critical thinking: the secrets to successful problem ... · critical thinking: the secrets to...
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CRITICAL THINKING:
The Secrets to Successful
Problem-Solving &
Decision Making
Rebecca Staton-Reinstein, Ph.D.
President, Advantage Leadership, Inc.
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National Council for Excellence
in Critical Thinking
Intellectually disciplined process of actively & skillfully:
• analyzing
• synthesizing and
• evaluating:
Information gathered from
• observation
• experience
• reflection
• reasoning or
• communication
As a guide to belief and action 2
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Solve problems & make effective
decisions using critical thinkingPrioritize decisions for greatest effectiveness & efficiency
Challenge
assumptions
Make better
decisions on
limited data
Integrate consequences into decision making
Increase decision
accuracy
Minimize poor decisions
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The significant
problems we face
cannot be solved
at the same level
of thinking we
were at when we
created them.
-- Albert Einstein
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What decisions do you make?
What problems do you solve?
List 5 recent decisions or problems you solved
What types of decisions do you make or influence?
What types of problems do you solve or influence?
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How do you make decisions?
How do you solve problems?
Your methodology or process
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Challenge ALL:
Knowledge
Beliefs
Facts
Assumptions
Conventional Wisdom
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ASK GREAT QUESTIONS TO ENGAGE
EXPLORATION
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Organization’s Vision
Organization’s Mission
Department’s Mission
Team’s Mission
Decisions start at the top
Why is it important to know these things?9
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Strategic Plan WHAT + Tactical Plan HOW
GOAL (High Level Results - Measurable) SMART
Objective (Concrete Results - Measurable)
Tactics Responsible
Person
Measurement Time
Frame
Status
HOW WHO What is
Success?
WHEN Where
are
we?
PLAN Guides Decisions
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The Plan Is The Boss
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The Plan Is The Boss
Decision Based
on Plan
Results: Root
Cause
What’s Important
Now
ACT –Don’t React
Lessons Learned
Re-Plan
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Does this move me
closer to
or further from
fulfilling the Mission
Strategic
Decision Making &
Problem Solving
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The urgent
will ALWAYS
drive out the
Important...
IF you let it!
-- Rebecca
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What goes into solving a problem
or making a great decision?
What data available?
How will it affect...?
Who consulted?
Consequences...?
How quickly?
How critical?
Values/ROIs?
What else impacted?
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Problem-Solving &
Decision-Making Tools
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Strength
INTERNALAids for
Solutions
Weakness
INTERNALChallenges for
Solutions
Opportunity
EXTERNALSituations to
Leverage
Threat
EXTERNALRisks toMitigate
SWOT Analysis
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Strength
INTERNALAids for
Solutions
Weakness
INTERNALChallenges for
Solutions
Opportunity
EXTERNALSituations to
Leverage
SWOT Force Field Analysis
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Brainstorm
Review
Review
Review 3 – 5 items
Multi-Voting
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Comparison Matrix
Elements Impact
1 - 5
Importance
1 - 5
Level
ITEM 1
ITEM 2
ITEM 3
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Threat
EXTERNALRisks toMitigate
Weakness
INTERNALChallenges for
Solutions
RISK FACTORS
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Example:
What are project THREATS & RISKS?
Threats / Risks Impact
1 - 5
Likelihood
1 - 5
Level
ITEM 1 2 3 6
ITEM 2 5 3 15
ITEM 3 4 4 16
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Weighted Comparison Matrix
Criteria
CompareA
(weight)
1 - 5
B(weight)
1 - 5
C(weight)
1 - 5
TotalADD Cells
Row by Row
Item 1 Match X
Weight
Match X
Weight
Match X
WeightSum
Item 2 Match X
Weight
Match X
Weight
Match X
WeightSum
Item 3 Match X
Weight
Match X
Weight
Match X
WeightSum
Weight = Importance (1 – 5) Match = Closeness to Criterion (1 - 5)
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Weighted Comparison MatrixCriteria
CompareA
(weight)
5
B(weight)
4
C(weight)
3
TotalADD Cells
Row by Row
Vendor
12 X 5 =
10
5 X 4 =
20
3 X 3 =
939
Vendor
24 X 5 =
20
5 X 4 =
20
4 X 3 =
1252
Vendor
31 X 5 =
5
2 X 4 =
8
4 X 3 =
1225
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Forced Choice Matrix
Item A Item B Item C Item D Item E
Item A A or B?
1 - 5
A or C?
1 - 5
A or D?
1 - 5
A or E?
1 - 5
Item B B or C?
1 - 5
B or D?
1 - 5
B or E?
1 - 5
Item C C or D?
1 - 5
C or E?
1 - 5
Item D D or E?
1 - 5
Item E
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Forced Choice Matrix
Item A Item B Item C Item D Item E
Item A B
3
A
2
A
5
E
1
Item B B
4
D
2
B
3
Item C D
4
E
1
Item D D
3
Item E
Item A = 7
Item B = 10
Item C = 0
Item D = 9
Item E = 2
PRIORITY: B; D; A; E; C
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CLARITY DECISION MAKING & PROBLEM SOLVING
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Constraints: Provided we can...
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ASSUMPTIONS: Hidden & Otherwise
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Success Factors:
How will we measure success? 31
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Solutions:
Must address all Constraints
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CLARITY DECISION MAKING & PROBLEM SOLVING
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Improving Decision Making
Track Results
Analyze Lessons Learned
Find Root Causes
Plan to Improve
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Knowledge must
come through
Action
-- Sophocles
Σοφοκλῆς36
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Review your experience
• How do you solve problems?
• How do you make decisions?
Decide how to improve
• Look for trends & pitfalls
• Make a plan, use new tools, track progress
Focus on continuous improvement
• Practice critical thinking
• Question everything!
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Resources:
The Right Decision Every Time: How to Reach Perfect
Clarity on Tough Decisions , Luda Kopeikina, Prentice
Hall, 2005
SWITCH: How to Change Things When Change is
Hard. Chip & Dan Heath, Broadway Books, 2010
Strengths Finder 2.0. Tom Rath, Gallup Press, 2007
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