crop-adapted spraying (2017)
TRANSCRIPT
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Crop-Adapted Spraying
Dr. Jason Deveau Application Technology Specialist
and
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Why so complicated?
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Reason 1
Inappropriate Label
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• Most pesticide label rates reflect the area of the planting (e.g. lb/ac).
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• Most pesticide label rates reflect the area of the planting (e.g. lb/ac).
• Those labels work in field crops where crop variability is relatively minor between fields…
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• Most pesticide label rates reflect the area of the planting (e.g. lb/ac).
• Those labels work in field crops where crop variability is relatively minor between fields…
• But, a fixed rate/volume is insufficient to match variability in N.A. orchards.
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Reason 2
Orchard Variability
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Would you use the same sprayer set-up on these two blocks?
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Would you use the same sprayer set-up on these two blocks?
How about pre- and post- petal fall?
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Reason 3
Sprayer Variability
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Would you calibrate these the same way?
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Possible impacts
Over Spraying
> Money in chemicals/time
> Unnecessary contamination
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Possible impacts
Over Spraying Under Spraying
> Money in chemicals/time < Efficacy
> Unnecessary contamination > Pest resistance over time
> Spraying to compensate
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Tree-Row Volume Calculator
Virginia Cooperative Extension, 1986
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• The CAS method matches sprayer to orchard to achieve consistent coverage.
Crop-Adapted Spraying (CAS)
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• The CAS method matches sprayer to orchard to achieve consistent coverage.
• Waste is reduced and efficacy of foliar insecticides and fungicides is maintained (at minimum).
Crop-Adapted Spraying (CAS)
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• The CAS method matches sprayer to orchard to achieve consistent coverage.
• Waste is reduced and efficacy of foliar insecticides and fungicides is maintained (at minimum).
• Formula based (in part) on international methods and is better than TRV.
Crop-Adapted Spraying (CAS)
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• The CAS method matches sprayer to orchard to achieve consistent coverage.
• Waste is reduced and efficacy of foliar insecticides and fungicides is maintained (at minimum).
• Formula based (in part) on international methods and is better than TRV.
• Now it’s a smartphone app.
Crop-Adapted Spraying (CAS)
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• Apple or Android • Metric or US Imperial units • Inventory sprayers • Inventory orchard blocks • Propose a pesticide dose for each block, including
ideal nozzle rates, water volume and product(s) per tank
• Create a spray record (emailed to the user)
Available for free on www.sprayers101.com
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The method
• The sprayer operator enters information about the orchard, sprayer and pesticide.
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The method
• The sprayer operator enters information about the orchard, sprayer and pesticide.
• OrchardMAX proposes an ideal nozzling solution and volume/acre.
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The method
• The sprayer operator enters information about the orchard, sprayer and pesticide.
• OrchardMAX proposes an ideal nozzling solution and volume/acre.
• The sprayer operator performs a simple calibration using a few ribbons and some water-sensitive paper.
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Confirm coverage Confirm coverage
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Confirm coverage Confirm coverage
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Research & experience suggest a minimum of 85 medium sized droplets per cm2 and a total
area of 10-15% coverage is sufficient for most foliar insecticides / fungicides
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• This approach is
really no different than what most growers already do – we’ve just standardized an ad hoc process.
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Preliminary Trials (2011)
• Based on CAS, one orchard applied ~35% less Mancozeb© than label rate for one season (no control)
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Saved $4,140.00 that year just for
one fungicide
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Surplus Pesticide
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Harvest Quality Harvest Quality
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2012 – RIP Ontario apple blossoms
© G
ary
Gao
– O
hio
Sta
te
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Full Trials (2013-2015)
• Full trials included 2 orchards (year 1), 3 orchards (year 2) and 4 orchards (year 3).
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Full Trials (2013-2015)
• Full trials included 2 orchards (year 1), 3 orchards (year 2) and 4 orchards (year 3).
• Sprayer operators used the optimized settings and rates for the CAS (treatment) block, and their typical methods for the control blocks.
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Full Trials (2013-2015)
• Full trials included 2 orchards (year 1), 3 orchards (year 2) and 4 orchards (year 3).
• Sprayer operators used the optimized settings and rates for the CAS (treatment) block, and their typical methods for the control blocks.
• Students scouted weekly for 13-15 weeks and apples were collected at harvest.
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Orchard
Typical
spray
volume
(Control)
CAS spray
volume
(Treatment)
% Savings Varieties
(age)
Orchard
Structure
Years in
study
Orchard 1 486 L/ha 373 L/ha 23% Gala + g. Del
(~10 yr) High density 3
Orchard 2 748 L/ha
478 L/ha &
608 L/ha =
543 L/ha
28% Macs + Empires
(~30 yr) Semi dwarf 3+
Orchard 3 577 L/ha
(660 L/ha) 407 L/ha
29%
(38%)
Gala + Fuji
(~20 yr) High density 2
Nova
Scotia 544 L/ha 416 L/ha 33%
Jonogold
(~10 yr) High density 1+
Full Trials (2013-2015)
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Sample CAS calibration (Orchard 3, 2014)
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Scouting protocol
Activity Method Number of trees : 10 weekly
Tapping : 2.5 taps per tree (25 total)
Leaves : 5 leaves per tree (50 total)
Spurs/Terminals : 10 per tree (100 total)
End-of-season Fruit : 5 per tree at harvest (50 total)
• Students were not aware which condition was which (blind scouting).
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• Sometimes counts were higher in the CAS block and sometimes in the control.
Results
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• Sometimes counts were higher in the CAS block and sometimes in the control.
• Of the 128 statistical block comparisons, only 3 were significantly different and CAS had the lowest counts in 2 of them.
Results
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Results
• Nova Scotia ran independent trials & reported no difference between blocks
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Sample comparison
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Destructive apple sampling Destructive apple sampling
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Destructive apple sampling
• I’m not saying differences were significant, but they are intriguing…
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• CAS worked in both high density and semi-dwarf orchards… whether I was there to help or not.
Conclusions
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• CAS worked in both high density and semi-dwarf orchards… whether I was there to help or not.
Conclusions
• Growers reported that these methods were intuitive and that they would be willing to expand their use of use CAS.
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• CAS worked in both high density and semi-dwarf orchards… whether I was there to help or not.
Conclusions
• Growers reported that these methods were intuitive and that they would be willing to expand their use of use CAS.
• …in fact, I struggled to preserve the control blocks!
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Concern 1
Does Reduced Rate
Mean Resistance?
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• Picture three different apple trees
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• The label rate works out to 1 g active / L
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• The applicator uses 1,000 L spray mix / ha
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Concern 2
Does Less Pesticide
Mean Poor Performance?
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Before CAS calibration: Coverage is highly variable, and spray is wasted.
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After CAS calibration: Coverage is more consistent, and excess and off-target spray is reduced.
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• This is a typical dose response curve.
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• The lowest efficacious dose gives a certain level of control.
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• An un-calibrated airblast application creates a lot of variability, which means lower rates in portions of the canopy.
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• Lower rates can have significant impacts on a steep response curve, reducing average efficacy.
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• The CAS process reduces variability, bringing the rate (and efficacy) closer to what was intended.
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• So, the primary objective of CAS is to achieve consistent coverage in and between orchard blocks.
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• So, the primary objective of CAS is to achieve consistent coverage in and between orchard blocks.
• Reducing environmental loading and saving water / pesticide are wonderful secondary effects.
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Impact
• There are ~16,000 acres of commercial apple orchard in Ontario. (Stats Canada, 2010)
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Impact
• There are ~16,000 acres of commercial apple orchard in Ontario. (Stats Canada, 2010)
• An acre needs ~$1,000.00 of insecticide
and fungicide/year. (2010 OMAFRA Economic Report on Apple Production)
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Impact
• There are ~16,000 acres of commercial apple orchard in Ontario. (Stats Canada, 2010)
• An acre needs ~$1,000.00 of insecticide
and fungicide/year. (2010 OMAFRA Economic Report on Apple Production)
• CAS has the potential to improving overall
coverage while reducing inputs by a conservative 20%.
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Impact
• There are ~16,000 acres of commercial apple orchard in Ontario. (Stats Canada, 2010)
• An acre needs ~$1,000.00 of insecticide
and fungicide/year. (2010 OMAFRA Economic Report on Apple Production)
• CAS has the potential to improving overall
coverage while reducing inputs by a conservative 20%.
• That’s a savings of $3,200,000.00 per year!
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Impact
• There are ~16,000 acres of commercial apple orchard in Ontario. (Stats Canada, 2010)
• An acre needs ~$1,000.00 of insecticide
and fungicide/year. (2010 OMAFRA Economic Report on Apple Production)
• CAS has the potential to improving overall
coverage while reducing inputs by a conservative 20%.
• That’s a savings of $3,200,000.00 per year!
• That doesn’t include improved quality…
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• Labeled application rates should be structured as a ratio of formulated product to carrier, should state an ideal coverage standard, and state maximum allowances by time or by area (to cover REI & residue).
Comments
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• Labeled application rates should be structured as a ratio of formulated product to carrier, should state an ideal coverage standard, and state maximum allowances by time or by area (to cover REI & residue).
• I’ll be dead before that happens…
Comments
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• Labeled application rates should be structured as a ratio of formulated product to carrier, should state an ideal coverage standard, and state maximum allowances by time or by area (to cover REI & residue).
• I’ll be dead before that happens…
• Meanwhile, Crop-Adapted Spraying should become a recognized method for optimizing dosages (like tree-row-volume in the 60’s).
Comments
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• Kristy Grigg-McGuffin (OMAFRA) • Kathryn Carter (OMAFRA) • Behrouz Ehsani (University of Guelph) • Chris Duyvelshoff (Perennia)
• Hedges’ Orchards (ON) • Lingwood Orchards (ON) • Bell Brothers’ Orchards (ON) • Zurbuchen Orchards (ON) • Spurr Bros Orchards (NS) • Taylor Wallace (OMAFRA summer student ’10) • Carly Decker (OMAFRA summer student ‘12) • Megan Leedham (OMAFRA summer student ‘13) • Tara Wiedeman (OMAFRA summer student ‘14) • Victoria Radauskas (OMAFRA summer student ‘15)
• Horticultural Crops Ontario • TeeJet Technologies Inc. • Croplife Canada
Thanks to
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Available here for $30.00 or FREE ePub online
A Handbook of Best Practices in Airblast Spraying
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Tom Wolf
@nozzle_guy
Jason Deveau
@spray_guy
Learn more about spraying
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