cross border co-operation between england & russia enforcing...
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25 January 2010
Enforcing Foreign Court Judgments in England, Principles, Procedure, Examples (Part II)
Cross Border Co-Operation Between England & Russia
Andrew Tobin, Legal Director
[email protected]+44 (0)20 7648 1744
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Defences
Closing remarks
34
Conclusiveness of foreign judgments2
What does not give jurisdiction (competence) to foreign court
1AgendaAgenda
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Recap: What gives jurisdiction to foreign court?
Recap: What gives jurisdiction to foreign court?
l For a foreign judgment to be enforced in England …
l Foreign court must have jurisdiction (competence) according to English rules
� ‘Presence’ in foreign country at time proceedings started
�Counterclaim in foreign proceedings
�Submission by voluntary appearance
�Agreement to submit (e.g.. by jurisdiction clause)
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Jurisdiction according to English rules
Jurisdiction according to English rules
Foreign court competent if
-”presence” (substantial)
-Claim in foreign proceedings
-Voluntary appearance
- Agreement to submit to foreign jurisdiction
Property in foreign country
Mandatory rules of foreign country
Nationality / domicile in foreign
country
Wrong committed in foreign country
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What does notgive foreign court competence in eyes of English Court
What does notgive foreign court competence in eyes of English Court
l The following do not give foreign court competence, under English rules�Possession of property
�Present when wrong committed
�Defendant a national of foreign country
�Defendant domiciled in foreign country
�Reciprocity
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IllustrationIllustration
Russia
Russian Businessman
England & Wales
RUB 1bn
RUB
Accountant
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Jurisdiction according to English rules
Jurisdiction according to English rules
Foreign court competent if
-”presence” (substantial)
-Claim in foreign proceedings
-Voluntary appearance
- Agreement to submit to foreign jurisdiction
Property in foreign country
Mandatory rules of foreign country
Nationality / domicile in foreign
country
Wrong committed in foreign country
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Arbitration ClausesArbitration Clauses
l Foreign court not competent if ignores arbitration clause (s. 32 Civil Jurisdiction & Judgments Act 1982)
l Problems common because e.g�Strategic industry
�Civil law formalities not followed
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Examples –Foreign courts ignore arbitration
Examples –Foreign courts ignore arbitration
� Ingoring: Brazil: ‘Fat cow’ case
� Formalities: Sudan peanuts (Tracomin v Sudan Oil Seeds) (1983)- Contaminated peanuts- FOSFA arbitration in London- Buyers sued in Swiss courts- Swiss court ignored arbitration clause – not
valid in Swiss law – not highlighted- English courts not recognise Swiss judgment- Validity of arbitration clause to be decided by
English courts under English rules
�Strategic Asset: Venezuela - Power station and justice minister
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Conclusiveness of Foreign Judgment
Conclusiveness of Foreign Judgment
l An English court will not challenge a “final and conclusive” foreign judgment even if�Obviously wrong
� Facts wrong
� Law wrong
�Even if foreign court wrongly applied English law
l Why?�An end to litigation is in the public interest
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Defences to Enforcement of Foreign Judgment
Defences to Enforcement of Foreign Judgment
l Very limited defences:�No jurisdiction (competence) in eyes of
English court
� Judgment obtained by fraud (Abouloff v Oppenheimer – Tiflis – 1882)
�Breach of public policy
�Breach of natural justice
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New evidenceNew evidence l What if new evidence arises between foreign judgment and enforcement in England?�Old cases suggest no defence
�Probably old cases would not be followed now
�Probably a defence available where new and material evidence arises before enforcement
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Recent cases concerning Russia
Recent cases concerning Russia
l Commercial Innovation Bank Alfa v Victor Kozeny (2002, Privy Council (Bahamas))�Russian default judgment enforced
l Deripaska v Cherney (2008)�Dispute – control of Rusal interests�Contract made in London�Should trial be held in Russia or London?�English Court found fair trial could not be had
in Russia
l Yugraneft v Abramovitch (2008)�Y accuse A of a complex fraud�Same judge as Cherney� Fair trial can be had in Russia
l Each case will turn on facts
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Closing RemarksClosing Remarks
l Enforcement in England usually simple and fast
l No special rules treatment for Russian judgements
l Think ahead – plan for enforcement?�Can I demonstrate Russian jurisdiction
�What advice do I need to maximise chances?
�What evidence do I need?
�Would it be better to sue in England / to use arbitration clause?
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