CRUISE REPORT C219

Scientific data collected aboard SSV Corwith Cramer

Woods Hole, Massachusetts – St. Georges, Bermuda – Roseau, Dominica – Christiansted, St. Croix USVI

14 October – 20 November, 2008

In memory of the 2-meter net, may her cod end jar always be full. Photo by Jeff Schell

Sea Education Association

Woods Hole, Massachusetts

Contact Information: Dr. Jeffrey M. Schell Sea Education Association P.O. Box 6 Woods Hole, MA 02543 508-540-3954 (phone) 800-552-3633 (phone) 508-457-4673 (fax) www.sea.edu

Table of Contents Table 1 Ship’s Company 2 Data Description

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Figure 1 Cruise track 4 Table 2 Summary of oceanographic sampling stations 5-7 Figure 2a Surface water hydrographic regions : entire cruise track 8 Figure 2b Surface water hydrographic regions: New England 9 Figure 2c Surface water hydrographic regions: Tropical Transition 10 Table 3 Surface Station data 11-12 Table 4 CTD station data 13-14 Table 5 Hydrocast station data 15-19 Figure 3a CTD cross-section plots: entire cruise track 20 Figure 3b

CTD sensor (PAR, Chl-a fluorescence, CDOM fluorescence) cross-section plots: entire cruise track

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Figure 4a-c Secchi disc comparison to PAR irradiance measurements 22 Table 6 Secchi disc station data 22 Figure 5a Hydrocast station data: dissolved oxygen, extracted chlorophyll-a,

phosphate 23

Figure 5b Hydrocast station data: pH, alkalinity 24 Figure 6a Surface and depth averaged current magnitude and direction: New England

to the Gulf Stream 25

Figure 6b Surface and depth averaged current magnitude and direction: Sargasso Sea 26 Figure 6c Surface and depth averaged current magnitude and direction: Tropical

Transition 27

Table 7 Neuston net station data 28-29 Table 8 Meter net station data 30 Table 9 Glow net station data 31 Table 10 Phytoplankton net station data 31 Table 11 Dip net station data 32-34 Table 12 Zooplankton 100 count data 35-37 Table 13 Bathyphotometer station data 38 Table 14 Sediment station data 38 Table 15 Student Research Topics 39-40

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Table 1. C219 Ship’s crew and student participants Nautical Staff Steve Tarrant Captain Matt Glen Chief Mate Tom Sullivan (Sully) 2nd Mate Erin Bostrom 3rd Mate Rick Hamilton Engineer Mackenzie Haberman Asst Engineer Lillian Corbin Steward Scientific Staff Jeff Schell Chief Scientist Carolyn Lipke 1st Scientist Maia Theophanis 2nd Scientist Laura Nelson 3rd Scientist Students Michaela Clark-Nagaoka Sarah Lawrence College Alison Feibel University of Chicago Makaila Gallup University of Rhode Island Anne Gerhard Willamette University Caleb Grillo Milton Academy Alorah Harman Wellesley College Nicholas Iannacone University of Rhode Island Jana Lepon Harvard University Charles Lovering Colorado College Paul Marsala University of Rhode Island Adrian Mason Colgate University Gabriel Matthias University of Rhode Island Heather McGee Beloit College Michael Raymond Davidson College Catherine Roney Northeastern University Sarah Schmidt Vassar College Rachel Schneider Sarah Lawrence College Mollie Stone Northeastern University Michael Syslo St. Lawrence University Margaret Tomann Villanova University Hannah Waterhouse Bryn Mawr College Gillian Wysock University of Hawaii, Hilo

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Data Description This cruise report provides a record of data collected during the cruise C219 aboard the SSV

Corwith Cramer from Woods Hole, Massachusetts with stops in St. Georges, Bermuda and Roseau, Dominica en route to Christiansted, St. Croix, USVI (Figure 1). We collected data with 166 individual deployments from 65 discrete stations (Table 2) along our cruise track.

In addition we continuously sampled water depth, sub-bottom features (2-7 kHz CHIRP) and upper water column current direction and magnitude (ADCP). In addition, sea surface (~2-3m) temperature, salinity, in vivo chlorophyll-a and CDOM fluorescence, and transmissivity were recorded continuously with a clean seawater flow-thru system. This report summarizes physical, chemical, biological, and geologic characteristics along our cruise track.

The C219 cruise track traversed several oceanic regions that can be distinguished by their sea surface temperature, salinity, and chlorophyll-a fluorescence values (Figures 2a-c). Discrete surface water samples were periodically collected along the cruise track to measure nutrient and extracted chlorophyll-a concentrations, as well as pH and alkalinity (Table 3). Sub-surface water masses and their chemical properties were also surveyed using a 12 bottle carousel equipped with a CTD and various instruments (Tables 4 and 5). Large scale hydrography is summarized by surface and contour plots of temperature, salinity, and density (Figure 3a). Similar contour plots of PAR, and in vivo chlorophyll-a and CDOM fluorescence are also provided (Figure 3b). For comparison, secchi disc estimates of light penetration are plotted against PAR irradiance measurements (Figures 4a-c, Table 6). Sub-surface distribution of dissolved oxygen, nutrients, pH and alkalinity revealed expected relationships (Figures 5a-b). Oceanic currents are summarized by contour (magnitude and direction) and surface vector plots for important geographic regions: New England coastal region (Figures 6a), NW and SW Sargasso Sea (Figures 7b), and the transition to Tropical waters east of the Lesser Antilles (Figure 6c).

Collection of zooplankton and micronekton communities were conducted regularly at the surface using a neuston net (Table 7), and periodically at depths of 300m using meter nets (Table 8). Meter nets were also drifted near surface to collect foraminifera, radiolaria and pelagic gastropods. Attraction of zooplankton to specific wavelengths of light was determined using smaller diameter drift nets rigged with Cyalume lights (Table 9). The phytoplankton community was also surveyed along the cruise track (Table 10). Collection of Sargassum weed and associated community of organisms occurred regularly (Table 11). Zooplankton diversity and taxa composition was examined for all nets (Table 12). In addition, vertical and horizontal distribution patterns of myctophids (lantern fish), the marine insect Halobates, eel (Leptocephali) and spiny lobster (Phyllosoma) larvae were studied in relation to environmental characteristics. Results, not reported here, are available upon request through SEA. The vertical distribution of bioluminescent activity was recorded along the cruise track in relation to diel and lunar cycles (Table 13). Seafloor sediments were collected using either a shipek grab or Fisher scoop. Brief qualitative descriptions of sediments are provided (Table 14); however, additional data (grain size) are available upon request. Additional CTD, CHIRP, ADCP and biological data not reported here are available on request through Sea Education Association (SEA) and the Chief Scientist. The information in this report is not intended to represent final interpretation of the data and should not be excerpted or cited without written permission from SEA.

As part of SEA’s educational program, undergraduates conducted independent oceanographic research during the cruise. Project explored regionally, relevant topics in the disciplines of physical, chemical, and biological oceanography (Table 15). Student research efforts culminated in a written report and public presentation to the ship’s company. These papers are available on request from SEA. Jeff Schell, Chief Scientist, C219

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Figure 1. Final cruise track for C219 based on hourly (local time) positions. Oceanic biomes recognized during C219 include several regions defined by their underlying bathymetry: Easton Bay (Rhode Island), continental shelf and continental slope waters of coastal New England and waters over the Puerto Rico Trench. Open ocean biomes included the Gulf Stream, North and South Sargasso Sea, the North Equatorial Current (NEC) and the Tropical waters east of the Lesser Antilles.

Woods Hole, MA, USA

Bermuda, United Kingdom

Roseau, Dominica

St. Croix, USVI

Continental shelf

Continental slope

Easton Bay, RI

Gulf Stream

North Sargasso

South Sargasso

Tropics

Puerto Rico Trench NEC

Woods Hole, MA, USA

Bermuda, United Kingdom

Roseau, Dominica

St. Croix, USVI

Continental shelf

Continental slope

Easton Bay, RI

Gulf Stream

North Sargasso

South Sargasso

Tropics

Puerto Rico Trench NEC

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Table 2. Summary of oceanographic sampling stations for C219. Station # (C219-)

Date (2008)

Time (local +4

GMT)

Log (nm) Lat (dec Deg N)

Lon (dec Deg W)

Location Station Type

001 15-Oct 1516 Hb 41.40 -70.86 Continental Shelf HC 001 15-Oct 1516 Hb 41.40 -70.86 Continental Shelf SD 002 16-Oct 1006 Hb 41.38 -70.84 Continental Shelf MN 002 16-Oct 1043 Hb 41.39 -70.84 Continental Shelf PN 002 16-Oct 1020 Hb 41.39 -70.83 Continental Shelf SG 003 16-Oct 2058 48 41.17 -70.83 Continental Shelf NT 004 17-Oct 1651 170 39.66 -68.98 Continental Slope HC 004 17-Oct 1631 171 39.66 -68.98 Continental Slope PN 004 17-Oct 1640 169 39.66 -68.98 Continental Slope SD 005 18-Oct 1038 274 41.04 -70.51 Continental Shelf HC 005 18-Oct 1028 274 41.16 -70.51 Continental Shelf MN 005 18-Oct 1108 274 41.15 -70.51 Continental Shelf NT 005 18-Oct 1028 274 41.16 -70.51 Continental Shelf PN 006 19-Oct 0039 313 41.48 -71.28 Easton Bay, RI GN 007 19-Oct 2336 313 41.48 -71.28 Easton Bay, RI GN 008 20-Oct 1614 354 40.70 -71.04 Continental Shelf NT 009 21-Oct 0107 392 40.03 -71.06 Continental Shelf NT 010 21-Oct 1013 436 39.33 -70.63 Continental Slope CTD 010 21-Oct 1126 436 39.35 -70.63 Continental Slope DN 010 21-Oct 1126 436 39.35 -70.63 Continental Slope MN 011 22-Oct 0922 566 37.01 -69.26 Continental Slope CTD 011 22-Oct 0937 566 37.24 -69.24 Continental Slope MN 011 22-Oct 0931 566 37.24 -69.24 Continental Slope PN 012 22-Oct 1410 586 37.08 -68.53 Continental Slope DN 013 22-Oct 2025 624 36.61 -67.96 S. Edge of Gulf Stream BP 013 22-Oct 2108 624 36.60 -67.94 S. Edge of Gulf Stream CTD 014 23-Oct 0011 637 36.52 -67.66 S. Edge of Gulf Stream BP 014 23-Oct 0120 637 36.50 -67.64 S. Edge of Gulf Stream CTD 015 23-Oct 0437 649 36.27 -67.49 North Sargasso BP 015 23-Oct 0509 649 36.26 -67.47 North Sargasso CTD 016 23-Oct 0750 663 36.06 -67.24 North Sargasso DN 017 23-Oct 1022 677 35.88 -67.02 North Sargasso CTD 017 23-Oct 1035 677 35.88 -67.02 North Sargasso DN 017 23-Oct 1137 677 35.86 -67.01 North Sargasso NT 018 23-Oct 2021 717 35.23 -66.41 North Sargasso CTD 019 24-Oct 1309 795 34.07 -65.19 North Sargasso CTD 019 24-Oct 1320 795 34.07 -65.19 North Sargasso MN 019 24-Oct 1327 795 34.06 -65.19 North Sargasso PN 019 24-Oct 1245 795 34.08 -65.19 North Sargasso SD 020 24-Oct 1712 804 33.87 -65.03 North Sargasso DN 021 24-Oct 2120 818 33.66 -64.83 North Sargasso MN 022 25-Oct 1212 879 32.62 -64.21 North Sargasso DN 022 25-Oct 1018 878 32.65 -64.19 North Sargasso HC 022 25-Oct 1032 878 32.65 -64.19 North Sargasso MN 022 25-Oct 1201 878 32.65 -64.19 North Sargasso NT 022 25-Oct 1025 878 32.65 -64.19 North Sargasso PN 022 25-Oct 1018 878 33.48 -64.19 North Sargasso SD

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Station # (C219-)

Date (2008)

Time (local +4

GMT)

Log (nm) Lat (dec Deg N)

Lon (dec Deg W)

Location Station Type

023 25-Oct 2127 931 31.73 -64.05 North Sargasso NT 024 26-Oct 0900 978 30.79 -64.16 North Sargasso HC 024 26-Oct 0908 978 30.79 -64.16 North Sargasso MN 024 26-Oct 0911 978 30.79 -64.16 North Sargasso PN 024 26-Oct 0900 978 30.79 -64.16 North Sargasso SD 025 26-Oct 2105 1011 30.51 -64.25 North Sargasso CTD 025 26-Oct 2121 1011 30.52 -64.25 North Sargasso GN 026 27-Oct 0940 1014 30.50 -64.01 North Sargasso DN 026 27-Oct 1042 1014 30.53 -63.95 North Sargasso HC 026 27-Oct 1050 1014 30.53 -63.95 North Sargasso MN 026 27-Oct 1053 1014 30.53 -63.95 North Sargasso PN 026 27-Oct 1042 1014 30.53 -63.95 North Sargasso SD 027’ 30-Oct 0033 1020 32.38 -64.68 Bermuda GN 027 31-Oct 0838 1125 32.34 -64.58 North Sargasso DN 028 31-Oct 1601 1168 31.76 -63.89 North Sargasso DN 029 31-Oct 2105 1187 31.39 -63.56 North Sargasso BP 029 31-Oct 2023 1187 31.41 -63.57 North Sargasso CTD 029 31-Oct 2127 1187 31.39 -63.55 North Sargasso NT 030 1-Nov 0038 1200 31.20 -63.39 North Sargasso BP 030 1-Nov 0010 1200 31.21 -63.39 North Sargasso CTD 031 1-Nov 0450 1217 30.93 -63.14 North Sargasso BP 031 1-Nov 0418 1217 30.94 -63.14 North Sargasso CTD 032 1-Nov 1013 1250 30.45 -62.71 North Sargasso CTD 033 1-Nov 2223 1325 29.35 -61.77 North Sargasso MN 034 2-Nov 0857 1382 28.60 -61.04 South Sargasso HC 034 2-Nov 0859 1382 28.60 -61.04 South Sargasso MN 034 2-Nov 0901 1382 28.60 -61.04 South Sargasso PN 034 2-Nov 0857 1382 28.60 -61.04 South Sargasso SD 035 2-Nov 1604 1410 28.22 -60.72 South Sargasso CTD 036 2-Nov 2005 1427 27.99 -60.55 South Sargasso NT 037 3-Nov 0831 1504 26.98 -59.58 South Sargasso HC 037 3-Nov 0838 1504 26.98 -59.58 South Sargasso MN 037 3-Nov 0840 1504 26.98 -59.58 South Sargasso PN 037 3-Nov 0831 1504 26.98 -59.58 South Sargasso SD 038 3-Nov 2118 1565 25.94 -59.15 South Sargasso CTD 038 3-Nov 2018 1565 25.96 -59.14 South Sargasso MN 039 4-Nov 0929 1613 25.08 -59.04 South Sargasso CTD 039 4-Nov 1050 1613 25.07 -59.06 South Sargasso NT 040 4-Nov 2011 1667 24.37 -58.96 South Sargasso CTD 040 4-Nov 2145 1668 24.43 -58.99 South Sargasso NT 041 5-Nov 0847 1714 23.48 -58.88 South Sargasso CTD 041 5-Nov 0852 1714 23.48 -58.88 South Sargasso MN 041 5-Nov 0852 1714 23.48 -58.88 South Sargasso PN 041 5-Nov 0847 1714 23.48 -58.88 South Sargasso SD 042 5-Nov 1633 1746 22.98 -58.80 South Sargasso DN 043 5-Nov 2057 1764 22.68 -58.74 South Sargasso CTD 043 5-Nov 2100 1764 22.68 -58.74 South Sargasso GN

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Station # (C219-)

Date (2008)

Time (local +4

GMT)

Log (nm) Lat (dec Deg N)

Lon (dec Deg W)

Location Station Type

043 5-Nov 2218 1764 22.68 -58.76 South Sargasso NT 044 6-Nov 0835 1820 21.81 -58.62 South Sargasso CTD 044 6-Nov 0927 1820 21.81 -58.63 South Sargasso DN 044 6-Nov 1003 1820 21.81 -58.65 South Sargasso NT 045 6-Nov 2017 1883 20.79 -58.62 South Sargasso CTD 045 6-Nov 2140 1883 20.77 -58.64 South Sargasso NT 046 7-Nov 0959 1945 19.70 -58.63 Tropics CTD 046 7-Nov 0854 1945 19.71 -58.61 Tropics HC 046 7-Nov 0859 1945 19.71 -58.61 Tropics MN 046 7-Nov 0859 1945 19.71 -58.61 Tropics PN 046 7-Nov 0000 1945 19.71 -58.61 Tropics SD 047 7-Nov 2100 1994 18.82 -58.62 Tropics BP 047 7-Nov 2036 1994 18.83 -58.61 Tropics CTD 048 7-Nov 0001 2005 18.60 -58.82 Tropics BP 048 8-Nov 0037 2005 18.59 -58.67 Tropics CTD 049 8-Nov 0408 2018 18.37 -58.78 Tropics BP 049 8-Nov 0438 2018 18.36 -58.79 Tropics CTD 050 8-Nov 0840 2034 18.09 -58.87 Tropics CTD 050 8-Nov 1005 2034 18.08 -58.88 Tropics NT 051 8-Nov 2026 2084 17.34 -59.35 Tropics MN 051 8-Nov 2138 2084 17.29 -59.34 Tropics NT 052 9-Nov 0838 2144 16.44 -59.95 Tropics HC 052 9-Nov 0846 2144 16.44 -59.95 Tropics MN 052 9-Nov 0844 2144 16.44 -59.95 Tropics PN 052 9-Nov 0838 2144 16.44 -59.95 Tropics SD 053 9-Nov 1504 2163 16.10 -60.16 Tropics CTD 054 9-Nov 2018 2186 15.84 -60.55 Tropics NT 055 9-Nov 2350 2201 15.66 -60.77 Tropics NT 056 10-Nov 0423 2214 15.47 -61.00 Tropics NT 057 10-Nov 1138 2241 15.24 -61.38 Dominica Shelf SG 058 12-Nov 0117 2241 15.29 -61.38 Dominica Shelf GN 059 14-Nov 2028 2314 16.07 -62.14 Tropics BP 059 14-Nov 2001 2314 16.07 -62.14 Tropics CTD 060 15-Nov 0037 2330 16.32 -62.23 Tropics BP 060 15-Nov 0011 2230 16.33 -62.22 Tropics CTD 061 15-Nov 0536 2344 16.65 -62.31 Tropics BP 061 15-Nov 0423 2344 16.67 -62.28 Tropics CTD 063 16-Nov 2339 2577 19.34 -64.05 Puerto Rico Trench CTD 063 15-Nov 0941 2363 16.69 -62.23 Montserrat Shelf SG 064 18-Nov 0915 2733 18.37 -64.68 Drake Passage FS

Duplicate station numbers indicate multiple oceanographic deployments that either occurred concurrently in the same location or were deployed sequentially in the same general location after the vessel was hove to. General Locations are categorized by traditional oceanic biomes or significant geologic feature. Abbreviations for oceanographic equipment deployed are: NT – neuston tow, DN – dip net, GN – illuminated drift net (glow net), PN – phytoplankton net, MN – meter net (either 1 or 2 m diameter), CTD – conductivity, temperature and depth profiler, HC – hydrocast with 12 Niskin bottles, SG – shipek grab, BP – bathyphotometer, and FS – Fisher scoop. Station 027’ that occurred at anchor in Bermuda was never recorded in the Science Logbook and thus has a station number to indicate it chronological position, but station numbering was not reconfigured to reflect this omission.

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Figure 2a. Surface water hydrographic regions for C219: Entire cruise track. Oceanic biomes recognized by surface hydrographic conditions are: New England continental shelf and slope water, Gulf Stream, Northern and Southern Sargasso Sea, and Tropical waters.

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Figure 2b. Surface water hydrographic regions for C219: New England region. Boundaries between oceanic biomes recognized by surface hydrographic conditions are: continental shelf and slope water, the Gulf Stream, and the Northern Sargasso Sea.

Continental shelf

Continental slope

Gulf Stream

North Sargasso

Continental shelf

Continental slope

Gulf Stream

North Sargasso

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Figure 2c. Surface water hydrographic regions for C219: Tropical transition. Boundaries between oceanic biomes recognized by surface hydrographic conditions are: the Southern Sargasso Sea, North Equatorial Current (NEC) and Tropical waters.

NEC

South Sargasso

Tropics

NEC

South Sargasso

Tropics

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Table 3. Surface station location and instrument sensor data for C219.

Station # (C219-)

Date (2008)

Time (local +4 GMT)

Log (nm)

Lat (dec Deg N)

Lon (dec Deg W)

Temp (°C)

Salinity (ppt)

chl-a Fluor (volts x30)

HC-001 #13 15-Oct 1648 Hb 41.4 -70.8 16.8 31.8 6680 SS-001 16-Oct 1057 7 41.4 -70.8 16.7 31.9 3074 SS-002 16-Oct 2105 48 41.2 -70.8 16.7 31.9 3074 HC-004 #13 17-Oct 1645 171 39.7 -69.0 19.2 34.3 2463 HC-005 #13 18-Oct 1037 274 41.2 -70.5 15.5 32.0 3884 SS-003 20-Oct 1626 355 40.7 -71.0 16.4 33.6 3187 SS-004 21-Oct 0114 392 40.0 -71.1 20.7 35.6 1847 SS-005 22-Oct 0940 566 37.2 -69.2 22.7 35.7 1667 SS-006 23-Oct 1137 677 35.9 -67.0 24.2 36.4 494 SS-007 24-Oct 1337 795 34.1 -65.2 25.0 36.6 308 HC-022 #13 25-Oct 1039 878 32.6 -64.2 24.8 36.6 277 SS-008 25-Oct 2129 934 31.7 -64.1 24.8 36.6 348 HC-024 #13 26-Oct 0916 978 30.8 -64.2 25.6 36.4 320 HC-026 #13 27-Oct 1057 Hb 30.5 -64.0 25.6 36.8 386 HC-034 #13 2-Nov 0900 1382 28.6 -61.0 25.6 36.9 400 SS-009 2-Nov 2010 1427 28.0 -60.5 26.2 36.8 497 HC-037 #13 3-Nov 0845 1504 27.0 -59.6 26.3 36.9 462 SS-010 4-Nov 0931 1613 25.1 -59.0 27.4 36.6 481 SS-011 4-Nov 2200 1658 24.4 -59.0 27.4 36.4 617 HC-041 #13 5-Nov 0859 1714 23.5 -58.9 27.6 36.4 652 SS-012 5-Nov 2300 1768 22.7 -58.7 27.7 36.2 722 SS-013 6-Nov 1010 1821 21.8 -58.7 28.0 35.8 778 SS-014 6-Nov 2145 1884 20.8 -58.6 27.9 35.7 915 HC-046 #13 7-Nov 0934 1945 19.7 -58.6 28.1 35.6 994 SS-015 8-Nov 1008 2034 18.1 -58.9 28.4 35.3 1237 SS-016 8-Nov 2144 2084 17.3 -59.3 28.2 35.0 1412 HC-052 #13 9-Nov 0849 2144 16.4 -60.0 28.6 35.0 1550

Table 3 contintued. Water sample analysis for Surface stations from C219.

Station # (C219-)

O2 (ml/l)

PO4 (µM) SiO2 (µM) NO3 (µM) Chl-a (µg/l)

pH Alkalinity (mEq)

HC-001 #13 0.596 3.696 SS-001 0.610 3.817 2.428 7.928 2.491 SS-002 0.363 0.364 HC-004 #13 5.41 0.121 2.797 0.107 0.487 8.062 2.822

HC-005 #13 5.70 0.769 7.783 1.252 7.825 3.091 SS-003 0.331 0.624 SS-004 0.000 0.190 8.070 2.707 SS-005 0.042 5.884 0.470 8.232 2.986 SS-006 0.079 0.078 SS-007 6.04 0.069 4.312 0.117 0.072 8.090 2.290 HC-022 #13 4.77 0.000 2.367 0.226 0.020 8.123 3.120 SS-008 0.004 0.065 HC-024 #13 4.76 0.000 3.929 0.024 8.102 2.621 HC-026 #13 4.86 0.042 2.572 0.019 8.110 2.462 HC-034 #13 0.034 5.463 0.058 8.089 2.208

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Station # (C219-)

O2 (ml/l)

PO4 (µM) SiO2 (µM) NO3 (µM) Chl-a (µg/l)

pH Alkalinity (mEq)

SS-009 0.044 0.045 HC-037 #13 4.34 0.020 1.82 0.349 0.061 8.084 2.875 SS-010 0.034 0.041 SS-011 0.068 0.034 HC-041 #13 4.55 0.068 5.59 0.119 0.030 8.155 2.928 SS-012 0.015 0.033 SS-013 0.044 0.057 SS-014 0.073 0.044 HC-046 #13 4.37 0.039 4.30 0.035 8.128 2.496 SS-015 0.000 0.043 SS-016 0.020 0.038 HC-052 #13 4.52 0.083 5.46 0.072 0.066 8.145 2.794

Surface water samples were collected using a clean, seawater flow-thru system (intake ~ 1-3m depth) with in-line temperature, salinity and in vivo chlorophyll-a, fluorescence sensors. Discrete water samples were collected for dissolved oxygen using Winkler titrations; phosphate (PO4), silicate (SiO2) and nitrate (NO3) analysis, measured by colorimetric analysis with an Ocean Optics Chem2000 digital spectrophotometer; and extracted chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations, measured with a Turner Designs Model 10-AU Fluorometer following methods outlined in Parsons, Maita and Lalli , A Manual of Chemical and Biological Methods for Seawater Analysis, Pergamon Press 1984. Chlorophyll-a samples were filtered through 0.45 µm filters. Seawater pH was determined using the indicator dye m-cresol purple and spectrophotometric measurement. Alkalinity was measured using the Gran Titration technique (Morel and Hering, Principles and Applications of Aquatic Chemistry Wiley Science 1993). A blank space indicates that no sample was collected for that analysis.

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Table 4. CTD station data for C219. Station # (C219)

Date (2008)

Local Time (+4 GMT)

Cast Depth (m)

Locale Water Samples

PAR CDOM Tx Chl-a fluor

001 15-Oct 1516 21 Continental Shelf X X X X 004 17-Oct 1651 598 Continental Slope X X X X 005 18-Oct 1038 33 Continental Shelf X X X X 010 21-Oct 1013 1161 Continental Slope X 011 22-Oct 0922 380 Continental Slope X 013 22-Oct 2108 93 S. Edge of Gulf Stream X 014 23-Oct 0120 131 S. Edge of Gulf Stream X 015 23-Oct 0509 150 North Sargasso X 017 23-Oct 1022 1132 North Sargasso X 018 23-Oct 2021 731 North Sargasso X 019 24-Oct 1309 910 North Sargasso X 022 25-Oct 1018 651 North Sargasso X X X X 024 26-Oct 0900 621 North Sargasso X X X X 025 26-Oct 2105 917 North Sargasso X 026 27-Oct 1042 576 North Sargasso X X X X 029 31-Oct 2023 195 North Sargasso X 030 1-Nov 0010 246 North Sargasso X 031 1-Nov 0418 192 North Sargasso X 032 1-Nov 1013 1158 North Sargasso X 034 2-Nov 0857 606 South Sargasso X X X X 035 2-Nov 1604 1293 South Sargasso X 037 3-Nov 0831 639 South Sargasso X X X X 038 3-Nov 2118 1167 South Sargasso X 039 4-Nov 0929 1348 South Sargasso X 040 4-Nov 2011 1268 South Sargasso X 041 5-Nov 0847 573 South Sargasso X X X 043 5-Nov 2057 1318 South Sargasso X 044 6-Nov 0835 1280 South Sargasso X 045 6-Nov 2017 1288 South Sargasso X 046 7-Nov 0854 616 Tropics X X X X 046 7-Nov 0959 1208 Tropics X 047 7-Nov 2036 148 Tropics X 048 8-Nov 0037 155 Tropics X

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Station # (C219)

Date (2008)

Local Time (+4 GMT)

Cast Depth (m)

Locale Water Samples

PAR CDOM Tx Chl-a fluor

049 8-Nov 0438 150 Tropics X 050 8-Nov 0840 1224 Tropics X 052 9-Nov 0838 540 Tropics X X X X 053 9-Nov 1504 1193 Tropics X 059 14-Nov 2001 135 Tropics X 060 15-Nov 0011 135 Tropics X 061 15-Nov 0423 176 Tropics X 063 16-Nov 2339 1117 Puerto Rico Trench X

Seabird SEACAT Profiler Model SBE 19plus Conductivity-Temperature-Depth unit. Various attached sensors: Biospherical Instrument’s PAR sensor (QSP-2300); Seapoint in-vivo chlorophyll-a fluorometer; Wet Labs in vivo CDOM WETStar fluorometer; and a Wet Labs C-Star transmissometer (25 cm path length, 650 nm).

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Table 5. Hydrocast station data for C219.

Station # (C219-)

Bottle # Depth (m)

O2 (ml/l) AOU (ml/l)

PO4 (µM)

SiO2 (µM)

NO3 (µM)

Chl-a (µg/l)

pH Alkalinity (mEq)

Continental 13 0 0.596 3.696

Shelf 11 5 6.12 -0.51 0.568 1.296 Stn 001 7 11 5.53 0.08 0.662 1.540

5 12 3 13 5.59 0.02 0.643 0.946

Continental 13 0 5.41 -0.17 0.121 2.80 0.107 0.487 8.062 2.822 Slope 12 11 0.205 0.311 0.260 7.932

Stn 004 11 20 5.19 -0.11 0.163 0.200 7.975 2.947 10 39 0.139 0.262 0.207 7.982 9 79 3.87 1.58 0.606 0.028 7.758 2.962 8 100 0.666 3.602 0.015 7.789 7 149 1.035 9.572 0.006 7.681 6 199 3.74 2.30 1.333 0.002 7.569 2.995 5 249 1.501 0.004 7.658 4 298 1.687 7.628 3 397 1.431 7.613 2 496 1.300 7.624 1 586 1.338 10.751 6.724

Continental 13 0 5.70 0.06 0.769 7.78 1.252 7.89 3.091 Shelf 12 5 0.801 0.574 7.827

Stn 005 10 10 0.750 7.789 9 11 5.91 -0.16 2.678 8 15 0.806 1.007 7.836 5 20 5.77 -0.03 2.765 4 22 0.815 0.560 7.789 2 23 0.792 0.862 7.792 1 23 5.85 -0.10 2.693

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Station # (C219-)

Bottle # Depth (m)

O2 (ml/l) AOU (ml/l)

PO4 (µM)

SiO2 (µM)

NO3 (µM)

Chl-a (µg/l)

pH Alkalinity (mEq)

North 13 0 4.77 -0.06 0.000 2.37 0.226 0.020 8.123 3.120

Sargasso 12 10 8.127 Stn 022 11 21 3.58 1.13 0.049 2.645

10 41 0.083 0.000 0.032 8.121 9 79 4.79 0.26 0.076 2.635 8 99 0.046 0.340 8.064 7 149 2.343 0.017 6 199 2.23 3.04 0.149 0.154 8.034 2.501 5 248 2.01 3.28 0.000 2.486 4 299 3.37 1.95 0.237 8.021 2.952 3 397 2.81 2.58 2.606 2 497 0.494 7.952 1 595 0.787 7.754 7.99

North 13 0 4.76 -0.12 0.000 3.93 0.024 8.102 2.621 Sargasso 12 10 0.027 Stn 024 11 20 4.66 -0.02 0.004 0.029 8.109 2.803

10 40 0.116 9 80 4.60 0.25 0.032 0.066 8.082 2.770 8 100 0.114 7 150 0.052 6 199 4.57 0.66 0.069 0.014 7.99 2.678 5 249 3.97 1.30 0.135 0.001 7.988 4 298 3.92 1.37 0.181 7.986 2.789 3 397 4.19 1.15 0.223 7.969 2 498 2.640 1 596 0.657 7.867

North 13 0 4.86 -0.22 0.042 2.57 0.019 8.11 2.462 Sargasso 12 10 0.020 Stn 026 11 20 5.05 -0.41 0.000 0.018

10 39 0.021 9 80 5.03 -0.39 0.484 0.066 8 101 0.121

17

Station # (C219-)

Bottle # Depth (m)

O2 (ml/l) AOU (ml/l)

PO4 (µM)

SiO2 (µM)

NO3 (µM)

Chl-a (µg/l)

pH Alkalinity (mEq)

North 7 149 5.16 -0.06 0.018 0.036 Sargasso 6 200 0.012 Stn 026 5 248 5.48 -0.20 0.125 0.001

continued 4 299 3 398 4.88 0.47 0.205 2 497 1 567 4.37 1.19 0.536 South 13 0 4.66 -0.03 0.034 5.46 0.058 8.089 2.208 Sargasso 12 11 0.049 Stn 034 11 20 4.90 -0.27 0.015 0.048 8.154 2.616 10 40 0.050 9 80 5.40 -0.50 0.068 0.128 8.113 2.491 8 100 0.205 7 149 0.122 6 199 4.71 0.55 0.239 0.028 8.035 2.482 5 248 4.80 0.49 0.186 0.008 8.04 2.477 4 298 5.02 0.29 1.786 8.026 2.774 3 397 4.69 0.68 0.293 8.006 3.336 2 470 1 468 0.517 7.979 South 13 0 4.34 0.24 0.020 1.82 0.349 0.061 8.084 2.875 Sargasso 12 11 0.051 Stn 037 11 21 4.58 0.00 0.132 0.113 0.051 10 41 0.042 9 79 5.23 -0.28 0.078 0.314 0.159 8 100 0.184 7 149 4.49 0.69 0.083 1.786 0.052 6 199 0.003 5 250 4.43 0.87 0.483 2.910 0.000 4 298 3 398 4.24 1.23 0.566 5.274 2 497 1 595 4.05 1.80 1.029 11.695

18

Station # (C219-)

Bottle # Depth (m)

O2 (ml/l) AOU (ml/l)

PO4 (µM)

SiO2 (µM)

NO3 (µM)

Chl-a (µg/l)

pH Alkalinity (mEq)

South 13 0 4.55 -0.06 0.068 5.59 0.119 0.030 8.155 2.928

Sargasso 12 10 0.022 Stn 041 11 20 4.76 -0.26 0.054 0.099 0.033 8.136

10 40 0.031 9 80 4.53 0.19 0.073 0.115 0.110 8.115 8 99 0.170 7 149 4.28 0.73 0.127 0.734 0.073 7.996 6 200 0.011 5 249 4.43 0.85 0.332 2.354 0.000 7.983 4 299 3 398 4.50 0.99 0.639 5.958 7.924 2 497 1 556 4.05 1.79 0.995 11.324 7.843

Tropics 13 0 4.37 0.11 0.039 4.30 0.035 8.128 2.496 Stn 046 12 10 0.038

11 20 3.42 1.07 0.044 0.039 10 41 0.049 9 79 3.54 1.10 0.054 0.096 8 99 0.145 7 150 3.17 0.044 0.135 6 199 0.024 5 249 2.91 2.36 0.234 0.001 4 298 3 397 3.61 2.02 0.766 2 497 1 595 3.17 3.04 1.571

Tropics 13 0 4.52 -0.06 0.083 5.46 0.072 0.066 8.145 2.794 Stn 052 12 11 0.015

11 20 4.51 -0.05 0.029 0.197 0.037 8.16 10 40 0.072 9 80 4.86 -0.22 0.093 0.123 0.137 8.103 8 100 0.281

19

Station # (C219-)

Bottle # Depth (m)

O2 (ml/l) AOU (ml/l)

PO4 (µM)

SiO2 (µM)

NO3 (µM)

Chl-a (µg/l)

pH Alkalinity (mEq)

Tropics 7 150 3.54 1.42 0.283 2.899 0.025 7.947 Stn 052 6 199 0.001

continued 5 249 3.95 1.59 0.761 8.033 0.002 7.875 4 298 3 398 4.17 1.93 1.410 15.763 7.746 2 497 1 528 3.24 3.15 1.795 21.685 7.669

Water samples were collected in 2.5 liter Niskin bottles deployed on a self-contained carousel system with a SBE-019Plus CTD sensor (Seabird Instruments, Inc.). Dissolved oxygen (O2) concentrations were determined chemically by Winkler titration. Apparent oxygen utilization (AOU) was determined by the difference in calculated oxygen saturation (T, S) levels and measured dissolved oxy gen levels. Phosphate (PO4), silicate (SiO2 ), and nitrate (NO3) levels were measured by colorimetric analysis with an Ocean Optics Chem2000 digital spectrophotometer and chlorophyll-a (Chl-a) concentrations were determined with a Turner Designs Model 10-AU Fluorometer following methods outlined in Parsons, Maita and Lalli (1984; A Manual of Chemical and Biological Methods for Seawater Analysis, Pergamon Press). Chlorophyll-a samples were filtered through 0.45µm glass fiber filters. Seawater pH was determined using the indicator dye m-cresol purple and spectrophotometric measurement. Alkalinity was measured using the Gran Titration technique (Morel and Hering, Principles and Applications of Aquatic Chemistry Wiley Science 1993). A blank space indicates that no sample was collected for that analysis.

20

Figure 3a. CTD cross-section plot for C219. Boundaries between oceanic biomes based on depth-averaged hydrographic conditions are: continental shelf and slope waters, the Gulf Stream, the Northern and Southern Sargasso Sea, and Tropical waters. Water masses identified along the cruise track include: sub-Tropical Mode Water (STMW – 18°C Water), sub-Tropical Under Water (STUW – Salinity Maximum water), Antarctic Intermediate Water (AAIW – Salinity minimum water), and North Atlantic Deep Water (NADW – 27.4 sigma-theta). VG gridding: X-axis 60, Y-axis 30

shelf slope

N Sa

rg

S Sa

rg

Tropic

s

shelf slope

N Sa

rg

S Sa

rg

Tropic

s

21

Figure 3b. CTD sensor cross-section plot for C219. Water column levels of photosynthetic active radiation (PAR), chlorophyll-a fluorescence, and chromophoric dissolved organic matter (CDOM) are shown. Note differences in vertical axis extent. Boundaries between oceanic biomes based on depth-averaged hydrographic conditions are: continental shelf and slope waters, the Gulf Stream, the Northern and Southern Sargasso Sea, and Tropical waters. Note the increase in light penetration through the Sargasso that is coincident with decreases in chlorophyll-a and CDOM fluorescence. VG gridding: X-axis 80, Y-axis 40

shelf slope

N Sa

rg

S Sa

rg

Trop

ics

shelf slope

N Sa

rg

S Sa

rg

Trop

ics

22

Figure 4a-c. Secchi disc comparison to PAR irradiance measurements for C219. a) Comparison along the cruise track of the 18% light level depth as estimated by secchi disc and measured PAR irradiance; Relationship of estimated secchi depth to measured PAR irradiance at the b) 18% light level and c) 1% light level.

Table 6. Secchi disc station data for C219. Station # (C219-)

Date (2008)

Time (local +4 GMT)

Secchi Depth (m)

Location

001 15-Oct 1516 6.5 Continental Shelf 004 17-Oct 1640 13.0 Continental Slope 019 24-Oct 1245 34.0 North Sargasso Sea 022 25-Oct 1018 36.5 North Sargasso Sea 024 26-Oct 0900 28.0 North Sargasso Sea 026 27-Oct 1042 27.5 North Sargasso Sea 034 2-Nov 0857 28.5 South Sargasso Sea 037 3-Nov 0831 26.0 South Sargasso Sea 041 5-Nov 0847 28.0 South Sargasso Sea 046 7-Nov 0000 32.5 Tropics 052 9-Nov 0838 35.5 Tropics

Secchi vs PAR (1% depth)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

15.020.025.030.035.040.045.0

Latitude

Water D

epth (m

) Secchi Depth (1%)

PAR Depth (1%)

18 % light levels

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Secchi depth (m)

PAR dep

th (m

)

1% light levels

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Secchi depth (m)

PAR dep

th (m

)

Secchi vs PAR (1% depth)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

15.020.025.030.035.040.045.0

Latitude

Water D

epth (m

) Secchi Depth (1%)

PAR Depth (1%)

18 % light levels

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

Secchi depth (m)

PAR dep

th (m

)

1% light levels

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

0 20 40 60 80 100 120 140

Secchi depth (m)

PAR dep

th (m

)

23

Figure 5a. Hydrocast water sample data for C219: dissolved oxygen, extracted chlorophyll-a and phosphate

shelf slope

N Sa

rg

S Sa

rg

Tropic

s

shelf slope

N Sa

rg

S Sa

rg

Tropic

s

24

Figure 5b. Hydrocast water sample data for C219: pH and alkalinity.

shelf slo

pe

N Sarg

S SargTrop

icsshelf slo

pe

N Sarg

S SargTrop

ics

25

Figure 6a. Surface current vectors and depth-averaged current magnitude and direction: New England Continental Shelf to Gulf Stream. Currents greater than 0.5 knot (250mm/s) have been contoured for emphasis. Note the distinctive shelf break coastal jet and Gulf Stream. Other significant currents are likely associated with the remnants of a Gulf Stream eddy. VG Gridding: X-axis 20, Y-axis 20.

Gulf Stream

Gulf Stream

Shelf break jet

Shelf break jet

Gulf Stream

Gulf Stream

Shelf break jet

Shelf break jet

26

Figure 6b. Surface and depth-averaged current magnitude and direction: Sargasso Sea. Currents greater than 0.5 knot (250mm/s) have been contoured for emphasis. Note the isolated mesoscale (10’s – 100 km wide, 100’s m deep) eddies of the Sargasso Sea. VG Gridding: X-axis 20, Y-axis 20.

27

Figure 6c. Surface current vectors and depth-averaged current magnitude and direction: Southern Sargasso to Tropical transition. Currents greater than 0.5knots (250mm/s) have been contoured for emphasis. Note the weak appearance of the North Equatorial Current (NEC 20-19 °N). Other significant currents are likely associated with the remnants of a Gulf Stream eddy. VG Gridding: X-axis 20, Y-axis 20.

28

Table 7. Neuston station data for C219. Station # (C219-)

Date (2008)

Local Time (+4

GMT)

Moon Phase (%)

Tow Area (m²)

Temp (°C)

Salinity (ppt)

chl-a Fluor

(volts x30)

Zoop Den

(ml/m²)

Halo (#)

Mycto (#)

Phyllo # / Lepto #

Locale

003 16-Oct 2058 96 1832 16.8 31.90 3133 0.0240 0 0 0 / 0 Continental Shelf 005 18-Oct 1108 82 1747 15.4 32.10 3717 0.0166 0 0 0 / 0 Continental Shelf 008 20-Oct 1614 61 1418 16.5 33.60 3229 0.0578 0 0 0 / 0 Continental Shelf 009 21-Oct 0107 50 1066 20.6 35.50 1852 0.0197 0 0 0 / 0 Continental Shelf 017 23-Oct 1137 39 1890 24.2 36.40 494 0.0026 0 0 0 / 0 North Sargasso 022 25-Oct 1201 12 1296 24.8 36.60 265 0.0000 0 1 0 / 0 North Sargasso 023 25-Oct 2127 12 2115 24.8 36.50 346 0.0009 0 1 0 / 0 North Sargasso 029 31-Oct 2127 6 1705 24.4 36.60 377 0.0018 0 2 0 / 12 North Sargasso 036 2-Nov 2005 18 1697 26.2 36.80 496 0.0024 2 3 0 / 0 South Sargasso 039 4-Nov 1050 34 1445 27.4 36.60 493 0.0014 0 0 0 / 0 South Sargasso 040 4-Nov 2145 34 1301 27.5 36.40 613 0.0029 12 5 0 / 0 South Sargasso 043 5-Nov 2218 44 1031 27.7 36.30 722 0.0039 18 5 0 / 0 South Sargasso 044 6-Nov 1003 53 1606 28.0 35.80 779 0.0025 5 0 0 / 0 South Sargasso 045 6-Nov 2140 53 1548 27.9 35.70 913 0.0023 8 6 0 / 0 South Sargasso 050 8-Nov 1005 73 1408 28.4 35.30 1237 0.0014 5 0 0 / 0 Tropics 051 8-Nov 2138 73 2509 28.3 35.00 1411 0.0008 10 5 0 / 0 Tropics 054 9-Nov 2018 82 2222 28.5 35.00 1792 0.0034 8 1 0 / 0 Tropics 055 9-Nov 2350 82 2315 28.7 35.10 1857 0.0017 1 0 0 / 2 Tropics 056 10-Nov 0423 89 1977 28.6 35.10 1946 0.0030 13 0 0 / 0 Tropics

Tow area was calculated using distance in meters between successive (every minute) GPS positions. Net opening was 1.0 m wide by 0.5 m tall with a net mesh of 333 µm. Zooplankton density is recorded as wet volume displacement per tow area (ml/m2). Lantern fish (Family Myctophidae), Halobates micans, eel larvae (leptocephali), and spiny lobster larvae (phyllosoma) were sorted from net contents and recorded as numbers caught per tow.

29

Table 7. Continued. Station # (C219-)

Gelat Biomass

(ml)

Micro Biomass

(ml)

Plastic #: Pellets / Pieces

Tar (yes/no)

Snatans (g / ml)

Sfluitans (g / ml)

Description Gelatinous and Miconekton

003 1 4 0 / 0 N - / 3 0 / 0 Gelatinous organisms; larval fish (2), isopods (10), seeds (3) 005 0 1 0 / 0 N 0 / 0 0 / 0 Crab megalopa (1), small fish (2), isopods (many), pieces

seaweed, eel grass. Majority of biomass is mats of phytoplankton (chain diatoms)

008 200 1 0 / 1 N 0 / 0 0 / 0 Gelatinous organisms; small fish (11), sargassum floats (17) 009 0 0 0 / 0 N 70 / - 0 / 0 Gelatinous organisms (3); pelagic shrimp (2), isopods (2),

Ascophyllum nodosum 017 0 0 1 / 2 N 357 /

410 200 / 210 Shrimp (35), crab (1)

022 0 17 1 / 13 N 2560 / - 175 / 160 No zooplankton for 100 cnt. All Sargassum fauna. 023 0 0 1 / 24 Y 4925 /

4890 0 / 0 Shrimp (34), crabs (3), viperfish (1), flyingfish juvenile (1),

stomatopods (5) 029 0 11 0 / 1 N 2948 /

2350 0 / 0 Shrimp (253)

036 0 1 0 / 3 N 10 / - 0 / 0 039 1 0 0 / 0 N 0 / 0 0 / 0 Gelatinous organisms: Porpita porpita (6) 040 0 1 0 / 0 N 0 / 0 0 / 0 Small squid (1), shrimp (1) 043 1 0 0 / 1 N 0 / 0 0 / 0 Gelatinous organisms: Ctenophore (1) 044 0 0 0 / 7 N 0 / 0 0 / 0 Gelatinous organisms: Porpita porpita (6), Janthina spp. (2) 045 0 0 0 / 0 Y 0 / 0 0 / 0 Gelatinous organisms: Porpita porpita (1), Siphonophore (1);

stomatopod (1), small fish (1) 050 0 0 0 / 1 N 0 / 0 0 / 0 Small fish (2), blue copepods! 051 1 0 0 / 1 N 0 / 0 0 / 0 Gelatinous organisms: Physallia spp. (1) 054 0 0 0 / 1 N 0 / 0 0 / 0 Gelatinous organisms: Porpita porpita (2); Janthina spp. (2) 055 0 0 0 / 0 N 0 / 0 0 / 0 Gelatinous organisms: Physalia spp. (4); Stomatopods (4) 056 1 2 0 / 0 N 0 / 0 0 / 0 Gelatinous organisms: Physalia spp. (3); stomatopods (3), blue

copepods! Micronekton, gelatinous micronekton, and plant material was removed using a 1 cm mesh sieve and biomass (ml) or length (cm) was recorded. Floating plastic was also removed from net contents, sorted as pellets or pieces and recorded as numbers collected per tow. Floating tar was sorted from the nets contents and recorded present or absent. Floating Sargassum weed was removed, identified to species and measured in grams using a spring scale and in milliliters using volume displacement. Qualitative description of micronekton removed from the zooplankton biomass is provided, and when available biomass (ml) and length (cm) of specimens are recorded.

30

Table 8. Meter net station data for C219. Station # (C219-)

Date (2008)

Local Time (+4

GMT)

Tow Depth

(m)

Net Type (m)

Mesh Size (um)

Tow Volume

(m3)

Zoop Den

(ml/m3)

Mycto / Phyllo /

Lepto (#)

Collection Type / Description Gelatinous and Miconekton

002 16-Oct 1006 3 1 200 132 1.195 0 / 0 / 0 Drift. 005 18-Oct 1028 3 1 200 231 0.650 0 / 0 / 0 Drift. 010 21-Oct 1126 300 2 500 5711 0.021 0 / 3 / 3 Tow / Gelatinous organisms: many small in

biomass; Phronemid amphipod (1), salp (1), stomatopod larvae (1), fish (1)

011 22-Oct 0937 3 1 200 431 0.041 0 / 0 / 0 Drift. 019 24-Oct 1320 3 1 200 509 0.002 0 / 0 / 0 Drift. 021 24-Oct 2120 300 1 333 2083 0.011 0 / 0 / 10 Tow / Gelatinous organisms: pyrosomes (2),

siphonopohore (1), unidentified (5); shrimp (6) 022 25-Oct 1032 3 1 200 369 0.008 0 / 0 / 0 Drift. 024 26-Oct 0908 3 1 200 538 0.013 0 / 0 / 0 Drift. 026 27-Oct 1050 3 1 200 373 0.025 0 / 0 / 0 Drift. 033 1-Nov 2223 300 1 333 2067 0.014 0 / 0 / 13 Tow / Lightfish (1) - 26cm long, small fish (3),

bathypelagic red shrimp (1) 034 2-Nov 0859 3 1 200 na na 0 / 0 / 0 Drift. 037 3-Nov 0838 3 1 200 586 0.009 0 / 0 / 0 Drift / Gelatinous organisms: many small in

biomass 038 3-Nov 2018 300 1 333 1818 0.010 0 / 2 / 0 Tow / Bathypelagic red shrimp (2), stomatopod

larvae (1), large pteropods (several) 041 5-Nov 0852 3 1 200 509 0.009 0 / 0 / 0 Drift. 046 7-Nov 0859 3 1 200 658 0.032 0 / 0 / 0 Drift / Trichodesmium filled net 051 8-Nov 2026 300 1 333 2285 0.013 2 / 0 / 0 Tow 052 9-Nov 0846 3 1 200 441 0.012 0 / 0 / 0 Drift / Small fish (3)

Meter nets were either drifted at the surface (~3m ) or towed at their target depth at 2 knots. Tow volume was calculated using distance in meters between successive (every minute) GPS positions (towed) or flow meters (drift); and net area based on net diameters 1MN = 1 meter diameter, 2MN = 2 meter diameter. Net mesh of 333µm for 1MN and 500 µm for 2MN. Zooplankton density is recorded as wet volume displacement per tow area (ml/m3). Lantern fish (Family Myctophidae), eel larvae (leptocephali), and spiny lobster larvae (phyllosoma) were sorted from net contents and recorded as numbers caught per tow. Blank spaces represents stations were no data was collected for that parameter. Qualitative description of micronekton removed from the zooplankton biomass is provided, and when available biomass (ml) and length (cm) of specimens are recorded.

31

Table 9. Glow net station data for C219. Station # (C219-)

Date (2008)

Local Time (+4 GMT)

Location / Ship Position

Illumination Color Temp (°C)

Salinity (ppt)

chl-a Fluor (volts x30)

006 19-Oct 0039 Continental Shelf / Hove To

None, Red, Blue 16.3 31.7 3373

007 19-Oct 2336 Easton Bay, RI / Anchored

None, Green, Yellow 15.8 31.8 1717

025 26-Oct 2121 Northern Sargasso / Hove To

None, Red, Blue 25.8 36.9 332

027’ 30-Oct 0033 Bermuda / Alongside

None, Blue, Green na na na

043 5-Nov 2100 South Sargasso / Hove To

None, Green, Yellow 27.7 36.3 716

058 12-Nov 0117 Dominica / Moored

None, Green, Red na na na

Glow nets were 30 cm diameter, 335µm mesh nets that drifted near surface (~ 3m) for 30’. Nets were equipped with or without cyalume lights to affect zooplankton attraction. Table 10. Phytoplankton net station data for C219. Station # (C219-)

Date (2008)

Local Time (+4 GMT)

Drift Depth (m)

Location Temp (°C)

Salinity (ppt)

chl-a Fluor (volts x30)

002 16-Oct 1043 2-3 Continental Shelf 16.8 31.9 3110 004 17-Oct 1631 2-3 Continental Slope 19.2 34.3 2682 005 18-Oct 1028 2-3 Continental Shelf 15.6 32.0 4095 011 22-Oct 0931 2-3 Continental Slope 22.7 35.6 1648 019 24-Oct 1327 2-3 North Sargasso 25.0 36.6 306 022 25-Oct 1025 2-3 North Sargasso 24.8 36.6 277 024 26-Oct 0911 2-3 North Sargasso 25.6 36.9 320 026 27-Oct 1053 2-3 North Sargasso 25.5 36.8 383 034 2-Nov 0901 2-3 South Sargasso 25.6 36.9 399 037 3-Nov 0840 2-3 South Sargasso 26.3 36.9 462 041 5-Nov 0852 2-3 South Sargasso 27.6 36.4 659 046 7-Nov 0859 2-3 Tropics 28.0 35.5 995 052 9-Nov 0844 2-3 Tropics 28.6 35.0 1550

Phytoplankton nets were 30 cm diameter, 63µm mesh nets that drifted near surface (~ 3m) for 30’.

32

Table 11. Dip net station data for C219. Station # (C219-)

Time (local +4 GMT)

Temp (deg C)

Salinity (psu)

Collection Conditions Rep Species of Sargassum

Color Description Mass (g)

Biomass (ml)

010 1126 20.6 35.4 Isolated clumps, weakly organized, narrow windrows

A natans Yellow-green 70%, amber brown 20%, stem darker brown 10%

55 41

Isolated clumps, weakly organized, narrow windrows

B natans Light amber brown 30%, light green 60%, dark stem and floats 10%

20 36

012 1410 25.5 36.3 Windrow clumps (2 clumps and other weed)

A hystrix var. buxifolium

Light tanish brown 276 na

Isolated clump B fluitains Leaves are light tan stems are dark brown

86 na

016 0750 24.0 36.4 Isolated clumps A fluitans / natans

Moderate yellow 240 210

017 1035 24.2 36.4 Isolated clumps B fluitans / natans

Moderate yellow 180 150

020 1712 24.8 36.6 Narrow windrows (~0.5m width) about 100m apart

A natans Moderate greenish yellow 80 70

Narrow windrows (~0.5m width) about 100m apart

B natans Moderate greenish yellow 10 10

022 1212 24.8 36.6 Isolated clump A natans Light tan with dark brown stems

40 na

Narrow windrows less than 0.5m wide, frequently occurring every 50m

B natans Tan with dark brown to black stems

75 na

026 0940 25.6 36.9 na A natans Pale yellow 65 60

027 0838 24.1 36.6 Isolated clumps A natans Caramel 18 na

Mixed small pieces not a whole clump

B natans Light tan 20 na

C natans Moderate yellow 10 na

D natans / fluitans

Light olive 41 na

33

Station # (C219-)

Time (local +4 GMT)

Temp (deg C)

Salinity (psu)

Collection Conditions Rep Species of Sargassum

Color Description Mass (g)

Biomass (ml)

028 1601 24.7 36.7 Frequent windrows, <50m apart, <0.5m wide, crossing at oblique angle. Dip-netting for organisms. Mixed clumps

A na na na

042 1633 27.8 35.8 Isolated clump A fluitans Light tan 5 na

044 0927 27.9 35.8 Isolated clumps A natans Beige, deep caramel, yellowish orange

35 27

Table 11. Continued. Station # (C219-)

Rep Hydr % coverage

Bryo % coverage

Worm % coverage

Barn #

Shrmp #

Shrmp (ml)

Crab #

Crab (ml)

Fish #

Other # Other (ml)

Total #

Total (ml)

010 A 100 25 < 5% 0 66.0 1.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 2 isopods

<.5 68.0 2.0

B 100 25 < 5% 0 43.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 43.0 1.0

012 A 25 / < 5% < 5% / 50 0 / 0 0 / 0 27.0 1.2/1.4 1.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 28.0 4.1

B 75 < 5% 25.0 0 60.0 na 0.0 0.0 0.0 3 isopods

na 63.0 1.2

016 A 25 25 0.0 0 13.0 2.3 1.0 <1 0.0 0.0 0.0 14.0 3.3

017 B 50 50 25.0 0 62.0 3.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 62.0 3.0

020 A 75 25 0.0 1 18.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 1 snail shell

na 18.0 1.0

B 75 < 5% 25.0 0 7.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.0 1.0

022 A 75 25 25.0 0 11.0 0.7 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 11.0 0.7

B 75 < 5% 25.0 0 3.0 <1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 3.0 1.0

34

Station # (C219-)

Rep Hydr % coverage

Bryo % coverage

Worm % coverage

Barn #

Shrmp #

Shrmp (ml)

Crab #

Crab (ml)

Fish #

Other # Other (ml)

Total #

Total (ml)

026 A 0 25 50.0 0 17.0 1.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 17.0 1.0

027 A 0 75 0.0 0 9.0 0.8 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 9.0 0.8

B 75 25 25.0 0 8.0 0.3 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 8.0 0.3

C 75 < 5% < 5% 0 7.0 <.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 7.0 0.1

D 50 25 < 5% 0 4.0 0.1 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.1

028 A na na na na na na na na na na na na na

042 A 25 0 < 5% 0 4.0 0.2 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 4.0 0.2

044 A 75 0 0.0 1 na 0.5 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 0.0 na 0.5

35

Table 12. Zooplankton 100 count station data for C219. Stn # Net Color Time Cnid

Med Siph Cten Nem Pel

Snail Pter Nud Ceph Poly Ost Cop Clad Iso Gam

Amp 003 NT 2058 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 6 50 16 5 5 005 NT 1108 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 97 0 0 0 008 NT 1614 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 0 0 76 0 0 0 009 NT 0107 8 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 2 7 46 0 1 2 017 NT 1137 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 14 0 0 0 022 NT 1201 na 023 NT 2127 0 0 0 0 15 0 0 0 0 17 26 6 0 5 029 NT 2127 2 0 0 0 10 32 0 0 5 5 12 0 0 2 036 NT 2005 0 5 0 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 69 4 0 2 039 NT 1050 3 25 1 0 0 14 0 0 0 5 35 0 1 3 040 NT 2145 0 4 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 44 0 0 1 043 NT 2218 0 3 0 0 3 6 0 0 1 4 47 1 1 9 044 NT 1003 0 15 0 2 13 0 0 0 0 6 44 1 0 0 045 NT 2140 2 1 0 0 5 4 0 0 2 5 50 0 5 1 050 NT 1005 0 8 0 0 8 14 0 0 1 1 50 1 1 2 051 NT 2138 0 3 0 0 6 1 0 0 0 4 75 0 0 1 054 NT 2018 26 5 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 35 0 0 9 055 NT 2350 0 8 6 0 1 0 0 0 1 0 48 0 0 1 056 NT 0423 2 8 0 0 7 13 0 0 0 3 40 0 0 0 010 MN 1126 0 10 0 0 2 1 0 0 2 0 32 0 0 0 021 MN 2120 0 3 1 0 0 12 0 0 0 17 54 0 0 0 033 MN 2223 0 4 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 8 73 0 0 0 038 MN 2018 1 1 1 0 7 17 0 0 2 6 55 1 0 0 051 MN 2026 0 2 0 0 0 4 0 0 0 2 84 1 0 0 006 GN red 0039 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 89 6 0 3 006 GN blue 0039 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 75 10 0 8 006 GN none 0039 2 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 53 31 0 4 007 GN green 2336 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 4 107 10 0 4 007 GN yellow 2331 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 82 2 0 40 007 GN none 2333 0 0 0 7 2 0 0 0 0 4 57 16 0 4 025 GN red 2121 1 0 2 0 1 0 1 0 0 0 59 16 0 3 025 GN blue 2121 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 1 35 17 1 5

36

Stn # Net Color Time Cnid Med

Siph Cten Nem Pel Snail

Pter Nud Ceph Poly Ost Cop Clad Iso Gam Amp

025 GN none 2121 0 3 1 1 2 0 0 0 0 0 53 8 0 18 027 GN blue 0033 0 0 0 0 10 1 0 0 0 1 57 11 1 5 027 GN green 0033 0 0 0 0 5 0 0 0 0 1 51 4 0 1 027 GN none 0033 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 0 0 1 043 GN none 2100 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 2 37 2 0 7 043 GN green 2100 0 3 0 0 3 9 0 0 0 1 60 1 0 0 043 GN yellow 2100 0 5 0 0 3 4 0 0 0 1 55 3 0 7 058 GN dark 0117 1 1 0 0 9 2 0 0 0 2 51 5 0 8 058 GN green 0117 0 2 0 0 9 0 0 0 0 2 59 3 0 6 058 GN red 0117 0 0 0 0 6 2 0 0 1 1 36 1 1 4

Table 12. Continued. Stn # Net Color Time Hyp

Amp Mys Euph adult

Deca (shmp)

larv Deca (shmp)

larv Deca (crab)

larv Deca (lobs t)

larv Stom

Chae Salp App larv Fish

Total count

003 NT 2058 1 2 2 0 9 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 95 005 NT 1108 0 0 1 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 100 008 NT 1614 23 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 102 009 NT 0107 2 1 3 1 14 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 90 017 NT 1137 1 0 3 4 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 25 022 NT 1201 na 023 NT 2127 2 0 11 2 1 5 10 0 0 1 2 0 98 029 NT 2127 4 4 0 15 5 3 0 0 0 1 0 1 99 036 NT 2005 2 2 5 0 1 1 0 0 1 1 1 2 99 039 NT 1050 3 0 0 0 1 1 0 0 7 3 0 0 99 040 NT 2145 2 33 2 2 0 1 0 2 12 0 0 0 103 043 NT 2218 0 17 1 1 0 0 0 2 4 0 0 0 91 044 NT 1003 0 0 2 0 0 0 1 0 3 0 1 4 92 045 NT 2140 0 9 0 0 5 0 1 0 4 4 0 0 97 050 NT 1005 1 0 0 0 0 2 0 1 8 0 0 2 98 051 NT 2138 4 0 1 0 0 2 0 2 1 0 0 0 99 054 NT 2018 2 3 2 0 0 0 0 2 14 0 0 0 91 055 NT 2350 0 0 6 1 9 3 9 0 6 1 0 0 99

37

Stn # Net Color Time Hyp Amp

Mys Euph adult Deca (shmp)

larv Deca (shmp)

larv Deca (crab)

larv Deca (lobs t)

larv Stom

Chae Salp App larv Fish

Total count

056 NT 0423 4 0 0 0 16 2 0 4 1 0 0 0 100 010 MN 1126 3 1 2 3 0 1 1 1 34 7 0 1 101 021 MN 2120 2 2 2 1 0 0 0 1 4 0 0 1 100 033 MN 2223 3 0 1 2 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 99 038 MN 2018 3 4 3 1 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 103 051 MN 2026 1 0 0 1 1 1 0 1 2 0 0 0 100 006 GN red 0039 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 95 006 GN blue 0039 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 5 0 92 006 GN none 0039 0 0 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 6 0 95 007 GN green 2336 2 0 0 0 2 0 0 0 0 0 1 0 126 007 GN yellow 2331 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 84 007 GN none 2333 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 10 0 96 025 GN red 2121 4 0 0 0 0 3 0 1 3 3 2 0 96 025 GN blue 2121 8 5 10 5 0 3 0 6 4 1 1 0 98 025 GN none 2121 2 1 1 0 0 4 2 0 1 0 1 2 82 027 GN blue 0033 0 0 1 0 0 0 0 1 9 0 1 1 94 027 GN green 0033 0 1 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 0 0 65 027 GN none 0033 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 7 043 GN none 2100 1 0 3 0 0 0 1 0 5 0 0 0 52 043 GN green 2100 0 11 2 0 1 0 0 1 8 0 0 0 100 043 GN yellow 2100 3 2 11 0 1 1 1 0 12 0 4 4 110 058 GN dark 0117 0 0 0 0 0 0 3 0 4 2 1 1 82 058 GN green 0117 1 0 7 0 1 3 1 0 2 0 0 4 94 058 GN red 0117 0 1 2 0 0 0 2 0 5 0 0 6 64

Abbreviations for zooplankton categories: Cnid med – cnidarian medusa, Siph – siphonophore bracts and floats, Cten – ctenophores, Nem – nematodes, Pel Snail – pelagic snails, Pter – pteropods, Nud – nudibranch, Ceph – cephalopods, Poly – polychaetes, Ost – ostracods, Cop – copepods, Clad – cladocerans, Iso – isopods, Gam Amp – gammarid amphipods, Hyp Amp – hyperiid amphipods, Mys – mysids, Euph – euphausiids, Deca – decapods (larval and adult forms of shrimp, crabs and lobsters), Stom – stomatopods, Chae – chaetognaths, Salp – salps and doliolids, larval fish.

38

Table 13. Bathyphotometer station data for C219. Station # (C219-)

Date (2008)

Time (local +4

GMT)

Cast Depth

(m)

Moon Phase

Temp (°C)

Salinity (ppt)

chl-a Fluor (volts x30)

Location

013 22-Oct 2025 110-120 39% 26.0 36.3 1135 S. Edge of Gulf Stream 014 23-Oct 0011 110-120 39% 25.7 36.3 1296 S. Edge of Gulf Stream 015 23-Oct 0437 110-120 39% 24.0 36.4 609 North Sargasso 029 31-Oct 2105 110-120 6% 24.4 36.6 377 North Sargasso 030 1-Nov 0038 110-120 6% 24.5 36.6 375 North Sargasso 031 1-Nov 0450 110-120 6% 25.3 36.9 371 North Sargasso 047 7-Nov 2100 110-120 73% 28.3 35.9 1127 Tropics 048 7-Nov 0001 110-120 73% 28.0 35.6 1149 Tropics 049 8-Nov 0408 110-120 73% 28.2 35.3 1189 Tropics 059 14-Nov 2028 110-120 98% 28.9 34.6 282 Tropics 060 15-Nov 0037 110-120 98% 28.5 34.6 284 Tropics 061 15-Nov 0536 110-120 98% 28.5 34.8 268 Tropics

At each station the bathyphotometer was deployed 3 times and bioluminescent counts were averaged in 5m bins. Data available upon request. Table 14. Sediment station data for C219. Station # (C219-)

Date (2008)

Time (local +4 GMT)

Sample Depth (m)

Location Qualitative Description

002 16-Oct 1020 24 New England Shelf Olive Gray 5Y 4/1, sandy, rounded, large (1-8 cm) shell fragments- mostly bivalves

057 10-Nov 1138 306 Dominica Shelf Dusty yellow, silty and pebbly, angular, pteropods 063 15-Nov 0941 322 Montserrat Shelf Light olive gray, 5Y 5/2, very fine silt/ash, well rounded,

ash (volcanic) 064 18-Nov 0915 36 Drake Passage, USVI Fine sand, carbonates, (Fisher scoop deployment)

Sediment samples (100 ml) were wet sieved through a series of sieves; percent wet volume collected in each sieve is provided. Data available upon request.

39

Table 15. Student research topics for C219. Bio-Chemical Oceanography

The role of pH, alkalinity and silica concentration in determining relative diatom abundance

Heather McGee

Ocean Acidification as a Result of the Increased Introduction of Atmospheric CO2 and its Consequent Effect on the Populations of Pteropods and other Planktonic Mollusks in the Atlantic Ocean

Mollie Stone

The effect of seawater pH in relation to Foraminiferans and Radiolarians in the North Atlantic, Sargasso, and Caribbean Sea

Sarah F. Schmidt

Age Distribution of North Atlantic Sargassum Adrian Mason, Caleb Grillo

Biological Oceanography

The Relationship between the Boundaries of Water Masses and the Boundaries of Myctophidae Species In Addition to the Change in Density and Diversity of Myctophidae

Alison Feibel

Diel vertical distribution patterns of bioluminescence in the Sargasso Sea

Anne Gerhard

Zooplankton Geography and Diel Vertical Migration in Coastal Waters, the North and South Sargasso Sea, and the Tropics

Catherine Roney

North Atlantic Oscillation and its Effect on Zooplankton Densities Charlie Lovering

Measuring the Change in Zooplankton Communities Depending On the Presence of Artificial Light

Gabe Matthias

Distribution of Autotrophic, Cyanobacteria (Synechecoccus) in relationship to Nitrate and Chlorophyll-a Maxima layer within the Euphotic Zone of the North Atlantic

Gillian Wysock

Bioluminescence: Activity in Relation to the Lunar Cycle Margaret M. Tomann

Leptocephali Distribution and Historic Records Over the Past Five Years

Michael Allen Syslo

Prey Selectivity Of Atlantic Myctophids: A cumulative study of past data

Michaela Clark-Nagaoka

Identifying Food Webs in Sargassum Communities as Affected by Physical Characteristics of Sargassum Seaweed, and Inter-Species Relationships in the North Atlantic

Rachel Schneider, Nick Iannacone

40

Chemical Oceanography

Investigating Non-conservative Properties of North Atlantic Subtropical Mode Water

Alorah Harman

CDOM Formation and Distribution in North Atlantic Waters Jana Lepon

Measuring Ocean pH from Woods Hole to the Tropics: Trends by region and depth

Makaila Gallup

Physical Oceanography

Winter’s Effect on 18° Mode Water in the North Atlantic Hannah Waterhouse

Antarctic Intermediate Water and Climate Change: The Northern Extent of Antarctic Intermediate Water in relation to the phase of the North Atlantic Oscillation

Michael Raymond

The Recirculation of the Gulf Stream: Accounting for the Increase in Volume Transport

Paul M. Marsala