crop residue as feedstock for the new bioeconomy: opportunities and roadblocks w. w....
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![Page 1: Crop Residue as Feedstock for the New Bioeconomy: Opportunities and Roadblocks W. W. WilhelmUSDA-ARS, Lincoln, Nebraska G. E. VarvelUSDA-ARS, Lincoln,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/5517fda155034693228b4ad7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Crop Residue as Feedstock for the New Bioeconomy:
Opportunities and Roadblocks
W. W. Wilhelm USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NebraskaG. E. Varvel USDA-ARS, Lincoln, NebraskaD. L. Karlen USDA-ARS, Ames, IowaJ. M.-F. Johnson USDA-ARS, Morris, MinnesotaJ. M. Baker USDA-ARS, St. Paul, Minnesota
CSSA Symposium – Feedstock Production for the New Bioeconomy: Opportunities and RoadblocksCrop Science Society of American Annual Meeting, Indianapolis, Indiana November 14, 2006
![Page 2: Crop Residue as Feedstock for the New Bioeconomy: Opportunities and Roadblocks W. W. WilhelmUSDA-ARS, Lincoln, Nebraska G. E. VarvelUSDA-ARS, Lincoln,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/5517fda155034693228b4ad7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Billion Ton Report
Biomass production – 1366 million ton Forestry – 368 million tons Agriculture – 998 million tons
Perennial energy crops – 377 million tons Wastes – 87 million tons Grain – 87 million tons Crop residues – 428 million tons
Corn stover – 256 million ton
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Billion Ton Report
Biomass production – 1366 million ton Forestry – 368 million tons Agriculture – 998 million tons
Perennial energy crops – 377 million tons Wastes – 87 million tons Grain – 87 million tons Crop residues – 428 million tons
Corn stover – 256 million ton
![Page 4: Crop Residue as Feedstock for the New Bioeconomy: Opportunities and Roadblocks W. W. WilhelmUSDA-ARS, Lincoln, Nebraska G. E. VarvelUSDA-ARS, Lincoln,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/5517fda155034693228b4ad7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Bold, optimistic projectionsBasis for discussionLofty target
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What is a ONE BILLION?
If one ton = 1 sq in 1 billion tons = 145 football fields
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What is a ONE BILLION?
If one ton = 1 sq in 1 billion tons = 145 football fields
Agricultural land (cropland plus hay and pasture)
5 ton ac-1 200 x 106 acres
56% of North Central Region agricultural land Iowa, Illinois, Nebraska, Minnesota, Indiana, and
South Dakota (Total = 195.5 x 106 ac)
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Billion Ton ReportAgriculture Assumptions
Yield increase 50% by 2030 Corn and small grains
Residue/grain ratio for soybean increase from 1.5:1 to 2.0:1
Machine to recover 75% stover No tillage adopted universally
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Corn yield Nebraska contest winners and averages
Duvick and Cassman. 1999. Crop Sci. 39:1622-1630.Cassman et al. 2003. Ann. Rev. Envir. Res. 28:-315-356.
1965 1975 1985 1995 2005
Co
rn y
ield
(M
g h
a-1)
0
5
10
15
20
25
Co
rn y
ield
(b
u a
c-1)
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
Irrigated average114 kg ha-1 yr-1
(1.81 bu ac-1 yr-1)
Irrigated contest winnersRainfed contest winners208 kg ha-1 yr-1
(3.31 bu ac-1 yr-1)
Rainfed average89 kg ha-1 yr-1 (1.42 bu ac-1 yr-1)
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Cassman et al. 2006. CAST Report (release Nov. 16, 2006)
Double-X to single-X hybrids
Expansion of irrigated area, increased N
fertilizer rates
Conservation tillage, soil testing, NPK
fertilization
Transgenic (Bt) insect resistance
Reduced N fertilizer & irrigation?
(embodied technological innovation)
Integrated pest management
USA Corn Yield Trends, 1966-2005
y = 112.4 kg ha-1 yr-1
(1.79 bu ac-1 yr-1)
r2 = 0.80
2000
4000
6000
8000
10000
12000
1965 1970 1975 1980 1985 1990 1995 2000 2005
Year
Gra
in y
ield
(kg
ha-1
)
![Page 10: Crop Residue as Feedstock for the New Bioeconomy: Opportunities and Roadblocks W. W. WilhelmUSDA-ARS, Lincoln, Nebraska G. E. VarvelUSDA-ARS, Lincoln,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/5517fda155034693228b4ad7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Billion Ton ReportAgriculture Assumptions
Yield increase 50% by 2030 Corn and small grains
Residue/grain ratio for soybean increase from 1.5:1 to 2.0:1
Machine to recover 75% stover No tillage adopted universally
![Page 11: Crop Residue as Feedstock for the New Bioeconomy: Opportunities and Roadblocks W. W. WilhelmUSDA-ARS, Lincoln, Nebraska G. E. VarvelUSDA-ARS, Lincoln,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/5517fda155034693228b4ad7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Residue:grain in soybean
Low residue production Longevity of residue Accelerates decay of SOM
Greater N content of leaves and roots Rhizodeposits
Large biomass soybean (LBS) Forage-type soybean Grain yield not proven Grain harvest efficiency
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Billion Ton ReportAgriculture Assumptions
Yield increase 50% by 2030 Corn and small grains
Residue/grain ratio for soybean increase from 1.5:1 to 2.0:1
Machine to recover 75% stover No tillage adopted universally
![Page 13: Crop Residue as Feedstock for the New Bioeconomy: Opportunities and Roadblocks W. W. WilhelmUSDA-ARS, Lincoln, Nebraska G. E. VarvelUSDA-ARS, Lincoln,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/5517fda155034693228b4ad7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Fractional stover harvestISU proto-type harvester
Hoskinson et al. 2006. Biomass and Bioenergy (in press).
Harvest scenario Stover collected(Mg ha-1)
Percentharvested*
(%)
High cut (at ear height) 4.9 46
Low cut (header on soil) 6.7 64
Normal cut 5.1 49
* Total residue produced, 10.5 Mg ha-1
![Page 14: Crop Residue as Feedstock for the New Bioeconomy: Opportunities and Roadblocks W. W. WilhelmUSDA-ARS, Lincoln, Nebraska G. E. VarvelUSDA-ARS, Lincoln,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/5517fda155034693228b4ad7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Billion Ton ReportAgriculture Assumptions
Yield increase 50% by 2030 Corn and small grains
Residue/grain ratio for soybean increase from 1.5:1 to 2.0:1
Machine to recover 75% stover No tillage adopted universally
![Page 15: Crop Residue as Feedstock for the New Bioeconomy: Opportunities and Roadblocks W. W. WilhelmUSDA-ARS, Lincoln, Nebraska G. E. VarvelUSDA-ARS, Lincoln,](https://reader036.vdocuments.us/reader036/viewer/2022062307/5517fda155034693228b4ad7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
No tillage adoption(Conservation Tillage Information Center-National Crop Residue Management Survey, 1994-2004, http://lanshark.ctic.purdue.edu/CTIC/CRM.html)
30
90
150
210
270
330
Millions o
f pla
nte
d a
cre
s
Conservation tillageNo tillageTotal cropland
0
10
20
30
40
50
Perc
ent
of to
tal pla
nte
d a
cres
(%)
Conservation tillageNo tillage
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No till with no residue
Runoff occurred sooner
Significant carryover effect of residue removal
Runoff initiated 35% sooner in subsequent year
Sediment concentrations increasing by > 100%.
Wilson et al. 2004. Trans. ASAE 47:119-128.
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Billion Ton ReportAgriculture Assumptions
Assumption Assessment
Yield increase 50% by 2030 Doubtful
Residue:grain ratio for soybean increase from 1.5:1 to 2.0:1
Achievable, but of doubtful use
Machine to recover 75% stover Very achievable
No tillage adopted universally Doubtful
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Erosion control
Traditional uses of crop residues
Feed and bedding Soil amendment
Soil carbon Plant nutrients
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andStover harvest
Soil C changeS
oil
carb
on
Time
Managementchange
Cultivation
Pre-cultivation steady-state
No tillageCover cropsGreen manure
REAP
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Residue needed to maintain SOC
Crop rotation
Tillage Mg ha-
1
n
Corn mbp 7.5±1.0
6
Wheat mbp 5.5±1.1
5
All mbp 6.3±1.0
13
All Chisel/nt
4.5±0.4
5
Johnson et al. 2006. Agron. J. 98:622-636.
-10
-5
0
5
10
15
20
0 5 10 15 20 25
Grian yield (Mg ha-1)
Ha
rve
sta
ble
sto
ve
r (M
g h
a-1
)
Stover produced
CT-CC
MBP-CC
CT-CS
MBP-CS
REAP
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Change allocation of biomass
Soil carbon
Food
Feed
Fiber
Fuel
REAP
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Change allocation of biomass
Soil carbon
Food
Feed
Fiber
Fuel
REAP
Soil carbon
Food
Feed
Fiber
Fuel
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Change allocation of biomass vs. increase total biomass production
Soil carbon
Food
Feed
Fiber
Fuel
Increase photosynthetic efficiency 25%, from 4% 5%
Fuel
Fiber
Feed
Food
Soil carbon
REAPLong et al. 2006. Plant Cell Envir. 29:315-330.
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Multiple biomassMany technologiesConservationReduced expectationsAsking and answering the right question