crop productivity index cpi soil root shoot

CROP PRODUCTIVITY INDEXCPI

SOIL ROOT SHOOT

CROP YIELD

ABOVE AND BELOWGROUND ORGANIC MATTER AND ROOT:SHOOT RATIO IN A CERRADO IN CENTRAL BRAZIL.

Guilherme C. Abdala1, Linda S. Caldas2, M. Haridasan1 & George Eiten2

Brazilian Journal of Ecology, Rio Claro, SP, Brazil, Vol.02 Number 01, 1998

Sumber:http://www.seb-ecologia.org.br/revista2/art2.html.

Kedalaman tanah mempengaruhi

pertumbuhan akar

Total biomasa akar (variable tergantung)

sebagai fungsi dari kedalaman tanah

(variable bebas) yg diukur dalam blok-

blok tanah.





Distribusi akar menurut diameternya

merupakan fungsi dari kedalaman akar pada lapisan tanah 100 cm

dari permukaan.

Very fine = material collected by washing/floating sieved

soil samples; fine = diameter < 2 mm;

medium = diameter 2-10 mm; thick = diameter > 10 mm.





Percentage of total root biomass in each

diameter class as a function of depth from the surface to 100cm,

measured in soil blocks. Very fine = material

collected by washing/floating sieved

soil samples; fine = diameter < 2mm;

medium = diameter 2-10mm; thick = diameter

> 10mm.





Stocks of biomass in different compartments of the cerrado

sense strict. Aboveground biomass includes standing

dead. Root diameter classes are as follows:

Very fine = material collected by washing/floating sieved soil samples; Fine = diameter < 2 mm; medium = diameter 2-10 mm; Thick = diameter > 10 mm.

Rhizomes of grasses were included in the class of medium size roots. Humus refers to soil

organic matter.

. Woody Versus Herbaceous Plants

Sumber: http://landflux.org/phenology.php

Representation of herbaceous (shallow, fibrous root system) and woody (deeper, coarse root system) plants. Taken from Walter (1985).

Control of Shoot-root Balance in TreesKim D. Coder . Professor, Silvics/Ecology . Warnell School of Forest Resources . The

University of Georgia January 1998 .

Sumber: http://warnell.forestry.uga.edu/service/library/index.php3?docID=149&docHistory[]=2.

A critical feature of tree growth regulation involves functionally balancing the top of the

tree with the bottom. Concepts of shoot / root ratios and how a tree can maintain a resource balance between apparently competing needs

have been proposed and tested for accuracy. Of all the working models examined, one form has

proven over the last two decades to serve in describing regulatory partitioning between

shoot and root. The type of model proven to be most effective is

called a ``Thornley" model, although many derivations and more refined systems exist. The result is a means of understanding tree functions in a holistic sense and predicting

resource allocation patterns between shoot and root. Generically, shoot size and function is

equated with root size and function.

Control of Shoot-root Balance in TreesKim D. Coder . Professor, Silvics/Ecology . Warnell School of Forest Resources . The

University of Georgia January 1998 .

Sumber: http://warnell.forestry.uga.edu/service/library/index.php3?docID=149&docHistory[]=2.

Estimating BalanceTo calculate the proportional change patterns seen in trees, or their ``functional balance,"

only four components are required: sapwood shoot mass, sapwood root mass,

photosynthesis rate, and nitrogen uptake rate . Trees will attempt to balance shoot mass and Ps rates against root mass and

nitrogen uptake. A tree will adjust the mass of roots or shoots to correct any deficiency in

photosynthesis rates or nitrogen uptake. Carbohydrate shortages will initiate more shoots and nitrogen shortages will initiate more roots. Note that the photosynthesis rate and nitrogen uptake rates are highly susceptible to both external and internal

environmental changes.

Recurrent Selection for Seedling Vigor in Kura Clover L. R. DeHaan, N. J. Ehlke * and C. C. Sheaffer

Crop Science. 2001. doi: 10.2135/cropsci2001.4141034xVol. 41 No. 4, p. 1034-1041 July, 2001

Sumber: https://www.crops.org/publications/cs/abstracts/41/4/1034?access=0&view=article

Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengkaji hubungan antara root/shoot ratio dengan

pertumbuhan kecambah.

Karakter ini akan digunakan sebagai kriteria seleksi tanaman.

Influence of integrated soil nutrient management on cowpea root growth in the semi-arid Eastern Kenya

Kimiti, Jacinta M.African Journal of Agricultural Research Vol. 6(13), pp. 3084-3091, 4 July, 2011

Available online at http://www.academicjournals.org/AJAR

Sumber: http://www.academicjournals.org/ajar/fulltext/2011/4July/Kimiti.htm.

Shoot/Root Ratio

Biomasa akar pada saat 50% berbunga

berkorelasi positif significantl (p < 0.05)

dengan biomassa shoot pd saat 50% berbunga, di

lokasi Kavuthu (R2 = 0.6778) dan Ndunguni (R2 = 0.7206) selama musim

hujan yg panjang.

. Effects of catch crop type and root depth on nitrogen leaching and yield of spring barleyTek Bahadur Sapkotaa, b, , , , Margrethe Askegaarda, Mette Lægdsmanda, Jørgen E. Olesen Field Crops ResearchVolume 125, 18 January 2012, Pages 129–138

Sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378429011003248

Measured (triangle) and simulated (circle) root

frequency of three catch crops in September (filled

symbols) and October (open symbols). Measured root frequency values are average of two replication,

two systems, two years and two locations and

simulated root frequency values are average of two

systems, two years and two locations.

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0378429011003248


















http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03784290

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/03784290/125/supp/C

Sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1161030111001201.

Root intensity distribution at the end of

the growing season of vegetables, cereals and

fertility building crops in the rotation from the O2 system (open symbols)

and the C system (closed symbols).

Solid lines show main crops, dashed lines with diamond symbols show fertility building crops; fodder radish or green

manure (GM).

Crop yield, root growth, and nutrient dynamics in a conventional and three organic cropping systems with different levels of external inputs and N re-cycling through fertility building crops

Kristian Thorup-Kristensen, , Dorte Bodin Dresbøll1, Hanne L. KristensenEuropean Journal of Agronomy. Volume 37, Issue 1, February 2012, Pages 66–82











http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/11610301

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/11610301/37/1

Sumber: http://www.canolacouncil.org/crop-production/canola-grower%27s-manual-contents/chapter-4-effects-of-moisture/effects-of-moisture.

Sistem akar tanaman Canola

(Cyclone), Wheat

(Katepwa) dan Field Pea

(Grande)

at Swift Current, SK in

1998

Canola and field peas are dicots and have a tap root system, while wheat is a monocot with a fibrous root system

Sumber: http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167198711001358.

Maize root number in Exp. 1 (left) and 2 (right)

under high (HC), medium (MC) and no

compaction treatments following no cover crop (NCC), rye, forage radish (FR) and rapeseed cover crop treatments in 2008. Values within the same depth followed by the same letter(s) are not

significantly different (F-protected LSD, P < 0.05).

. Root growth and yield of maize as affected by soil compaction and cover cropsGuihua Chen , Ray R. Weil.

Soil and Tillage Research. Volume 117, December 2011, Pages 17–27

http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/journal/01671987/117/supp/C

SHOOT-ROOT RELATIONSHIPS .

Sumber: http://www.uoguelph.ca/~mgoss/two/Sr_ratio.html.

Kesetimbangan Fungsional

The shoot fixes C02 from the air, and the root extracts mineral nutrients and water from the soil. In

this sense, there is a balance of shoot and root functions in a plant.

After defoliation or root pruning, the plant acts so as to restore the balance of root and shoot functions.



Source-Sink Relations Growth of non-photosynthesizing organs (sinks) is controlled

by transport of sugars from photosynthesizing organs (sources) via the phloem. Sugars (mainly sucrose) are

released from cells into the leaf apoplast (outside of the cell membranes) and move towards the conducting system

(veins). Sucrose is actively loaded into phloem tissue and flows to sink sites under a pressure gradient. At the sink site,

sucrose is unloaded from the phloem and used in growth processes or stored. (Marschner 5.1 p. 131, and 5.4 pp. 144-152) During vegetative growth photosynthesis is often sink limited, while in the reproductive stages source-limitation

usually becomes more important.



There is a characteristic shoot:root ratio for each species at each growth stage. Shoot:root ratios tend to increase with plant size (decrease for root crops), reflecting increasingly preferential assimilate partitioning above ground (below

ground for root crops). Thus, shoot:root ratio comparisons should be made at equal dry weight, or at equal plant

developmental stage, not at equal time. Shoot:root ratios are influenced by changes in

environmental conditions, such as light, nutrient availability, temperature and water supply. These changes usually reflect an adaptive advantage for the plant in acquiring the limiting

resource.



What factors affect root-shoot ratios ? The ratio of shoot to root growth varies widely between species,

changes between phases in plant development, and can be modified by external conditions.

Shoot and root growth of maize grown in

hydroponics in the field (Miller et al, 1989.

Canadian Journal of Soil Science, 69, 295-302.



Kalau akar atau batangnya dipangkas,

tanaman akan tumbuh kembali

dnegan root/shoot ratio yang khas.



If external conditions change, shoot-root ratio will be affected. e.g.. There is a decline in the ratio in maize plants grown in the

absence of P

Effect of P nutrition on shoot-root ratio (Anghinoni and

Barber, 1980, Agronomy Journal, 72, 685-688).

The 12 day old plants were transferred to a P deficient

solution.

The shoot P concentration declined from 0.95% on day 1 to

0.27% on day 6.



Root-shoot ratio

meningkat kalau air

diambil dari zone

perakarannya

(Sharp and Davies, 1979).



This is not due to effects on carbon fixation as impacts on shoot growth take place at water potentials that are too high to restrict

photosynthesis (Boyer, 1970).

Pada kondisi cekaman air ternyata proses

fotosintesis dan pertumbuhan daun kedelai mengalami

hambatan.



Efek faktor eksternal terhadap rasio akar/daun.

Pada kondisi tanah kekurangan hara dan air, pertumbuhan akar relatif lebih dominan terhadap

daun.Pada kondisi intensitas

radiasi yang rendah, pertumbuhan daun relatif lebih dominan daripada

akar

. Braz. J. Microbiol. vol.32 no.3 São Paulo Aug./Oct. 2001http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S1517-83822001000300006

WATER STRESS RESPONSE ON THE ENZYMATIC ACTIVITY IN COWPEA NODULES Márcia do Vale B. Figueiredo1*; Egídio Bezerra-Neto2; Hélio A. Burity

Sumber: http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1517-83822001000300006&script=sci_arttext

Rasio Shoot/root menurun dari 2.61 menjadi 2.14 kalau perlakuan potensial matriksnya <-85.0 dan -70.0 KPa.

There was a reduction in the glutamine synthetase activity and phosphoenolpyruvate carboxilase activity with increased

stress, while glutamine synthase activity was the enzyme most sensitive to water stress.

Aktivitas enzim Glutamate dehydrogenase meningkat dalam potensial matriks yg lebih negatif, ini menyatakan bahwa

enzim ini cukup aktif pada kondisi stress air.

http://www.scielo.br/scielo.php?pid=S1517-83822001000300006&script=sci_arttext




The sensitivity of cowpea nodules under water deficit conditions

inclosed with the plant development and with the Yw.

Reduksi shoot/root akibat cekaman lengas-tanah, sesuai dnegan hasil

penelitian Costa et al. (3).

Costa, M.M.M.N.; Távora, F.J.A.F.; Pinho, J.L.N. de; Melo, F.I.O. Produção,

componentes de produção, crescimento e distribuição das raízes de caupi submetido à deficiência hídrica. Pesq. Agrop. Bras., 32:43-

50, 1997.





It was verified that the shoot dry matter (Fig.4) plants at the most negative Ym (S3) was more

affected in E2 stage:

Tanaman yg mengalami stress pada periode E2 menunjukkan reduksi

luas-daunnya, seperti halnya akumulasi bahan keringnya.

Cekaman lengas (air) tanah mengakibatkan reduksi shoot/root

rasio, sesuai dengan hasil penelitian Costa et al., (3).


crop productivity index cpi soil root shoot

Documents

root diameter classes

root balance

shoot ratio

central brazil

total root biomass

concepts of shoot root

fibrous root system

soil organic matter