crisis of the imperial order ( 1900–1929) i. europe & the middle east
TRANSCRIPT
Crisis of the Imperial Order(1900–1929)
I. Europe & the Middle East
A. Ottoman Empire & the Balkans
1. Late 19th-c.: Ottoman Empire in decline (European provinces lost)
2. The Young Turks:
Modernization Constitutionalism Centralized rule & “Turkification”
3. Turks turned to Germany for assistance…
B. Militarization, Alliances, Imperialism, & Nationalism (MAIN!)
1. 3 main causes of World War I:
extreme nationalism system of alliances imperial competition militarization of Germany
C. Nationalism
1. Deeply rooted in Europe
– united nations while undermining minorities
2. War as a crusade for liberty
3. War could heal the class divisions
D. Alliances
Two alliances:
Triple Alliance: Germany, Austria-Hungary, & Italy
Triple Entente: Britain, France, & Russia
*Railroad mobilization to move troops
E. Militarization
1. Balkan’s “Powder Keg”: Assassination of Austro-Hungarian Archduke Franz Ferdinand by Serbian nationalists
2. Ultimatum given to Serbs & war declared on July 28, 1914
3. Alliance system w/ mobilization plans meant that war was automatic
M.A.I.N.:
Russia supports Serbia…
Germany support A-H…
Russia now declares war on Germany & A-H…
France & Great Britain support Russia
II. The “Great War”
1914–1918
A. Stalemate, 1914–19171. German victory seemed certain…but both sides formed
an unbroken line of trenches through France and Switzerland (“Western Front”)
2. Brutal trench warfare ensued for 4 years
War Is HELL !!War Is HELL !!
B. Schlieffen Plan: 2 Fronts
1. strategy by Germans to first invade Belgium…
2. Schlieffen felt the Russians would be slow to mobilize…focus on western front
A Multi-Front WarA Multi-Front War
C. The War Economy1. Demands for raw materials
led to rationing
2. Entry of women into the workforce
3. Recruitment of Africans, Indians, & Chinese,
4. Naval blockades
D. Battles of Verdun & Somme
Verdun: Germans surprised Allies in France
***One of bloodiest battles of WWI
Somme: British/French offensive against Germans (60,000 British die in one day…)
– tank first used
E. The Ottoman Empire at War 1. Turks signed a secret alliance w/ Germany in 1914
2. Turks deported & committed genocide against Armenians
3. Turks closed the Dardanelles Straits
4. British attacked at Gallipoli, failed, & pushed Arabs to revolt against Ottomans…promised Arabs what?
- Arabian independence from Ottomans (1916)
Attack at Gallipoli
T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18
T. E. Lawrence & the “Arab Revolt”, 1916-18
F. The Balfour Declaration
1. 1917: British also promise a Jewish state…
- “suggest” to Jewish Zionists they “view with favor” a Jewish homeland in Palestine…
2. British also sent troops to secure the oil pipeline from Iran (took Baghdad in 1917)
Text of Balfour DeclarationForeign OfficeNovember 2nd, 1917
Dear Lord Rothschild:
I have much pleasure in conveying to you. on behalf of His Majesty'sGovernment, the following declaration of sympathy with Jewish Zionist aspirations which has been submitted to, and approved by, the Cabinet:
His Majesty's Government view with favor the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavors to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.
I should be grateful if you would bring this declaration to the knowledgeof the Zionist Federation.
Yours,Arthur James Balfour
The“Colonial”
Fronts
The“Colonial”
Fronts
Sikh British Soldiers in IndiaSikh British Soldiers in India
Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa
British Sikh Mountain Gunners
British Sikh Mountain Gunners
African Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen
[German E. Africa]
African Soldiers in the German Schutztruppen
[German E. Africa]
Fighting in AfricaFighting in Africa
3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade3rd British Battalion, Nigerian Brigade
French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916
French colonial marine infantry fromCochin, China - 1916
G. U.S. Enters the War
1. U.S. conflicted about allowing immigrants; but profited from sale of goods
2. Unrestricted German submarine warfare: led to sinking of ship Lusitania (1917)
3. The Zimmerman Telegraph
– Germany promises Mexico lost territory to U.S. for access to invade
The Zimmerman TelegramThe Zimmerman Telegram
H. Impact of WWI
1. More dead & wounded than any war: 9 million dead…15 million wounded
2. Millions of refugees (U.S. closed doors)
3. Influenza outbreak of 1918 (50-100 million dead…3% of world died…33% infected)
World War I CasualtiesWorld War I Casualties
01,000,0002,000,0003,000,0004,000,0005,000,0006,000,0007,000,0008,000,0009,000,000
10,000,000RussiaGermanyAustria-HungaryFranceGreat BritainItalyTurkeyUS
1918 Flu Pandemic: 1918 Flu Pandemic:
50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died!50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died!50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died!50,000,000 – 100,000,000 died!
French Renault TankFrench Renault Tank
British Tank at YpresBritish Tank at Ypres
U-BoatsU-Boats
Unterseeboots
Allied Ships Sunk by U-BoatsAllied Ships Sunk by U-Boats
The AirplaneThe Airplane
“Squadron Over the Brenta”Max Edler von Poosch, 1917“Squadron Over the Brenta”Max Edler von Poosch, 1917
The “Red Baron”The “Red Baron”
The ZeppelinThe Zeppelin
FlameThrowers
FlameThrowers
GrenadeLaunchersGrenade
Launchers
Poison GasPoison Gas Machine GunsMachine Guns
HowitzerHowitzer
III. End of the War1. Arrival of U.S. in 1918 allowed Allies to
counterattack
2. Armistice signed on November 11, 1918
3. Treaty of Versailles ended war:
- humiliated Germany…pay war reparations & lost territory to French
- A-H Empire fell apart- creation of the League of Nations
The Big Three
Woodrow Wilson David Lloyd George Georges Clemenceau
New Map of Europe