for your problem-solving reports, you will need only to include a title page.


How Long Report is different from a General Report?




Long Reports‘ are usually detailed reports of a considerable length. It includes all important

points and requires necessary research and editing, while ‗General Reports‘ can be both long and

short.

How can distinguish between presentation of the fact and discussion of facts?

‗Presentation of facts‘ has more to do with the simple presentation of facts and figure in your

report, while ‗discussion‘ includes your oral skills or examples that you quote to clarify your

point of view regarding that particular piece of information to the readers or audience.

How much headings are important in Reports?

Headings are very important in report writing. Reports usually contain different sections and

each section contains different sort of information, without proper mentioning of headings, it

wouldn‘t make sense.

Is our own choice to select title fly or title page or both of them having a specific meanings?

A report whether short or long should generally includes the following sections.

(Sections marked with an asterisk (*) are essential: others are optional depending on the type,

length and purpose of the report.)

• Letter of transmittal

• Title page*

• Table of contents

• List of abbreviations and/or glossary

• Executive summary/abstract

• Introduction*

• Body*

• Conclusion*

• Recommendations

• Bibliography

How a Long Report is different from a General Report?

‗Long Reports‘ are usually detailed reports of a considerable length. It includes all important

points and requires necessary research and editing, while ‗General Reports‘ can be both long and

short.




What is the difference between a Report and a Memo?

‗Memorandum‘ is short informal report for interoffice use only, while ‗Business Report‘ is

more formal and is used mostly for public. The length of Business report also varies from

two paragraphs to two hundred pages.


What is the importance of empirical reports ?

Empirical research is a way of gaining knowledge by means of direct and indirect observation or

experience. Empirical evidence can be analyzed quantitatively or qualitatively. Through

quantifying the evidence or making sense of it in qualitative form, a researcher can answer

empirical questions, which should be clearly defined and answerable with the evidence collected

usually called data.

What are the Tables in Visual aids?

Tables are used for showing data in compressed form in visual aids.

What are empirical reports?

An empirical research report is a report which describes research based on actual observations or

experiments.

What is the difference between Qualitative and Quantitative research?

Qualitative Research is primarily exploratory research. It is used to gain an understanding of

underlying reasons, opinions, and motivations. It provides insights into the problem or helps to

develop ideas or hypotheses for potential quantitative research. Qualitative Research is also used

to uncover trends in thought and opinions, and dive deeper into the problem. Quantitative

What is meant by Prefatory parts of a Report?

These are introductory parts of a report, e.g. ‗Title page‘, ‗Table of Contents‘, ‗Executive

Summary‘etc.




Research is used to quantify the problem by way of generating numerical data or data that can be

transformed into useable statistics. It is used to quantify attitudes, opinions, behaviors, and other

defined variables – and generalize results from a larger sample population. Quantitative Research

uses measurable data to formulate facts and uncover patterns in research.

What is recommendations section of formal report?

Supplementary parts may include:

• Appendix

• Bibliography, Glossary and Index

ENG201 Business and Technical English Writing Lecture no.27 Are your facts reliable?

Decision-makers want to be sure that your facts are reliable before they take any action based on

those facts.

What are the important features of the alternatives?

So that they can understand your detailed discussion of the alternatives, readers want you to present

an overview that highlights the key features of each alternative.

How do the alternatives stack up against your criteria?

The heart of a feasibility study is your evaluation of the alternatives in terms of your criteria. Your

readers want to know the results.

What overall conclusions do you draw about the alternatives?

Based upon your detailed evaluation of the alternatives, you will reach some general conclusion

about the merits of each. Decision-makers need to know your conclusions because these overall

judgments form the basis for decision-making.

What do you think we should do?

In the end, your readers must choose one of the alternative courses of action. Because of your

expertise on the subject, they want to help them by telling. What you recommend.

What is the Work plan of formal report?




Work plan for report writing can be prepared by the discussion of the sequence of tasks to be

accomplished (including the sources of information, required experiments, restrictions of time

etc), description of the investigation, reviewing the project assignments, schedules, and resources

management.

What is decimal and alphanumeric system in report writing?

Decimal System: A numbering system that uses ten digits, from 0 to 9, arranged in a series of

columns to represent all numerical quantities. Each column or place value has a weighted value

of 1, 10, 100, 1000, and so on, ranging from right to left.

Alphanumeric system: It Contains letters, numbers, punctuation marks, and mathematical and

other conventional symbols.


What work does your report cover?

To be able to understand anything else in a progress report, readers must know what project or

projects and what time period the report covers.

What is the purpose of the work?

Readers need to know the purpose of your work to see how your work relates to their

responsibilities and to the other work, present and future, of the organize

Is your work progressing as planned or expected?

Your readers will want to determine if adjustments are needed in the schedule, budget, or

number of people assigned to the project or projects you are working

What results did you produce?

The results you produce in one reporting period may influence the shape of work in future

periods. Also, even when you are still in the midst of a project, readers will want to know about

any results they can use in other projects now, before you finish your overall work.

What progress do you expect during the next reporting period?




Again, your readers‘ interests will focus on such management concerns as schedule and budget

and on the kinds of results they can expect.

What is table of content?

A table of content is the list of all the chapters included in a book or document.

List of illustrations comes after the table of contents. It includes the detail of the graphical and

pictorial material used in a report/book/piece of writing.

The list of table mentions and gives the location of tables in a report or document.

The list of figures provides the detail of all the figures used in a piece of writing.

Informative synopsis is the summary of the original text in a shorter form, often using the words

of the original text.


What is the Difference between Report and Research?

A report is a very formal document that is written for a variety of purposes, generally in the

sciences, social sciences, engineering and business disciplines. Usually, findings pertaining to a

given or specific task are written up into a report. It should be noted that reports are considered

to be legal documents in the workplace and, thus, they need to be precise, accurate and difficult

to misinterpret. Research is an organized study, methodical investigation into a subject in order

to discover facts, to establish or revise a theory, or to develop a plan of action based on the facts

discovered

What are the Strategies for conventional superstructure?

'Strategy for conventional superstructure' involves the framework that is used mostly in all kind

of situations for proposal writing. Conventional superstructure usually includes general

plan. Even in the briefest proposals, however you will probably need to treat the following four

topics:

Introduction

Problem

Solution

Costs




How we make analytical report purposeful?

Analytical reports are written by students or employees, often working in teams. The reports

generally require that the writers:

Define the subject matter and identify the related factors.

Learn how the subject has been addressed or what the experts recommend when

addressing the issue.

A successful analytical report should have:

An introduction that states the report‘s purpose and previews its contents.

Headings to organize the contents.

A clear sense of audience and purpose.

What is Difference between Resource & management?

Resource: By discussing the facilities, equipment and other resource to be used for your

project proposal, you assure that your readers will use whatever special equipment

required doing the job properly is called resources.

Managment: When you purpose a project that will involve more than about four people,

you increase the persuasiveness of your proposal is describing the managing structure of

your group.

What are Criteria?

Criterion - standard: a basis for comparison; a reference point against which other things can be

evaluated; "the schools comply with federal standards"; "they set the measure for all subsequent

work"

Criterion - the ideal in terms of which something can be judged; "they live by the standards of

their community ―In ‗Report Writing‘, it is the set standard or parameter on which other

alternatives are judged.


What is the letter of refusal?




The letter of refusal begins with a neutral statement that provides a transmission to the refusal.

The midsection explains the reason for refusal and then states the bad news. The writer takes

care to introduce a positive thought. The letter closes on a cordial note.

Why the Good visual Aids are Essential?

To create instructions that will help your readers and also shape their attitudes in the way that

you want, you must pay special attention to instructions. These include visual design, including

both page design and the design of the drawings, charts, flow diagrams etc.

What are instructions shape attitudes?

Most of the readers dislike using instructions. When faced with the work of reading, interpreting,

and following a set of instructions, they are often tempted to toss the instructions aside and try to

do the job using common sense. Therefore, while writing instructions, the writer must keep in

mind the attitudes of the readers towards them. Instructions should be such as to persuade the

readers to use them and to shape their attitude towards the company and its product.

What are the Effective elements Into Written Communication?

An effective written communication defines its objectives clearly and targets its audience by its

type and level of expertise.

Characteristics of Effective written Communication: A Good written communication is:

• accurate

• clear

• concise

• coherent

• appropriate

What do you mean by Variety of Instructions?

It means there are diverse types of instructions; it can vary in length and complexity. The

concept has been explained in detail in your handouts. If you still face any problem, please

specify the area of difficulty.


What are Visual aids?




Visual aids are the aids or devices that present information visually. They include devices such

as films, slides, models, and blackboards etc.

Visual aids add impact and interest to a presentation. They enable you to appeal to more than one

sense at the same time, thereby increasing the audience's understanding and retention level. With

pictures, the concepts or ideas you present are no longer simply words but words plus images.

What are the different types of report?


research reports

laboratory reports

case study reports

field study reports


proposals

progress reports

feasibility studies

technical reports

financial report

Therefore, before writing, you have to decide what type of report you are going to write

according to the situation.

What are the uses of visual aids?

The use of visual aids helps you to support your arguments in a better way. The visual aids such

as graphs, charts, tables etc. are helpful in presenting the information clearly, precisely and

persuasively. They multiply the readers‘ level of understanding of the material presented, and

they should be used to reinforce your message, clarify points, and create excitement.

What Title can be suitable for a visual aid?

Title of a visual aid is usually given with the purpose to explain what it contains. You should use

meaningful titles to avoid ambiguity while designing visual aids. The choice of the title depends

on the occasion, the audience, the type and the purpose of the presentation. Using brief and

informative titles of visual aids not only make them clearer and more understandable but also

increase effectiveness of your presentation.

Define Organizational chart.




A graphic representation of how authority and responsibility is distributed within a company or

other organization


What is Pie chart?

Pie chart (or a circle graph) is a circular chart divided into sectors, illustrating proportion. In a

pie chart, the arc length of each sector (and consequently its central angle and area), is

proportional to the quantity it represents. It is used in presentations to give a visual

demonstration of your calculations.

How can we create a flow chart?

A few conventions govern the creation of flow charts.

The labels that identify the activities are placed inside the boxes that represent those activities.

Boxes are arranged so that activity flows from left to right, or from top to bottom, or both.

How can we create an organizational chart?

Because of the hierarchical nature of most business organizations, organizational charts are

usually pyramidal. You do not need to show every part of the organization, only those relevant to

your readers. Sometimes you may need to represent more than one kind of relationship by using

different lines for the different relationships.

How photographs and diagrams can help us in presentation?

Photographs:

With a photograph, you can show your readers exactly what they would see if they personally were

to look at an object. Photographs can help you achieve a variety of communication purposes such as:

1. To show the appearance of something the readers have never seen: This could include a new

product, or the inside of the human heart etc.

2. To show the condition of something: For example result of a skin treatment etc.

3. To help the readers recognize something: For example in a lab manual you might include

photographs that would enable your readers to identify the imperfections they might encounter in




sheet steel.

4. To help your audience find something: For example you could show parts of machinery in an

instructional manual.

Diagrams:

A diagram is much like a drawing except that drawings accurately convey the actual appearance of

things, diagrams depict subjects more abstractly.

Diagrams can convey complex information, such as the system used for industrial processing of

fruits, without actually showing the actual machinery.


What is Analytical report?

The analytical report examines a problem or issue and recommends an action. Some analytical

reports function as proposals that identify or define problems and argue for specific ways of

resolving them. Other analytical reports are feasibility studies that examine proposed solutions

and determine their practicality.

Explain the term functional specification.

A functional specification (also, functional spec, specs, functional specifications document

(FSD), or Program specification) is the documentation that describes the requested behavior of

an engineering system. The documentation typically describes what is needed by the system user

as well as requested properties of inputs and outputs (e.g. of the software system). Hardware

functional specifications as a rule contain the following:

• Functional description

• Configuration specification

• Electrical description

• Physical characteristics

• Standards

• Environmental requirements

What is the difference between general and long report?




The general reports can include both types of reports: short and long. They can be written for a

variety of purposes, generally in the sciences, social sciences, engineering and business

disciplines.

The long report is always a long one and consists of all or only some of these parts: cover, title

page, content page, and letter of transmittal (covering letter), summary, introduction, and the

body of report, conclusion with or without recommendations, appendix, bibliography, and index.

It is even printed sometime and bound in hard covers like a book. When it happens to be very

long, a summary of its main points is given after the introduction.

Explain the following terms (letter, memorandum and report).

Letters, Memoranda and Reports are different types of documents used for different purposes.

These are essential part of all business and technical communication.

Memo is the document used to communicate within an organization, including members of

department, upper management, employees at another branch of company in another city, etc.

Memoranda are written for numerous internal purposes—for example:

• To request information

• To make announcements

• To outline policies

• To transmit meeting minutes

Letters are also of vital importance in all business and technical communication. Letters are

often used to communicate to individuals outside an organization, especially in formal and semi-

formal contexts.

Reports are often used to display the result of an experiment, investigation, or inquiry. The

purpose of a business report is to communicate information to assist in the business decision

making process.


What is Organizational logic?

Organization is the internal structure of a piece of writing; arrangement of ideas. When the

organization is strong, the piece of writing begins meaningfully and creates the sense of

anticipation between the writer and the reader. Organizational logic helps to improve and assess

quality of a piece of writing. Organizational logic can be achieved by arranging the events

chronologically or spatially.

What is the Spatial or Geographical Pattern of speech?




If your speech concerns a specific geographical area or areas, the spatial organizational pattern

can be used. Spatial patterns are suited for speeches about a country or city, or even a building or

organization, provided said organization occupies a specific geographical location, such as a

hospital or university.

What is Chronological or Time-Sequence Pattern?

When information in a speech follows a chronological sequence, then the information should

likewise be organized chronologically. For example, a speech on the development of a new

technology should begin with its origin, then continue along the same time-line as events

occurred. This organizational pattern is typically used in any speech addressing a subject from an

historical perspective.

What is Appendix?

Appendix carries information that is not essential to explain your findings, but it supports your

analysis, validates your conclusions or pursues a related point. Appendix may include some of

the following:

• supporting evidence

• contributory facts

• specialized data (raw data is written in the appendix, summarized data is written in the body of

the text.)

• Technical figures, tables or descriptions

• detailed description of research instruments

• maps

• questionnaires (questionnaire results is written in the body of the text)


What Is a Paragraph?

A paragraph is a distinct section or subdivision dealing with a particular point a writer wishes to

make within a written work, whether that work is an essay, article, letter, story, or memo.

What Is Paragraph Unity?




In order to express points clearly and effectively, writers should construct paragraphs that are

well developed, coherent, and unified. Ideas within a paragraph should flow smoothly from one

to the next, and subordinate ideas should be related to the main idea presented in the topic

sentence. If this smooth transition does not occur, however, and if ideas are not related to the

topic sentence, a paragraph is considered ―lacking in unity;‖ and when paragraphs lack unity, it

becomes difficult, if not impossible, for readers to follow a writer‘s line of thought.

Define Analogy. An analogy is a comparison of certain similarities between things which are otherwise unlike.

Example: A street light is like a star. Both provide light at night, both are in predictable

locations, both are overhead, and both serve no function in the daytime.

What is the Narration?

Narration is the act of giving an account, describing incidents or a course of events. It refers to

the way that a story is told, and so belongs to the level of discourse.

ENG201 - Business and Technical English Writing Lecture No. 36

What is the term Wordiness?

Wordiness: This term is used to cover a couple of style problems that involve using more words

than you absolutely need to say something.

What are Fused Sentences?

Fused sentences do not allow two independent clauses to run together without a conjunction or

punctuation between them. This error produces a fused sentence.

It joins two main clauses, follow the options listed under comma splice.

What is Sentence Fragments?

A sentence fragment is missing a subject, a verb, or both, but is punctuated as if it were complete

sentence. In the following slides we examine a few examples of such

sentences which do not make sense and at the same time correct them as well.




What are the Modifiers?

These are the words, phrases, or clauses that provide description in sentences. Modifiers allow

writers to take the picture that they have in their heads and transfer it accurately to the heads of

their readers. Essentially, modifiers breathe life into sentences. Take a look at this "dead"

sentence:


What is Parallelism?

Parallelism refers to the use of grammatically equal elements in sentences and paragraphs. We

may view parallelism as a matter of balance. When elements are balanced (parallel), the result is

clear and smooth; when they are not balanced, the result is awkward and confusing.

What is stacked modifier?

A stacked modifier occurs when there is a string of modifiers stacked before the noun making the

writing difficult to read. For example,

Previous work has shown that a purified pro-oxidant, vitamin E-deficient fish oil diet protects

mice against malarial parasites.

What is Comma splice?

The separation of two independent clauses by a comma instead of a period or semicolon is

known as comma splice. For example,

I got up late this morning, I didn't have time for breakfast.

What is the purpose of ESL Dictionary?

It is used to look up for different kinds of information about words and lexical items while

learning a second language (English)

What are unabridged dictionaries?

Unabridged dictionaries are commonly found in libraries on dictionary stands. They

comprehensively cover all words that are known at the time that they are printed.

http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/phrase.htm

http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/clause.htm

http://www.chompchomp.com/terms/completesentence.htm





What is ornate language?

Ornate language contains too many complicated words or phrases (flashy, showy, or florid in

style or manner). This type of language is usually structured to impress the reader with its

complexity or literary quality but it also distracts the reader from your main point.

How can be " Imperative changed to interrogative".?

‗Imperative changed to interrogative‘ refers to how an imperative sentence is changed into the

corresponding interrogative sentence. For example,

Imperative: Finish your work by tomorrow.

Interrogative: Can you finish your work by tomorrow?

How can Declarative sentence changed into interrogative?

Declarative can be changed into interrogative by using a question mark. In this way, a simple

sentence converts into a question, e.g. She was ill yesterday. Was she ill yesterday?

How can Elements separated in a Series?

Use a comma to separate items in a series. Although placing a final comma before

the coordinating conjunction is often considered optional, omitting it can sometimes cause

confusion. Consequently, most scientific and technical writing routinely uses a final comma in a

series to prevent possible ambiguities.


What are Compound modifiers?

A compound modifier (also called a compound adjective) refers to two or more words expressing

a single concept. These compound modifiers usually require a hyphen between each word. e.g.

His yellow-green teeth were visible beneath a salt-and-pepper mustache. The words ‗yellow and

green‘, and ‗salt and pepper‘ are adjectives modifying the nouns ‗teeth‘ and ‗mustache‘. Since

they appear before the noun, they are hyphenated. If they followed the noun, they would no




longer be hyphenated. e.g. From underneath his mustache, which looked like salt and pepper,

you could see his teeth of yellow and green.

What are Suspended Hyphens?

If all unit modifiers in a series end with the same term, the term does not have to be repeated

each time; for brevity you may suspend the hyphens and use the modified term only at the end of

the series.

Examples:

· The first-order, second-order, and third-order equations have all been solved.

· The first-, second-, and third-order equations have all been solved.

· 2- and 3-phase controllers

How can we Link Spelled-Out Numbers?

Use a hyphen to join spelled-out numbers from 21 through 99 and spelled-out fractions.

Examples:

Twenty-one moving parts

The thirty-third experiment

Four-fifths of the subjects

What is the use of dashes?

Use dashes ―sparingly‖ to indicate abrupt shifts in thought and to set off or emphasize

appositional or parenthetical elements or interjections. In most cases, use commas or parentheses

instead.





What is a syllable?

A syllable is a basic unit of written and spoken language. It is a unit consisting of uninterrupted

sound that can be used to make up words.

For example, the word hotel has two syllables: ho and tel.

What is the role of Task-facilitating in meeting?

Task facilitating roles‘ as the name shows make the meeting process well planned and smooth.

‗Task facilitating roles‘ in meeting include the following:

Initiating: getting the group started on a line of inquiry.

Information giving or seeking: offering (or seeking) information relevant to

questions facing the group.

Coordinating: showing relationships among ideas, clarifying issues, summarizing

what the group has done.

Procedure setting: suggesting decision-making procedures that will move the

group toward the goal.

What are the Rules for Capitalizing Multiple-Word Titles and Proper Names?

Unless you are following a documentation style that specifies otherwise, observe the following

rules for capitalizing multiple word titles and proper nouns. Capitalize all nouns, pronouns,

verbs, adjectives, adverbs, and subordinating conjunctions. Capitalize any word, regardless of the

part of speech, if it is the first or last word of the title or subtitle or a proper name or if it follows

a punctuation mark indicating a break in the title.

What is Decimal System?

Decimal system is a numbering system that uses ten digits, from 0 to 9, arranged in a series of

columns to represent all numerical quantities. Each column or place value has a weighted value

of 1, 10, 100, 1000, and so on, ranging from right to left whereas alphanumeric system uses both

letters and numbers and often other symbols (as punctuation marks and mathematical symbols).





What is the Difference between Formal and Informal Writing?

The informal writing is written mainly for enjoyment. This is not to say that it cannot be

informative or persuasive; however, it is less a formal statement than a relaxed expression of

opinion, observation, humor or pleasure. A good informal essay has a relaxed style but retains a

strong structure, though that structure may be less rigid than in a formal paper.

The informal essay tends to be more personal than the formal, even though both may express

subjective opinions. In a formal essay the writer is a silent presence behind the words, while in

an informal essay the writer is speaking directly to the reader in a conversational style. If you are

writing informally, try to maintain a sense of your own personality. Formal essay's also fallow a

very rigid structure with proper and technical grammar and vocabulary.

What is oral communication?

Oral communication is the transfer of information from a sender to a receiver. In order to

improve oral communication skills, there are several subsets that must be considered and

practiced. These subsets include speaking clearly, structuring your presentation, staying on topic,

projecting your voice, captivating your audience, knowing your audience and surroundings,

being confident, studying other speakers, responding effectively to non-verbal cues and restating

key points at the end of the communication process.

What are Acronyms and initializes?

Acronyms and initializes are abbreviations that are formed using the initial components in a

phrase or name. These components may be individual letters (as in CEO) or parts of words. In

the English language, the widespread use of acronyms and initializes is a relatively new

linguistic phenomenon, becoming increasingly evident since the mid-20th century

What is Laser?

Light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation


What are Indicative Mood and imperative Mood?

Indicative Mood expresses an assertion, denial, or question:




Little Rock is the capital of Arkansas.

Ostriches cannot fly.

Have you finished your homework?

Imperative Mood: expresses command, prohibition, entreaty, or advice:

Don‘t smoke in this building.

Be careful!

Don‘t drown that puppy!

What are open-ended and close-ended questions?

An open-ended question is designed to encourage a full, meaningful answer using the subject's

own knowledge. It is the opposite of a closed-ended question, which encourages a short or

single-word answer. Open-ended questions also tend to be more objective and less leading than

closed-ended questions.

Open-ended questions typically begin with words such as "Why" and "How", or phrases such as

"Tell me about...‖ Often they are not technically a question, but a statement which implicitly asks

for a response.

The ability to ask open-ended questions is very important in many vocations, including

education, counseling, mediation, sales, investigative work and journalism

What is infinitive Mood?

It expresses an action or state without reference to any subject. It can be the source of sentence

fragments when the writer mistakenly thinks the infinitive form is a fully-functioning verb.


What is MATLAB?

MATLAB (matrix laboratory) is a numerical computing environment and fourth-generation

programming language. Developed by Math Works, MATLAB allows matrix manipulations,

plotting of functions and data, implementation of algorithms, creation of user interfaces, and

interfacing with programs written in other languages, including C, C++, Java, and Fortran.

What are Independent and Dependent /Subordinate Clauses?




Independent Clauses

• A complete thought

• Contains a subject and a predicate (object).

• is a complete sentence

Examples:

• I like to go to the store.

• We are going to the movies.

• The teachers at schools are really nice.

Dependent/Subordinate Clauses

• Not a complete thought

• Contains a subject and a predicate (object).

• is not a complete sentence

Examples:

• I like to go

• We are going

• The teacher at school

What is the Superstructure for Feasibility Reports?

To answer your readers‘ questions about your feasibility studies, you can use a superstructure

that has the following seven elements:

1. Introduction

2. Criteria

3. Method of obtaining facts

4. Overview of alternatives




5. Evaluation

6. Conclusions

7. Recommendations


How should we give oral presentation?

When you speak before a group, you can receive information as well as transmit it. You can

adjust both the content and delivery of your message as you go along, editing your speech or

presentation to make it clearer and more compelling. To prevent your audience from losing

interest or getting lost, you have to apply special techniques during the first few minutes of your

speech or presentation including:

Arousing your audience‘s interest in your topic

Establishing your credibility

Preparing the audience for what will follow

What is Public speaking?

Public speaking is the process of speaking to a group of people in a structured, deliberate manner

intended to inform, influence, or entertain the listeners. Public speaking has several components

that embrace such things as motivational speaking, leadership/personal development, business,

customer service, large group communication, and mass communication.

What are the types of Speeches?

1. Informative Speech: This speech serves to provide interesting and useful information to your

audience. Some examples of informative speeches:

2. Demonstrative Speeches: This has many similarities with an informative speech. A

demonstrative speech also teaches you something. The main difference lies in including a

demonstration of how to do the thing you‘re teaching.

3. Persuasive speech: A persuasive speech works to convince people to change in some

way: they think, the way they do something, or to start doing something that they are not

currently doing .




4. Entertaining speech: the after-dinner speech is a typical example of an entertaining speech.

The speaker provides pleasure and enjoyment that make the audience laughs or identify

with anecdotal information.


What is the difference between synopsis and executive summary?

Synopsis is a brief outline or general view, as of a subject or written work; an abstract or a

summary.

Executive summary is a term used in business for a short document that summarizes a longer

report, proposal or group of related reports.

Discuss the steps required in planning a speech or presentation

Develop an introduction, a body, and a close for a long formal presentation. Select, design, and

use visual aids that are appropriate for various types of speeches and presentations. Deliver your

speech or presentation and handle audience questions effectively.

Which type of communication is more efficient oral or written and how we can improve it.

Both oral and written communication is equally important in everyday life. The course contents

of Eng201 are designed to enable the students to communicate clearly and concisely in diverse

business or real life situations. Ultimately, students will be able enough to prove their worth to

their optimum best in professional as well as in academic career. It will surely take you from a

lower level of knowledge to higher level of knowledge. This is high time for you to start working

on your English. Listen to all video lectures carefully and then read the handouts thoroughly.

Watch standardized English channels and try to master well the basic rules and conventions of

English grammar. Learning any language is always a gradual process. By focusing in the right

direction, you will be able to improve your English.

How can we improve Learning skills?

Learning is a skill and it can be improved. The path to learn effectively is through knowing

yourself

your capacity to learn

processes you have successfully used in the past

your interest, and knowledge of what you wish to learn

cs101 introduction of computing -...

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