critical dialogue
TRANSCRIPT
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Andrew WhiteEU and the Middle East
6th March 2012
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Background
Historical Overview
Iran: Towards moderation The EU: A new foreign policy actor
Security
Economics Normative Concerns Conclusion Bibliography
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1957Treaty of Rome
1979 Islamic Revolution
1980 Start of Iran-Iraq War
1986/87 Single European Act
1988 End of Iran-Iraq War
1989Fatwa against Rushdie (Feb)
1989 Ayatollah Khomeini Dies (Jun)
1989
Rafsanjani becomes President 1991 Maastricht Treaty
1992 Critical Dialogue announced
1997 Mykonos Ruling (Apr)
1997 Khatami becomes President
Full name: Islamic Republic of Iran
Population: 75.1 million (UN, 2010)
Capital: Tehran
Area: 1.65 million sq kmMajor language: Persian
Major religion: Islam
Life expectancy: 72(men), 75(women)
Monetary unit: 10 rials = 1 toman
Main exports: Petroleum, carpets,
agricultural products
GNI per capita: US $4,520
Source: BBC
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Key Events: End of the Iran-Iraq War Death of Ayatollah Khomeini and the succession of Ali
Khamenei to the seat of Supreme Leader. Election of Rafsanjani to the Presidency.
Key Consequences: Move away from policy of exporting the IslamicRevolution
Liberalisation of markets Green light for the EU to seek rapprochement with Iran
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Key Events: The Single European Act (1986)
The Maastricht Treaty (1992)
Key Consequences: Creation of the Common Foreign and Security
Policy
Enshrined founding principles and normativemanifesto
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Physical Security Assassinations on European soil
Alleged support of IRA Arms proliferation
Energy Security
Policy towards MEPP/ anti-Israeli Stance Support of Hamas, Hezbollah
Export of the Islamic Revolution
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Overview: $18.8 billion net trade in 1991 $25.2 billion net trade in 2006 (EUCE, 2008)
Britain: Royal Dutch Shell invested $2.5 billion on Iran-Turkmenistan-Turkey-West Europe Pipeline
France: Total (together with Gazprom and Petronas ) invested
heavily in South Pars gas field in Iran
Germany: Hermes-Credit-Guarantees DM150 million
EU: $10 billion in loan refinancing to Iran between 1992 and 1997
Source: Struwe (1998)
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To develop and consolidate democracy andthe rule of law, and respect for human rightsand fundamental freedoms. Art. J.1(2) TEU Oppression of the Bahais religious group
Excessive use of the death penalty
Subjugation of women
The EU and soft power Use of economic incentives
Multilateralism
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Security
Terrorism, Iran stance on the MEPP, WMD
proliferation, energy security Economic
Resource rich nation (oil and gas), opportunities
for development of emerging markets
Normative
Human rights, womens and minority rights,arbitrary justice, the rule of law
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The EU motivations in pursuing the CriticalDialogue with Iran in the between 1992 and
1997 were threefold: Security
Economic
Normative The Critical Dialogue is the policy that arose
from the convergence of EUs strategicinterests and normative values
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Struwe, M. V. (1998), The policy of critical dialogue: An analysis ofEuropean human rights policy towards Iran from 1992 to 1997,Working Paper. University of Durham, Centre for Middle Eastern andIslamic Studies.
Noi, A. . (2005), Irans nuclear programme: The EU approach to Iran incomparison to the US approach, Perceptions, Spring 2005
Miller, R. (2012), The European Unions counterproductive Iran sanctions; thecase for pulling back, Foreign Affairs, 23.02.2012
Posch, W. (2007), The European Union and Iran: What next?, TheInternational Spectator, 42:4, 537-543
Commission of the European Communities (2001), EU relations with the IslamicRepublic of Iran COM(2001) 71 Final, 07.02.2001, Brussels
Everts, S. (2004), Engaging Iran; A test case for EU foreign policy,
Working Paper, Centre for European Reform, March 2004 Clawson, P. (1995), What to do about Iran?, Middle East Quarterly, 1995 2:4, 39-
49 Edinburgh European Council 11-12 December 1992-
http://wwweuroparl.europa.eu/summits/edinburgh/default_en.htm European Union Centre of North Carolina (EUCE), Europes Iran Diplomacy, EU
Briefings, March 2008
http://wwweuroparl.europa.eu/summits/edinburgh/default_en.htmhttp://wwweuroparl.europa.eu/summits/edinburgh/default_en.htmhttp://wwweuroparl.europa.eu/summits/edinburgh/default_en.htm -
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The current move to impose an oil embargo onIranian oil exports to the EU represents a U-turn inEU policy from the Critical Dialogue. What
factors can explain this development?
Are sanctions an effective way of dealing withIran?