CRIMINAL JUSTICE SYSTEM

Arleth T. FolleroIII-9 BS Psychology

Criminal Justice System

society’s use of due process, police,

courts and punishments to enforce the law.

Due Process

the criminal justice system must

operate within the bounds of law

Police

use discretion, evaluating

situations before deciding whether or not to intervene

Courts

determine the innocence or guilt of people charged

with crimes

Punishment

carried out for four reasons:

Retribution

Deterrence

Rehabilitation

Societal Protection

Community-Based Corrections

correctional programs that takes place in society at large rather

than behind prison walls

• PROBATION• SHOCK PROBATION• PAROLE

Philippine Setting

Criminal Justice System serves as the machinery by which the government

enforces the rules of conduct necessary to protect life and

property, and maintain peace and order.

Five Pillars

1. Law Enforcement

2. Prosecution

3. Judiciary

4. Correctional Institutions

5. Community

Court 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010

Total 0.82 0.85 0.69 0.88 0.83 0.74

Court of Appeals … 1.20 0.93 … … …

Sandiganbayan 0.97 1.18 1.28 0.68 1.05 0.39

Court of Tax Appeals 0.71 1.21 0.84 1.90 1.09 0.99

Regional Trial Courts 0.79 0.79 0.68 0.81 0.75 0.69

Metropolitan Trial Courts 0.76 0.73 0.59 0.82 0.82 0.78

Municipal Trial Courts in Cities

0.84 0.88 0.79 0.86 0.88 0.75

Municipal Trial Courts 0.89 1.03 0.72 0.98 1.25 0.78

Municipal Circuit Trial Courts 0.95 1.11 0.75 1.61 1.03 0.93

Court-Case Disposition Rate by Type of Court2005-2010

Note: Court-case disposition rate is the ratio of total cases decided/resolved over total cases filed in a year. A ratio of less than 1 indicates an increasing backlog; greater than 1, decreasing backlog; and equal to 1 means that the backlog is being maintained.

Source: Office of the Court Administrator, Supreme Court.

Number of Newly Filed Cases In Lower Courts, By Type of Court: 2008 to 2011

Source: Office of the Court Administrator, Supreme Court.

Court 2008 2009 2010 2011

Ave. # of Newly Filed

Cases 2008-2011

% Share

Average Growth

Rate2008-2011

Year-on-Year Growth Rates

2008-09

2009-10

2010-2011

                     

Total  337,946 324,517 326,897 351,488 335,212 100.0 1.32 -3.97 0.73 7.52

Regional Trial  Courts

167,181 164,952 175,847 182,915 172,724 51.5 3.04 -1.33 6.60 4.02

Metropolitan Trial Courts

64,027 60,676 54,729 57,060 59,123 17.6 -3.77 -5.23 -9.80 4.26

Municipal Trial Courts in Cities

62,840 54,916 58,355 68,320 61,108 18.2 2.83-

12.616.26 17.08

Municipal Trial Courts

24,778 22,872 19,743 24,265 22,915 6.8 -0.69 -7.69 -13.68 22.90

Case Inflow and Case Outflow by Lower Courts: 2009 to 2012

Notes: Case inflow refers to the summation of cases newly filed, cases revived/reopened, and cases received from other salas/courts during the reference period.

Case outflow refers to the summation of cases decided/resolved, cases archived, case transferred to other salas/courts, and cases with proceedings suspended during the reference period.

Source: Office of the Court Administrator, Supreme Court.

Court2009 2010 2011 2012

Inflow Outflow Inflow Outflow Inflow Outflow Inflow Outflow

                 

Total 377,120 402,500 379,950 385,616 403,204 391,107 385,067 382,957

                 

Regional Trial  Courts

189,025 190,461 197,553 184,288 207,029 193,809 200,287 186,450

Metropolitan Trial Courts

72,391 76,787 68,848 76,779 68,298 68,171 60,047 66,113

Municipal Trial Courts in Cities

67,577 79,651 69,386 76,398 79,182 77,076 76,152 78,356

Municipal Trial Courts

25,143 32,656 24,644 26,792 27,069 27,108 26,502 30,389

Vacancy Rate of Judges in the Lower Courts: 2008-2009

Source: Office of the Court Administrator, Supreme Court.

 

Court

2008 2009

TotalJudicialPosition

TotalIncumbent

Judges

TotalVacancies

VacancyRate

TotalJudicialPosition

TotalIncumbent

Judges

TotalVacancies

VacancyRate 

                 

Total 2,182 1,669 513 23.5% 2,182 1,643 539 24.7%

                 

Regional Trial  Courts

962 778 184 19.1% 962 755 207 21.5%

Metropolitan Trial Courts

95 69 26 27.4% 95 69 26 27.4%

Municipal Trial Courts in Cities

212 177 35 16.5% 212 176 36 17.0%

Municipal Trial Courts

387 297 90 23.3% 387 291 96 24.8%

Municipal Circuits Trial Courts

470 315 155 33.0% 470 321 149 31.7%

 

Source: National Statistics Office

Police-to-Population Ratio in Selected Asian Countries (as of 2012)

Country Ratio Source Singapore 1:142 www.singstat.gov.sg Hong Kong 1:193 www.police.gov.hk; www.censtatd.gov.hk

Malaysia 1:267 http://refsa.org

Thailand 1:304 www.interpol.int

Indonesia 1:428 www.prb.org

Japan 1:433 www.npa.go.jp; www.ipss.go.jp

Philippines 1:651 PNP Chief Directorial Staff Office

Source: PNP

Crime Solution Efficiency 2009-2012

Year Total CrimesSolved Crime Solution Efficiency (%)

2009 66,391 13.32 2010 59,542 18.64 2011 69,851 28.87 2012 79,878 36.67

Source: PNP

BreakthroughE-Subpoena

www.subpoena.pnp.org.ph

New Criminal Code of the Philippines by 2015

TLE Teacher

“it’s not fair… kasi yung mayayaman ‘pag gumawa ng kasalanan, nababayaran ang batas. Samantalang ang mga mahihirap ‘pag nakulong walang pambayad ayun hanggang mabulok na lang sa kulungan.”

Team Captain

“incompetent… implemented in middle class and lower class… not in high class [people]”

Operational Manager

“hindi pulido, maraming butas… Bakit maraming kriminal ang nakakalusot despite ng napakarami nating batas?”

San Beda Law Student

“Dura lex sed lex”

Lawyer

“Meron ba?... Criminal justice system – long, tedious, difficult to convict…”

Why Crime Exist?

III – 9 BS Psychology

Sociological Theories

Psychological Causes

Biological Causes

Arleth T. Follero

BIOLOGICAL CAUSES

Cesare Lombroso came up with the idea that criminals were physically different from law-abiding people.

BIOLOGICAL CAUSES

Distinctive Traits

• Low forehead

• Prominent jaw &

cheekbones

• Protruding ears

• Excessive hairiness

• Unusually lone arms

BIOLOGICAL CAUSES

William Sheldon found that men with mesomorphs were more likely to be criminals than endomorphs or ectomorphs.

BIOLOGICAL CAUSES

But Sheldon and Eleanor Glueck cautioned that a muscular build may not be the cause of criminal behavior.

BIOLOGICAL CAUSES

Researchers found that men with an extra Y chromosomes (XYY) may have a greater chance of becoming criminals.

BIOLOGICAL CAUSES

PSYCHOLOGICAL CAUSES

Walter Reckless and Simon Dinitz explain delinquency in terms of a boy’s degree of moral conscience.

• focuses on abnormal personalities

Structural-Functional

Symbolic-Interaction

SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIES

Social-conflict

Structural-Functional Approach

Durkheim said that as a society defines crime, it affirms norms and values, draws the line between right and wrong, brings people together, and encourages social change.

STRUCTURAL-FUNCTIONAL APPROACH

Merton’s strain theory linked types of rule breaking to a society’s goals and means available to attain them.

Cloward and Ohlin’s opportunity structure theory linked crime to legitimate and illegitimate opportunity.

Hirschi’s control theory states that strong social lies discourage crime.

Symbolic-Interaction Approach

Sutherland’s differential association theory links crime to patterns of learning.

Labeling theory claims that rule breaking results from an audience defining some action in that way.

SYMBOLIC-INTERACTION APPROACH

Symbolic-interaction Approach

Lemert explains how primary deviance can lead to secondary deviance and a deviant identity.

Goffman pointed out that a deviant identify can be a powerful stigma.

Social-Conflict ApproachMarx viewed the legal sytem as a

way for capitalists to protect their wealth.

Feminism points to gender inequality as forcing poor women to engage in crime; male power is evident in the operation of criminal justice system.

POLITICS

ConservativeLiberal

Radical-Left