cs report world

8/12/2019 Cs Report World

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IncidenceCancer is a leading cause o diseaseworldwide. An estimated 14.1million new cancer cases occurredin 2012. Lung, emale breast,colorectal and stomach cancersaccounted or more than 40% o allcases diagnosed worldwide. In men,lung cancer was the most commoncancer (16.7% o all new cases inmen). Breast cancer was by ar the

most common cancer diagnosed inwomen (25.2% o all new cases inwomen)1.

Incidenceis the number o new cases arising in a given period in aspecified population. Ofen given as an absolute number o cases peryear or as a standardised rate per 100,000 (see final page glossary).

Prevalence32.5 million peoplediagnosed with cancer

within the five yearspreviously were alive at theend o 2012. Most werewomen afer their breastcancer diagnosis (6.3million), men afer theirprostate cancer diagnosis(3.9 million), and men andwomen afer their colorectalcancer diagnosis (3.5million)1,2.

Te Prevalenceo a particular cancer is the number o persons ina defined population who have been diagnosed during a fixed timein the past with that type o cancer, and who are still alive at theend o a given year. Usually given as a number and a proportionper 100,000 persons.

Healthy Years of Life LostAn estimated 169.3 millionyears o healthy lie were lostglobally because o cancer in2008. Colorectal, lung, emalebreast and prostate cancers were

the main contributors in mostregions o the world, explaining18%-50% o the total healthyyears lost3.

Healthy life years lost(or DisabilityAdjusted Lie Years, DALYs) are thesum o lie years lost to prematuremortality (deaths beore the age o80 years or males and 82.5 or emales) and the years lived withdisability, given as a number or as a standardised rate per 100,000.

MortalityCancer is a leading cause o deathworldwide, with 8.2 million deathsin 2012. More than hal o all cancerdeaths each year are due to lung,

stomach, liver, colorectal and emalebreast cancers1.

Mortalityis the number o deathsoccurring in a given period in aspecified population. Ofen given as anabsolute number o deaths per year oras a standardised rate per 100,000.

World cancer factsheet

Approximately 44% o cancer cases and53% o cancer deaths occur in countriesat a low or medium level o the HumanDevelopment Index (HDI see finalpage glossary or definition)4.

Westernisation TrendsAs low HDI countries become moredeveloped through rapid societal andeconomic changes, they are likely tobecome westernised. As such, the

pattern o cancer incidence is likely toollow that seen in high HDI settings,with likely declines in cervix uteriand stomach cancer incidence rates,alongside increasing incidence rates o

emale breast, prostate and colorectalcancers. Tis westernisation effect is aresult o reductions in inection-relatedcancers, outweighed by an increasingburden o cancers more associated withreproductive, dietary and hormonalrisk actors.

Projections to 2030I recent trends in major cancersare seen globally in the uture, theburden o cancer will increase to 23.6

million new cases each year by 2030.Tis represents an increase o 68%compared with 2012 (66% in low andmedium HDI countries and 56% inhigh and very high HDI countries)1,5.

World cancer burden (2012)

World cancer trends

People 4 million

Lung1.590

Breast0.522

Colorectum0.694

Prostate0.307

Stomach0.723

Liver0.746

Cervix0.266

Oesophagus0.400

Bladder0.165

Other2.789

People 4 million

Lung1.825Breast1.677

Colorectum1.361

Prostate1.112

Stomach0.952

Liver0.782

Cervix0.528

Oesophagus0.456

Bladder0.430

Other4.969Male Female

Tis actsheet would not have beenpossible without the data collected andavailable rom population-based cancerregistries. Knowledge about the cancerburden enables the development,implementation, monitoring andevaluation o cancer strategies thatprevent, cure and care. Tis knowledgeis lacking in many low- and middle-income countries, making cancercontrol efforts less effective.

Years 25 million 50m

Lung24.483

Breast15.127

Colorectum12.250

Stomach14.199

Prostate4.041

Liver15.490

Cervix8.738

Oesophagus7.713

Bladder2.404

Other64.851

Credits

January 2014

www.iarc.fr www.cruk.org/cancerstats Copyright Cancer Research UK 2014

People 4 million 8m

Lung1.893

Breast6.255

Colorectum3.544

Prostate3.924

Stomach1.538

Liver0.633

Cervix1.547

Oesophagus0.464

Bladder1.320

Other11.427
http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/


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Level of humandevelopment(HDI)

Estimates for all cancers in 2012 by HDI and sex (counts in millions)

Incidencea Prevalence 5 year Mortality Healthy years lost b Population

Very high

High

Medium

Low

Worldwide 14.090 32.545 8.201 169.295 7,054

Prevalence

Incidence 2012

Mortality 2012

Cancer incidence by country

Cancer mortality by country

aExcluding non-melanoma skin cancers b Disability-adjusted lie years lost (DALYs), Data rom 2008 estimates.


Age standardisedincidence rates per100,000 population

compared to the

world average

Age standardisedmortality rates per

100,000 populationcompared to the

world average

Lower

Lower

Higher

Higher

Worldaverage

Worldaverage

338.1

182.3

102.4

161.0

63.4

50.2
http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/


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Level of humandevelopment(HDI)

Projections for all cancers in 2030a by HDI and sex (counts in millions)

Incidence by HDI 2012 estimates 2030 projectionsPopulation Incidenceb

Very high

High

Medium

Low

Worldwide 7,054 | 8,425 14.1 | 23.6 otal projected 2030 incidence Males12.85, Females 10.77, Both23.62

Prevalence 2012

Most commonly diagnosed cancers by Human Development Index

Most prevalent cancer by country

aBased on demographic changes (UN) plus trends in rates o six cancers on the basis o changing annualage-adjusted incidence in 101 cancer registries 19882002 b Excluding non-melanoma skin cancers


MalesFemales

Both

Males

FemalesBoth

Males

FemalesBoth

MalesFemales

Both

5.0

3.8

1.8

1.7

3.5

4.73.8

0.71.0

1.7

3.1

2.7

5.8

1.1

1.1

2.1

2.9

2.45.2

0.40.40.50.50.90.9

8.8

8.6

Breast- 151 countriesworldwide

Cervix- 30 countriesinArica, the Americas and Asia

Thyroid - South Korea

Prostate- 124 countriesworlwide

Bowel - 23 countriesin Arica, Asiaand Eastern Europe

Stomach- 9 countriesin Asia

Lip, Oral Cavity- 7 countriesinSouth-Central Asia and Melanesia

Bladder- 7 countriesin NorthernArica, Asia

Kaposi Sarcoma- Lesotho, Malawi,Mozambique, Swaziland, Zimbabwe,Zambia

Liver- Gambia, Laos

Lung- China, Vietnam

Pharynx- Bangladesh, Myanmar

Lung

0

LiverStomach

BreastBowel

Medium HDI

50 7525

Breast

0

CervixProstate

LiverOesophagus

Low HDI

50 7525

Breast

0

Lung

ProstateBowel

Stomach

High HDI

50 7525

Breast

0

Prostate

LungBowel

Stomach

Very high HDI

50 7525

Males Females

1 61

7 2

83

9

2

3

4

5

1,21914%

1,15316%

1,17414%1,042

15%

4,07249%

3,55350%

1,92523%

1,30318%

8.839%

5.841%

3.516%

2.115%

8.638%

5.237% 1.7

8%0.97%

2012 | 2030 2012 | 2030

Countries or which an HDIscore has not been defined

New cases per 100,000 population, age standardised

FemalesMales
http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/


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Tobaccois, by ar, the single mostimportant risk actor or cancer.Worldwide, it caused 22% o cancer deaths(1.7 million in 2008) and 71% o lung

cancer deaths (almost 1 million in 2008)6.

Specific Infections represent othermajor cancer risk actors with an estimated2.1 million (16.4%) o the 12.7 millionnew cases in 2008 attributable to inection.Tis raction is substantially higher in lessdeveloped regions o the world (23.4%o all cancers) than in more developedregions (7.5%). Te most importantinectious agents are Helicobacter pylori,Hepatitis B and C viruses and Humanpapillomaviruses, which together are

responsible or 1.9 million cases o gastric,liver and cervix uteri cancers, respectively7.

For other major global cancers,reproductivebehaviour and the useo exogenous hormones, as well asdifferences in weight, exercise, dietand alcoholconsumption, are thoughtto underlie worldwide differences in therisk o breast cancer while aspects o diet,particularly the consumption o red andprocessed meat, fibreand alcohol,as well as bodyweightand physical

activityare associated with the risk ocolorectal cancer. Tere is little establishedabout causes o prostate cancer, except orgenetic determinants. Other importantcauses o specific types o cancer includeobesity, excessive sunlightexposure andcertain occupationalexposures8.

Age-standardised rate (ASR).A rate is thenumber o new cases or deaths per 100,000persons per year. An age-standardisedrate is the rate that a population would

have i it had a standard age structure.Standardisation is necessary whencomparing several populations that differwith respect to age because age has apowerul influence on the risk o cancer.Te world standard population used in thisreport is as proposed by Segi9.

Human Development Index (HDI) is acomposite index o three dimensions ohuman development: i) lie expectancy(based on lie expectancy at birth); ii)educational attainment (based on a

combination o adult literacy rate andprimary to tertiary education enrolmentrates) and iii) income (based on GDPper capita adjusted or purchasing-powerparity (PPP US$)). Countries were groupedinto our levels o HDI according to theUnited Nations Development Programmeestimates or 2012: very high HDI, highHDI, medium HDI and low HDI4.

Projections.Cancer incidence in 2030 isprojected based on demographic changes(UN) plus crude assumptions on trends

in rates o six cancers on the basis ochanging annual age-adjusted incidencein 101 cancer registries 19882002: annualdecreases in stomach (2.5%) and cervicalcancer (2%) worldwide, and lung cancer(1%) in high and very high HDI areas inmen only; increases in colorectal (1%),emale breast (2%) and prostate (3%)worldwide, and lung (1%) in high and veryhigh HDI areas in women only5.

Te figures in this actsheet representthe best available estimates o the globalcancer burden but are variable in accuracy,depending on the availability and validity o

data in each country. Tis ranges rom realand valid counts o cases and deaths, throughestimates based on samples, to estimatesbased on rates in neighbouring countries.

Authorship. Tis report was prepared bythe Section o Cancer Inormation at IARC,with support rom the Statistical Inormationeam, Cancer Research UK (2014). Cite as:International Agency or Research on Cancerand Cancer Research UK. World CancerFactsheet. Cancer Research UK, London,2014.

Further information on the globalburden o cancer can be ound usingGLOBOCAN 2012 and other resourceson the CancerMondial website www-dep.iarc.fr. Te Cancer Research UK and IARCworldwide cancer report is available atwww.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/world. For inormation onthe Global Initiative or Cancer RegistryDevelopment in Low- and Middle-IncomeCountries, see gicr.iarc.fr.

Notes

References

GlossaryRisk factors

www.iarc.fr www.cruk.org/cancerstats

Low HDI: Aghanistan; Angola; Bangladesh; Benin; Burkina Faso; Burundi; Cameroon; CentralArican Republic; Chad; Comoros; Congo; Cte d'ivoire; Democratic Republic o the Congo;Djibouti; Eritrea; Ethiopia; Gambia; Guinea; Guinea-Bissau; Haiti; Kenya; Lesotho; Liberia;Madagascar; Malawi; Mali; Mauritania; Mozambique; Myanmar; Nepal; Niger; Nigeria; Pakistan;Papua New Guinea; Rwanda; Senegal; Sierra leone; Solomon Islands; Sudan; anzania; ogo; Uganda;Yemen; Zambia; Zimbabwe. Medium HDI: Belize; Bhutan; Bolivia; Botswana; Cambodia; CapeVerde; China; Dominican Republic; Egypt; El Salvador; Equatorial Guinea; Fiji; Gabon; Ghana;Guatemala; Guyana; Honduras; India; Indonesia; Iraq; Jordan; Kyrgyzstan; Laos; Maldives; Mongolia;Morocco; Namibia; Nicaragua; Paraguay; Philippines; Samoa; South Arica; Suriname; Swaziland;Syria; ajikistan; Tailand; imor-Leste; urkmenistan; Vanuatu; Venezuela; Viet Nam. HighHDI:Albania; Algeria; Armenia; Azerbaijan; Bahamas; Bahrain; Belarus; Bosnia and Herzegovina;Brazil; Bulgaria; Colombia; Costa Rica; Cuba; Ecuador; Georgia; Iran; Jamaica; Kazakhstan; Kuwait;Lebanon; Libya; Macedonia; Malaysia; Mauritius; Mexico; Montenegro; Oman; Panama; Peru;Romania; Russian Federation; Saudi Arabia; Serbia; Sri Lanka; rinidad and obago; unisia; urkey;

Ukraine; Uruguay; Uzbekistan. Very high HDI: Argentina; Australia; Austria; Barbados; Belgium;Brunei; Canada; Chile; Croatia; Cyprus; Czech Republic; Denmark; Estonia; Finland; France;Germany; Greece; Hungary; Iceland; Ireland; Israel; Italy; Japan; Latvia; Lithuania; Luxembourg;Malta; Netherlands; New Zealand; Norway; Poland; Portugal; Qatar; Republic o Korea; Singapore;Slovakia; Slovenia; Spain; Sweden; Switzerland; United Arab Emirates; United Kingdom; UnitedStates o America.

Countries by HDI

Copyright Cancer Research UK 2014

1Ferlay J, Soerjomataram I, Ervik M, DikshitR, Eser S, Mathers C, Rebelo M, Parkin DM,Forman D, Bray, F. GLOBOCAN 2012 v1.0,Cancer Incidence and Mortality Worldwide:IARC CancerBase No. 11 [Internet]. Lyon, France:International Agency or Research on Cancer; 2013.Available rom: http://globocan.iarc.r, accessed on18/12/2013. 2Bray F, Ren JS, Masuyer E, Ferlay J.Estimates o global cancer prevalence or 27 sitesin the adult population in 2008. Int J Cancer 2013;132(5):1133-45. Epub 2012 Jul 26. 3SoerjomataramI, Lortet-ieulent J, Parkin DM, Ferlay J, Mathers C,

Forman D, Bray F. Global burden o cancer in 2008:a systematic analysis o disability-adjusted lie-yearsin 12 world regions. Lancet 2012; 380:18401850.4Human Development Report (2013) UnitedNations Development Programme (UNDP)New York. 5Bray F, Jemal A, Grey N, Ferlay J,Forman D. Global cancer transitions accordingto the Human Development Index (2008-2030):a population-based study. Lancet Oncol 2012;13:790-801. 6Eriksen M, Mackay J, Ross H (2012).Te obacco Atlas Fourth Edition. Atlanta, USA:American Cancer Society. 7De Martel C, FerlayJ, Franceschi S, et al. Global burden o cancersattributable to inections in 2008: a review andsynthetic analysis. Lancet Oncol 2012; 13:607-15.8 Cogliano V, Baan R, Strai K, et al. Preventableexposures associated with human cancers. J NatlCancer Inst 2011; 103:1827-39. 9Segi M. Cancermortality or selected sites in 24 countries (195057). Japan: Department o Public Health, ohokuUniversity o Medicine, 1960.
http://www-dep.iarc.fr/http://www-dep.iarc.fr/http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/world/http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/world/http://gicr.iarc.fr/http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/http://gicr.iarc.fr/http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/world/http://www.cancerresearchuk.org/cancer-info/cancerstats/world/http://www-dep.iarc.fr/http://www-dep.iarc.fr/

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