crisis in the catholic church. background western and central european society was dominated by the...
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Crisis in the Catholic Church
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Background
• Western and central European society was dominated by the Catholic Church since the fall of the Roman Empire. – Religious authorities in many regions were more
powerful than secular authorities – Popes, at times, were the most powerful political
figures in all of Europe
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Background
• The Middle Ages were characterized by religious unity under the Catholic Church
• Meanwhile, the Greek Orthodox Church (Eastern Orthodox Church) was dominant in the Byzantine Empire in the modern-day Balkans and parts of eastern Europe, including Russia.
• There was little cooperation between the Catholic and Orthodox churches
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Critics of the Church
• Marsiglio de Padua • John Wyclif • John Hus
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Marsiglio de Padua
• Defender of Peace • Claimed the church should be subordinate to
the state • Believed the church should be governed by a
council of laity and priests superior to the pope
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John Wyclif
• Believed the church should only follow Scripture
• This view foreshadowed Martin Luther’s reformation in the early 16th century
• Wrote an English translation of Bible • His later followers were called Lollards
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John Hus
• Ideas very similar to Wyclif • Led a nationalist movement in Bohemia
(modern-day Czech Republic) • Captured by authorities and burned at the
stake for his heretical and political views • Hussites: followers of Hus, staged large
rebellions in the 14th century
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"Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy"
• 1305, a struggle between the pope and the French king led to the election of a French pope who set up his leadership in Avignon, France
• Clement V, a Frenchman, was named pope in 1305. Clement declined to move to Rome, remaining in France, and in 1309 moved his court to the Avignon
• 7 successive popes resided at Avignon, France – 1305-1378
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Effects of the move
• This situation damaged papal prestige (esp. in England & Germany) since popes were believed to be unduly influenced by French kings
• Rome’s economy, meanwhile, was damaged significantly
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Great Schism
• Further conflict occurred in 1377 with election of two popes—one in Rome, one in France—neither of whom recognized the other.
• Further hurt prestige of church
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Conciliarism
• Council of Constance– Ended the Great Schism – Electing Pope Martin V
• Sought to reform the Church by creating a council of cardinals that would be more powerful than the pope
• The newly elected Pope Martin V ensured that papal power still remained supreme