F a t t y

a c i d

a m i d e s

C ro d a m i d e

Crodamide is the trade name of the range of fattyacid amides produced by Croda.

Crodamides have a wide range of applications andare particularly used for solving issues with polymerprocessing and end use.

All the products are manufactured from natural oilsand fats and include primary amides, secondaryamides and secondary bis-amides. From itsmanufacturing facility in Hull, England, Croda offersthe Crodamide range through a global network ofsubsidiaries and agents.

Crodamides

allow faster

film

processing

speeds”

“

Applications Polymers - slipFatty acid amides are the additive of choice for lowering offriction on polymer surfaces. Effective at low levels, theyprovide a cost effective solution to friction relatedconstraints in film production, conversion and closure releaseapplications.

Amides are normally incorporated into the polymer melt andwork by migrating to the surface as the polymer cools. Thesolid lubricating layer formed at the surface lowers frictionbetween contacting polymer surfaces or between thepolymer and other materials.

Amide uniformlydistributed in thepolymer immediatelyafter extrusion.

As polymer coolsamide migrates tothe outer surfaceand forms a partiallayer. Friction dropsrapidly.

Complete layers ofamide on surfacemigration slows orstops. Frictionreaches a minimum.

Crodamides

improve the

surface finish

in critical film

applications”

“

Slip development in polymers

Coe

ffici

ent

of fr

ictio

n

Time after extrusion

00.1 1

Time (hours, log scale)

Primary Crodamide performance in LDPE blown film

10 100 1000

0.6

0.2

0.4

0.8

1

1.2

CoF

SRERORBR

Final slip performance versus concentration for Crodamide OR and Crodamide ER in LDPE blown film

00 1000500

Amide conc (ppm)2000 25001500 3000 3500

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

CoF

(@

14 d

ays)

EROR

Applications Polymers - medium slipCrodamide 203 and Crodamide 212 offer controllablemedium slip performance, where a Coefficient of Friction of0.3-0.4 is desired.They allow precise control at reasonableaddition levels, reducing reject material.

Applications Polymers - organic anti-blockMost amides will improve blocking when used in combinationwith inorganic materials.

Crodamide BR is the most effective, migrating to form acontinuous non-sticking layer.This allows lower levels ofinorganic anti-blocking agent to be used, resulting in improved clarity.

Crodamide BR can be used in combination with CrodamideER, without increasing the total amide level, to give combinedslip and antiblock performance.

Crodamide ER

gives

controlled

application

and release

torque for

plastic

closures”

“

Performance of Crodamide 203 and 212 as medium slip additives in LDPE blown film

00 1000

Amide conc (ppm)2000 3000 4000

0.2

0.4

0.6

0.8

CoF

(@

14 d

ays)

Crodamide 203Crodamide 212Crodamide ER

0

No additives ER + Talc

Performance of Crodamides in combination with inorganic antiblock additives in LDPE film

1000ppm total Crodamide + 1000ppm talc

ER + BR + Talc

1.5

0.5

1

2

2.5

3

Bloc

king

forc

e (N

)

SpecificationsPrimary Crodamide specifications

Crodamide Description Acid Melting Colour value point ˚C Gardner(max) (max)

E Erucamide 10 75-80 10

ER Refined erucamide 1 78-81 2

O Oleamide 10 66-72 10

OR Refined oleamide 1 70-73 2

VRX Ref. vegetable oleamide 1 72-77 2

S Stearamide 10 96-102 10

SR Refined stearamide 5 96-102 5

SRV Ref. vegetable stearamide 5 95-105 3

BR Refined behenamide 3 102-112 4

Secondary and bis Crodamide specificationsCrodamide Description Acid Melting Amine

value point ˚C value(max) (max)

203 Oleyl palmitamide 3 60-66 3

212 Stearyl erucamide 3 70-75 3

EBS Ethylene bis-stearamide 5 140-145 5

EBSV Veg. Ethylene bis-stearamide 5 140-145 5

EBO Ethylene bis-oleamide 5 115-125 5

DD8001 Proprietary blend 10 80-90 10

all products

are

manufactured

from natural

oils and fats”

“

Thermogravimetric analysis of primary amidesConditions: Heating rate 20°C min-1, N2 atmosphere

60

100

40

80

20

0

160 210 260

Temperature (ºC)

Wei

ght

loss

(%

)

310 360 410

ORSRERBR

Iodine Amide Moisture % (max) Crodamider value purity powder bead

% (min)

75-82 93 - 0.4 E*

75-82 98 0.2 0.4 ER*

85-95 94 - 0.5 O

87-95 98 0.2 0.4 OR

80-88 98 0.2 0.4 VRX*

2 max 94 0.2 0.5 S

2 max 97 0.2 0.5 SR

2 max 97 0.2 0.5 SRV*

4 max 97 - 0.25 BR*

Colour Moisture % (max) CrodamideGardner powder bead (max)

3 - 0.5 203*

5 - 0.5 212*

5 0.2 0.2 EBS

5 0.2 0.2 EBSV*

10 - 0.5 EBO*

10 - 0.5 DD8001

60

100

40

80

20

0

210

Temperature (ºC)

Thermogravimetric analysis of secondary amidesConditions: Heating rate 20°C min-1, N2 atmosphere

Wei

ght

loss

(%

)

310 360 410 460

203212EBOEBS

* Vegetable based materials

Applications Polymers - injection mouldingIn moulded articles Crodamides start to migrate to thesurface as they cool in the mould. The resulting layer gives:

Easier and more uniform mould release without the need for sprays

Better surface finish/reduced pin marking

Careful choice of the Crodamide gives mouldings that releaseeasily and offers a range of surface friction characteristics.Downstream benefits include:

Better control of application and release torque for closures

Ease of assembly

Easier conveying of mouldings

Improved scuff/scratch resistance

Improved packing density of mouldings

Crodamides

achieve cost

effective and

fast mould

release”

“

Polymer compatibility and use chart General use recommended

Useful in some applications

Polymer type ER OR VRX SR BR 203 212 EBO

LDPE

LLDPE

HDPE

PP

EVA

PVC

PS

Nylon 6

Nylon 6, 6

PET

ABS

Rubber

EBS

ApplicationsRubberCrodamides are well recognised in many areas of rubberprocessing as mould release, dispersing and processing aids.In the finished article Crodamides reduce friction and blocking.In EPDM, Crodamide ER at 1000ppm reduces the coefficientof friction and controls iridescent bloom at the surface.

InksCrodamides improve slip of flexographic inks after applicationand drying.This is especially important when printing on plasticsubstrates to ensure similar frictional properties on printedand non-printed areas. In offset litho applications Crodamideincreases the hydrophobicity of the ink, yielding a sharperprinted image.

Crodamides are also used in dot-matrix/typewriter ribbons,carbon papers and printer toners.

Lubricating oilsCrodamide O is used as a friction modifier, increasingcompatibility at the oil - metal interface in crankcase and engine oils.

PaperCrodamides are used extensively in thermal paper pigmentsystems due to their well defined melting behaviour.

Crodamide EBS is an efficient de-foaming agent in paperproduction.

MetalworkingCrodamide EBS is an excellent lubricant for both wet and drydrawing of steel wire and tubes. It allows production ofmaterials without surface erosion or residual film.

Crodamides also find applications as sintered metal lubricants,improving powdered metal flow and, after firing, leaving aporous metal component ready to accept other lubricants.

Friction

modification

using

Crodamide O

helps fuel

economy and

reduces

engine wear”

“

Raw materialsCrodamides are produced from naturally occurring oils andfats. Croda is a leading contractor for growing High ErucicRapeseed Oil (HERO) for industrial uses, thus ensuringcontinuity of supply of this vital raw material.

Crodamide productionCroda has a manufacturing facility dedicated to theproduction of fatty acid amides, allowing full integration ofprocesses from raw material to packaged finished product onone site.

The manufacture of amides is central to Croda and there isan ongoing programme of investment in production plant andassociated technologies, together with a policy of continualproduct quality improvement.

Product qualityThrough extensive experience, Croda offers various grades ofCrodamides that have been optimised for the demands ofindividual application areas.

The Crodamide range is subject to stringent quality controlprocedures during and after manufacture and Croda can offerits customers SQC data on key variables.

Technical serviceExtensive technical assistance is offered to our customers,supported by our purpose built plastics applicationlaboratory at the manufacturing site. With over 30 years ofexperience of Crodamide products, our analyticallaboratories have international accreditation in the analysis ofoil and fat derivatives.

Croda is a world expert in the use of fatty acid amideproducts in polymer and related applications. Ourexperienced technologists can offer you advice to help youchoose the most effective additive and dosage for a particularapplication

Crodamides

improve scuff

resistance of

flexographic

inks”

“

Raw material Hydrolysis Purification Amidation Refining Finishing Raw material Hydrolysis Purification Amidation Refining Finishing

CrodamideCrodamide

Health and safety dataCrodamides are considered to be non-toxic and are not expected to be irritating to skinand eyes other than for powder grades which can be irritating due to fine particle size.Most Crodamides are permitted for specific indirect food contact applications in the USAin accordance with CFR21. Most Crodamides are also permitted for use as additives infood contact plastics in the EEC.

Material safety data sheets conforming to EEC and detailed food approvals and regulatoryinformation are available for individual products on request.

Non-warrantyThe information in this publication is believed to be accurate and is given in good faith butno representation or warranty as to its completeness or accuracy is made.

Suggestions for uses or applications are only opinions. Users are responsible fordetermining the suitability of these products for their own particular purpose.

No representation or warranty, express or implied, is made with respect to information orproducts including without limitation warranties of merchantability or fitness for aparticular purpose or non-infringement of any third party patent or other intellectualproperty rights including without limit copyright, trademark and designs.

Any trademarks identified herein are trademarks of the Croda group of companies.

June 2005

Certificate no.EMS38741

Croda Universal Ltd

Certificate no.FM09277

Croda Universal Ltd

Further informationFor details of your local polymer additives sales representative please contactyour nearest Croda regional office.

Europe,Africa, Middle East, Central and South AmericaCroda Chemicals Europe Ltd, UKTel +44 (0)1405 860551 Fax +44 (0)1405 863317 email pa-europe@croda.comNorth AmericaCroda Inc, USATel (570) 748 7796 Fax (570) 748 8042 email pa-northamerica@croda.comAsia PacificCroda Singapore Pte LtdTel +65 65519600 Fax +65 65519550 email pa-asia@croda.com

www.croda.com/europe/pa