cryogenic engineering, cern, march 2004 cryogenic engineering cern, march 8 - 12, 2004 temperature...
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![Page 1: Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004 Cryogenic Engineering CERN, March 8 - 12, 2004 Temperature reduction by throttling and mixing Temperature reduction](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022081504/5697bf851a28abf838c875e6/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KKCryogenic Engineering
CERN, March 8 - 12, 2004
• Temperature reduction by throttling and mixing
• Temperature reduction by work extraction
• Refrigeration cycles: Efficiency, compressors, helium, hydrogen
• Cooling of devices
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KK
T 1warm
T Uwarm
T 2kalt
T 0kalt
Q 0
.Q.
Abb. 1.2.1 Von selbst ablaufender Prozeß Abb.1.2.2 Aufgabe der Kältetechnik
cold cold
Process running by itself Process needing driving power
Mankind had an intellectual difficulty with the production of refrigeration: We could not learn it from nature.
The problem: One has to add energy to remove energy.
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KK
warm
kalt
P?
P?
Q 0
.
warm
kalt
P
Q ab=Q O+P
Q 0
.
. .
Abb. 1.2.3 Zuführung der Antriebsleistung? Abb. 1.2.4 Kältemaschine
cold cold
Where should the outside power be applied
Solution: One needs an additional sytem: The
refrigerator
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KKRefrigeration cyle
• Refrigerant
• Method to increase pressure
• Method to reduce entropy
• Method to reduce the temperature
• Method to transfer the refrigeration
• Recuperation
T-s Diagramm
Flow Diagram
Refrigeration
M in im umInput P ower
T a
T 0
E ntropy
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KK
Tw
Tc
T
S
T
S
Tw
Tc
isentropic adiabatic
Cooling power
Widen the low-temperature end of the cycle as shown in the T-S diagram
Work Work
Ideal Real
S1 S2
AB
C D
AB
C D
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KKCompressor and Aftercooler
• Purpose: Increase the pressure and reduce entropy
• Types of compressors
• Volumetric compressors: piston, screw
• Turbocompressors
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KKPiston compressor
Oilfree labyrinth piston compressors. Preferred by CERN until about 1980.
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KKScrew Compressor
Oil flooded screw compressor preferred at CERN since about 1985.
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KKScrew compressor principle
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KK
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KKScrew Compressor Installation
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KK
A B C D
Fig. 2 Low Temperature Options
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KK
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KK
10
100
1000
10000
100000
1,5 2 2,5 3 3,5 4 4,5
Refrigeration Temperature (K)
Re
frig
era
tio
n R
ate
(W
)
B
AE
CD
RIA
LHC
CEBAF
Tore Supra
ELBE
HERA
Tevatron
A Cold Ejector
B Cold Piston Compressor C Cold Turbocompressor, One Stage D Cold Turbocompressor Multi Stage
E Warm Vacuum Pump
Fig. 3 Cold Compressor diagram [3]
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KK
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KK
The four-stage LHC cold compressors1st stage
Cold Compressor Cartridges of 2.4 kW @ 1.8 K Refrigeration Units
IHI-Linde
Cold compressor impeller
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KKIsentropic Efficiency of Cold
Compressors
0
10
20
30
40
50
60
70
80
1985 1993 2000Year of construction
Ise
ntr
op
ic e
ffici
en
cy [%
]
Tore Supra
CEBAF
LHC
12
12'is HH
HHη
Tem
pera
ture
(T
)
Entropy (s)
P1
P2
1
2
2'
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KKFlow Compliance of “Mixed” Compression
N2
N3
Stall line
Choke line
Volumetric
P inter
Flow
P out (fixed)
P inter
P in (fixed)
Hydrodynamic
Volumetric
For fixed overall inlet & outlet conditions, coupling of the two machinesvia P inter maintains the operating point in the allowed range
N1
Flow (variable)
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KKHow to evaluate efficiency and to identify
losses• When discussing expanders, we shortly
talked about reversibility• In power engineering there is always a best
method to do something, i. e. no unnecessary losses = reversibility
• Losses can be idebtified by the deviation from reversibility
• Comparison is the input power• We have to give refrigeration a value in the
scale of the input power• Carnot ratio
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KKThe definition of exergy
• Minimum amount of work to produce refrigeration
• Exergy= Mimimum Power= Q*(Ta-T0)/T0
• Minimum amount of power to change the state of a fluid from an initial state 1 to a final state 2:
• e2-e1 = h2-h1 + Ta*(s2-s1)
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KKCycle for liquefaction of
hydrogenThe Exergy Mountains
Prometheus(prehistoric)
Min
imu
m P
ow
er
to o
bta
in
Heati
ng
or
Cool in
g (
W/W
)
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KK
Specific exergy of cold copper and helium
0
1000
2000
3000
4000
5000
6000
7000
8000
1 10 100 1000
Temperature
Sp
ecif
ic E
xerg
y (k
J/kg
) Copper (100*)
20 bar
2.2 bar
1 bar
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KK
Stored exergy in the cooled-down LHC
Mass (tons)
Specific Exergy (MJ/kg)
Stored Exergy (GJ)
Helium 96 6.8 660 Metal 36.000 0.065 2.340 Total 3.000 Magnetic energy
10
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KK
• Helium is recovered from natural gas
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KK
Annual Helium Recovery and Sales (USA)
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
1960 1970 1980 1990 2000
Year
Vo
lum
e o
f H
eli
um
(M
ill
Nm
3 /ye
ar)
Sold
Recovered
Difference: Added or removed from reserve
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KK
1999 Helium World Production (Estimated by U.S. Geological Survey)
Produced 106
Nm3/year
Liquefied 106 Nm3/year
Shipments per year
Shipments per week
United States 118,0 69,0 (export 29,3)
2450 49
Algeria 16,0 16,0 550 11 Russia 4,2 4,2 150 3 Poland 1,4 1,4 50 1 Total 139,6 90,6 3200 64 (15.000 l/h)
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KK
00 1910 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 1990
LIQ
UE
FA
CT
ION
RA
TE
YE A R
0,1
1
10
100
1000
10000
0,4
4
40
400
4000
40000
RE
FR
IGE
RA
TIO
N R
AT
E
Wl/h
Development of the size of helium refrige-rators and liquefiers in the last century.
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KKC.O.P. of Large Cryogenic Helium Refrigerators
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KK
Joule-Thomson Wet ExpanderCollins (ca. 1965)
JT - TurbineFNAL 1975
Double JT - TurbineDESY HERA 1985
Triple JT -TurbineCERN LEP 1990
18 23 23 28 30Efficiency (%)
COP (W el /W refr ) 224240290290370
Fig. 4 Development of the Joule-Thomson Stage of Large Helium Refrigerators
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KK
HX 1
HX 3
HX 4
HX 5
HX 6
HX 7
HX 10
HX 9
HX 11
HX 8
HX 2
5 - 8 KShield
40 - 80 KShield
2 K Load
T 1
T 2/3
T 4/5
T 6T 7
T 8
T 9
CC 2
CC 1
CC 3
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KKTable 1 Cryogenic Accelerator and Fusion Projects
Project Location Capacity
(kW at 4.4 K) No. Refr
Refr. below 4.4 K Status
Accelerators Tevatron Fermilab 30 2+12 1.2 kW at 3.6 K operation RHIC Brookhaven 25 operation HERA DESY 30 3 4 kW at 3.7 K operation CEBAF TJNAF 12 5 kW at 2.0 K operation LEP CERN 72 4 stopped S-DALINAC Darmstadt 0.4 0.1 kW at 2.0 K operation ELBE Rossendorf 0.6 0.2 kW at 1.8 K operation LHC CERN 144 8 2.4 kW at 1.8 K construction Oak Ridge 12 5 kW at 2.0 K construction TESLA DESY 140 7 5 kW at 2.0 K adv. planning RIA [1] Argonne 30 8.6 kW at 2.0 K early planning SIS 100+200 GSI Darmstadt 20 ? early planning SASE-FEL BESSY 12 3.6 kW at 1.8 K early planning
Fusion MFTF Livermore 12 2 stopped JET Culham 1.5 2 0.6 kW at 3.8 K operation Tore Supra Cadarache 2 0.3 kW at 1.75 K operation TOSKA Karlsruhe 3 2 kW at 3.7 K operation LHD Toki 8 operation Wendelstein Greifswald 4 3 kW at 3.5 K construction SST-1 India 1 construction KSTAR Korea 10 construction ITER ? 120 planning
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KKHistory of gas liquefaction
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KK
History of use of liquid hydrogen
Hydrogen Bomb
HeavyWater
Commercial Supply
Rockets
Cold Neutron SourceBubble Chambers
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KK
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KK
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KK
Liquid Hydrogen
FuelledRocket
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KK
BEBC (Big European Bubble Chamber at CERN)
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KKLiquid Hydrogen Fuelled Car
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KK
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KKLiquid hydrogen tank in car
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KKHydrogen
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
0 50 100 150 200 250 300
Temperature (K)
Sp
ecif
ic E
xerg
y (M
J/kg
)
0.1 MPa
2
10 MPa
4
6
e - H2
20,4
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Cryogenic Engineering, CERN, March 2004
KKFuture Large Scale Hydrogen Liquefier
Feed
Product
Helium -Neon-Cycle
Propane
Hydrogen Com pressors
ColdH 2 Com pressor
M ain Com pressorBrake Com pressors
of T urb ines
HydrogenExpander
Expected Efficiency:60 % of Carnot7 kWh/kg LH2