Crimean Karaites 1

Crimean Karaites

Crimean Karaites

, karaj

Karaite men in traditional garb, Crimea, 19th century.

Total population

~2,000

Regions with significant populations

Israel ?

Ukraine 1,196 []

Poland 346 [1]

Lithuania 241 [2]

Russia 205 [3]

Languages

Russian, Polish, Lithuanian, Karaim

Religion

Karaism, Christianity

The Crimean Karaites or Karaims (Crimean Karaim: sg. - qaray, pl. - qaraylar; Trakai Karaim:sg. karaj, pl. karajlar, Hebrew - qara'im, 'readers', tr. Karaylar), also known as Karaim and Qarays, are ethnicgroup derived from Turkic-speaking adherents of Karaism in Eastern Europe (especially former Russian Empire)."Qaray" is a Romanized spelling of the original name "", while "Karaim" is a Russian, Ukrainian, Lithuanian,and Polish name for the community. Defined themselves as originally centered in Crimea, Karaim were establishedin Trakai (Troki), Lithuania and Eastern Galicia from late medieval times.

Geographic distributionThe name "Crimean Karaites" has often been considered as something of a misnomer, as many branches of thiscommunity found their way to locations throughout Europe and the Middle East. Historians distinguish betweenKaraite Jews and Jews who simply left the Levant before the canonization of the Talmud and therefore had no wayof being Rabbinic Jews. Whether descended from the non-Rabbinic sects of the Second Temple Period, or fromRabbinate families rebelling against Talmudic rules, these communities started in present day Iran.

Crimean Karaites 2

As time went on, some of these communities spread throughout the region, one of which was Crimea. According tothe Karaites' ancient tradition, all the Eastern European Karaite communities were derived from those in theCrimea.[4] Some modern historians doubt the Crimean origin of Lithuanian Karaites.[5][6] Nevertheless this name,"Crimean Karaites" is used for the Turkic-speaking Karaites community supposed to be originated in Crimea todistinguish it from historically Aramaic, Hebrew, and Arabic-speaking Karaites of the Levant, Anatolia, and theMiddle East (to show the difference between the ethnic groups). For the purposes of this article, the terms "CrimeanKaraites", "Karaim", and "Qarays" are used interchangeably, while "Karaites" alone refers to the general Karaitebranch of Judaism.

Lithuania

Kenesa in Vilnius

According to Karaims tradition in 1392 Grand Duke Vytautas of theGrand Duchy of Lithuania relocated one branch of the Crimean Karaitesto Lithuania where they continued to speak their own language. In factthe Lithuanian dialect of Karaim language differs significantly fromCrimean one.[6] The Lithuanian Karaites settled primarily in Vilnius(Vilna) and Trakai (Troki), as well as in Birai, Pasvalys, Naujamiestisand Upyt - smaller settlements throughout Lithuania proper - and landsof modern Belarus and Ukraine, that were part of the Grand Duchy ofLithuania. Jews (Rabbinites and Karaites) in Lithuanian territory weregranted a measure of autonomy under Michel Ezofovich Senior[7]

management, except Troki Karaims that refused to comply, citingdifferences in faith. Later all Jews including Karaites[8] were submitted toRabbinite "Council of Four Lands" and "Council of the Land ofLithuania" taxation (1580-1646), while Turkic speaking Karaites,considered by Yiddish speaking Rabbinites as apostates, were in asubordinate and depressed position, that was one of the reasons for theirdislike towards Rabbinites. In 1646 Troki Rabbinites were expelled fromthe town by Karaites request. In spite of that in 1680 Rabbinitecommunity leaders were to defend the Karaites of Shaty (near Troki) against blood accusation. In agreement, signedby representatives Rabbanites and Karaites in 1714, the parties pledged to respect the mutual privileges and resolvedisputes without the involvement of the non-Jewish administration.

Some famous Karaim scholars in Lithuania included Isaac b. Abraham of Troki (15431598), Joseph ben MordecaiMalinovski, Zera ben Nathan of Trakai, Salomon ben Aharon of Trakai, Ezra ben Nissan (died in 1666) and Josiahben Judah (died after 1658). Some of the Karaim became quite wealthy.During the times of the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, the Karaims suffered severely during the ChmielnickiUprising of 1648 and the wars between Russia and Poland in the years 1654-1667, when many towns wereplundered and burnt, including Trakai, where in 1680 only 30 families were left. Catholic missionaries made seriousattempts to convert the local Karaims to Christianity, but ultimately were largely unsuccessful. The local Karaimcommunities still exist in Lithuania (where they live mostly in Panevys and Trakai regions) and Poland. The 1979census in the USSR showed 3,300 Karaims. Lithuanian Karaim Culture Community was founded in 1988.According to the Lithuanian Karaims website the Statistics Department of Lithuania carried out an ethno-statisticresearch "Karaim in Lithuania" in 1997. It was decided to question all adult Karaims and mixed families, where oneof the members is a Karaim. During the survey, for the beginning of 1997, there were 257 Karaim nationality people,32 of which were children under 16.

Crimean Karaites 3

Russian Empire

Karaim kenesa in Trakai.

19th-century leaders of the Karaims, such as Sima Babovich andAvraham Firkovich, were driving forces behind a concerted effort toalter the status of the Karaite community in eyes of the Russian legalsystem. Firkovich in particular was adamant in his attempts to connectthe Karaims with the Khazars, and has been accused of forgingdocuments and inscriptions to back up his claims. [citation needed]

Ultimately, the Tsarist government officially recognized the Karaimsas being of Turkic, not Jewish, origin. Because the Karaims werejudged to be innocent of the death of Jesus, they were exempt frommany of the harsh restrictions placed on other Jews. They were, inessence, placed on equal legal footing with Crimean Tatars. The related Krymchak community, which was of similarethnolinguistic background but which practiced rabbinical Judaism, continued to suffer under Tsarist anti-Jewishlaws.

Since the incorporation of Crimea into the Russian Empire the main center of the Qarays is the city of Eupatoria.Solomon Krym (b. 1864, d. 1936), a Crimean Karaite agronomist, was elected in 1906 to the First Duma(19061907) as a Kadet (National Democratic Party). On November 16, 1918 he became the Prime Minister of ashort-lived Crimean Russian liberal, anti-separatist and anti-Soviet government also supported by the Germanarmy.[9]

ReligionUntil the 20th century, Karaism was the only religion of the Karaims,[10] During Russian Civil War significantnumber of Karaims have emigrated to Yugoslavia, Czechoslovakia, Poland and Hungary and then France andGermany.[11][12] Most of them have converted to Christianity. Karaims modern national movement philanthropistM.S. Sarach was one of them.[13]

Crimean Karaites emancipation in Russian Empire caused cultural assimilation followed by secularization. Thisprocess continued in USSR when most of kenesas were closed.[14]

In 1928 secular Karaim philologist Seraya Shapshal was elected as Hacham of Polish and Lithuanian Karaims.Shapshal is the founder of the Karaims religion and history Dejudaization Doctrine[15]

Under this doctrine, he has changed the traditional title of "Hacham" to "Gahan",[16] rising in his opinion to theKhazarian word ""Khagan". In the mid 1930s, he began to create a theory of the Altai-Turkic origin of the Karaimsand the pagan roots of the Karaite religious teaching (worship of sacred oaks, polytheism, led by the god Tengri, theSacrifice). Shapshal's doctrine is still a topic of critical research and public debate.He made a number of reforms aimed at Karaims Turkification and destruction Karaite Jewish elements of cultureand language.[17] He issued an order canceling the teaching of Hebrew in Karaite schools, replaced the name of theJewish holidays and the months of the Turkic-speaking(see the table below), the position of "Hacham" renamed"Gahan" in consonance with the word "khan", invented in this special custom taking office, allegedly accepted theKhazars. According Shapshal, the doctrine of Anan ben David was close to early Christianity, and Jesus andMohammed Karaites believed for centuries prophets. Crimean Karaites adopted the law of Moses, but continued toadhere to the ancient Turkic pagan beliefs. In Post-Soviet period the Shapshal's theory was further developed inmodern Karaylar publications[18] and officially adopted by (KrymKaraylar) Crimean KaraimAssociation at 2000 as the only correct view of the Karaylar past and the present.[19]

Crimean Karaites 4

Crimean Karaites Holidays names evolution in the 20th century

Traditional Hebrew name(1915)

[20]Secondary name Modern Turkic

name [21]

Turkic name translated toEnglish.

[22][23]

Pesach Hag ha -Machot ( Unleavened bread festival) Tymbyl Chydy Unleavened bread (Tymbyl)festival

Omer Sefira(Counting of the Omer)

San Bay Counting Beginning

Jarty San Counting Middle

Shavuot Hag Shavuot(Feast of Weeks,) Aftalar Chydzy Feast of Weeks,

The 9-th of Tammuz Fast Chom Hareviyi (4-th month fast) Burunhu Oru First Fast

The 7-th of Av Fast Ch Hahamishi (5-th month fast) Ortany Oru Middle Fast

The 10-th of Av Fast Yom h-Churban -The Destruction Day ( of theTemple)

Kurban Sacrifice

Rosh HaShana Yom Teru'ah" (The blowing of horns day) Byrhy Kiuniu Horns Day

Yom Kippur literally The Day of Atonement Boatlych Kiuniu The Day of Atonement

Fast of Gedalia Ch Hashviyi (5-th month fast) Omitted

Sukkot literally Tabernacles . The other name :HagHa Asif(Harvest festival)

Alaych Chydzy orOraq Toyu

Tabernacles festival or Harvestfestival

Tenth of Tevet fast Ch Haasiri ((10-th month fast)) Oru Fast

Purim Lots. Kyny Three-cornered shaped sweetfilled-pocket cookie.[24]

---------------------------- Was not considered as Holiday Jyl Bay The beginning of the Year

9

OriginsTurkic-speaking Karaites (in the Crimean Tatar language, Qaraylar) have lived in Crimea for centuries. Their originis a matter of great controversy. Some regard them as descendants of Karaite Jews who settled in Crimea andadopted a form of the Kypchak tongue (see Karaim language). Others view them as descendants of Khazar orKipchak converts to Karaite Judaism. Today many Karaims deny Israelite origins and consider themselves to bedescendants of the Khazars.[25] Specialists in Khazar history put the Khazar theory questioned,[26] highlighting thefollowing facts: Karaim language belongs to the Kipchak linguistic group, and the Khazar - the Bulgar, therefore, between the two

Turkic languages is no close relationship;[27]

According Khazar Correspondence Khazar Judaism was, most likely, Talmudic, and in the tradition of Karaismthe only holy book is the Bible, the Talmud is not recognized;

Khazars disappeared in the 11th century, and the first written mention of the Crimean Karaites was in the 14thcentury.[28]

Crimean Karaites 5

Former Karaim Kenesa in Kiev

Some modern Karaims seek to distance themselves from beingidentified as Jews, emphasizing what they view as their Turkic heritageand claiming that they are Turkic practitioners of a "Mosaic religion"separate and distinct from Judaism. On the other hand, many scholarsstate that the phenomenon of claiming a distinct identity apart from theJewish people appears to be no older than the 19th century, when itappeared under the influence of such leaders as Avraham Firkovichand Sima Babovich as a means of escaping anti-Semitism.[29] Inaddition, Karaim works written before that time strongly suggest thatCrimean Karaites previously considered themselves Jews (See Yitzhakof Troki's "Hizzuk Emunah" or a Crimean Karaite poem from 1936[30]).

Whatever their origin, from the time of the Golden Horde onward, theywere present in many towns and villages throughout Crimea andaround the Black Sea. During the period of the Crimean Khanate someof the major communities could be found in the towns of ufut Qale,Sudak, Kefe, and Bakhchisaray.

According to the Crimean Karaites' tradition, originated in the 20th century inter-warPoland[31] their forefathers weremainly farmers and members of the community served in the military forces of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania andthe Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth, as well as the Crimean Khanate. On the other hand, according the historicaldocuments of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, the Crimean Karaites main occupation was usury[32] and they weregranted special privileges including exemption from the military service[33] while in Crimean Khanate the Karaiteswere repressed like other Jews, which included prohibition of horse riding.[34]

Information about self-identety is in Crimean Karaites legends.

History

Karaites in the Khazar KhaganateThe upper stratum of the Khazar society converted to Judaism in the 8th-9th centuries CE. A group of the Khazarswho took part in a failed rebellion - joined the Magyars in the invasion of Hungary, and settled there in the end of the9th century CE. An interesting relic of this Khazar settlement was discovered in (Transylvania, today Romania) inthe 20th century CE. It is called Alsszentmihly Rovas inscription. It was transcribed by the archaeologist-historianGbor Vkony.[35] According to the transcription, the meaing of the two-row isncription is the following:[36] (firstrow) "His mansion is famous." and (second row) "Jedi Kr Karaite." or "Jedi Kr the Karaite."This is seen as proof that at least a part of the Khazars were Karaites. See more details: Inscription in KhazarianRovas script and RovasPedia [37].

During the HolocaustTheir status under Russian imperial rule bore beneficial fruits for the Karaims decades later. In 1934, the heads of theKaraims community in Berlin asked the Nazi authorities to exempt them from the regulations; on the basis of theirlegal status in Russia. The Reich Agency for the Investigation of Families determined that from the standpoint ofGerman law, the Karaites were not to be considered Jews. The letter from the Reichsstelle fur Sippenforschung gavethe official ruling in a letter which stated:

The Karaite sect should not be considered a Jewish religious community within the meaning of paragraph 2, point 2 of the First Regulation to the Reich Citizenship Law. However, it cannot be established that Karaites in

Crimean Karaites 6

their entirety are of blood-related stock, for the racial categorization of an individual cannot be determinedwithout ... his personal ancestry and racial biological characteristics

[38]

This ruling set the tone for how the Nazis dealt with the Karaite community in Eastern Europe.At the same time, the Nazis had serious reservations towards the Karaites. SS Obergruppenfuhrer Gottlob Bergerwrote on November 24, 1944:

Their Mosaic religion is unwelcome. However, on grounds of race, language and religious dogma...Discrimination against the Karaites is unacceptable, in consideration of their racial kinsmen [Berger washere referring to the Crimean Tatars]. However, so as not to infringe the unified anti-Jewish orientationof the nations led by Germany, it is suggested that this small group be given the opportunity of aseparate existence (for example, as a closed construction or labor battalion)...

Despite their exempt status, confusion led to initial massacres. German soldiers who came across Karaims in Russiaduring the initial phase of Operation Barbarossa, not aware of their legal status under German law, attacked them;200 were killed at Babi Yar alone. German allies such as the Vichy Republic began to require the Karaites to registeras Jews, but eventually granted them non-Jewish status upon being instructed by Berlin.[39]

On interrogation, Ashkenazi rabbis in Crimea told the Germans that the Karaims were not Jews, in an effort to sparethe Karaite community the fate of their Rabbanite neighbors.[40] Many Karaims risked their lives to hide Jews, and insome cases claimed that Jews were members of their community. Many of the Karaims were recruited for laborbattalions.[41]

Karaim cemetery in Warsaw, established in 1890.

Karaim cemetery in Trakai

In Vilnius and Trakai, the Nazis forced Karaims Hakham SerayaShapshal to produce a list of the members of the community. Thoughhe did his best, not every Karaim was saved by Shapshal's list.

Post-War

After the Soviet recapture of Crimea from Nazi forces in 1944, theSoviet authorities counted 6,357 remaining Karaims. Karaims were notsubject to mass deportation, unlike the Crimean Tatars, Greeks,Armenians and others the Soviet authorities alleged had collaboratedduring the Nazi German occupation. Some individual Karaims weredeported.Assimilation and emigration greatly reduced the ranks of the Karaimcommunity. A few thousand Karaims remain in Lithuania, Belarus,Ukraine, Russia, and Poland. Other communities exist in Israel,Turkey, the United States, and Great Britain.

Culture

Language

Karaim is a Kypchak Turkic language being closely related to CrimeanTatar, Armeno-Kipchak etc. Among the many different influences exerted on Karaim, those of Arabic, Hebrew, andPersian were the first to change the outlook of the Karaim lexicon. Later, due to considerable Polish, Russian, andUkrainian influence, many Slavic words entered the language of Polish, Lithuanian, Ukrainian, and Russian

Karaims. Hebrew remained in use for liturgical purposes. Following the Ottoman occupation of Crimea, Turkish was used for business and government purposes among Karaims living on the Crimean peninsula. Three different dialects

Crimean Karaites 7

developed: the Troki dialect, used in Trakai and Vilnius (Lithuania), the Lutsk or Halych dialect spoken in Lutsk(until World War II), and Halych, and the Crimean dialect. The last forms the Eastern group, while Troki and HalychKaraim belong to the Western group. Currently only small minority of Karaim can speak Karaim Language( 70Crimean dialect speakers,[] 118 Trakai dialect speakers, and about 20 Halych dialect speakers)

Cuisine[42]

Kybyn

The most famous Crimean Karaite culinary dish -Kybyn(Russian: pl. , Karaim: kybyn pl. kybynlar, Lithuanian:Kibinai). It is half moon shaped pies of yeast dough with a stuffing ofcut into pieces beef or mutton meat baked in Dutch or baking sheet.Other meals common for Crimean Karaites and Tatars are Chiburekki,Pelmeni, Shishlik (are more often from mutton).

Ceremony dishes, cooked for religious holidays and weddings are: Tymbyl is Pesach round cakes flat of unleavened[43] dough, knead

with cream and butter or butter and eggs, reflected in modern nameof this festival (Tymbyl Chydy[44]),

Qatlama is Shavuot (Aftalar Chydy[44]) cottage cheese pie, which seven layers symbolizing seven weeks, pastafter Pesach, four layers of yeast dough, three - of pot cheese,

Wedding pies are Kiyovliuk (on the part of the groom) and Kelin'lik (on the part of the bride).

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Crimean Karaites 8

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karaimskijkatichizis. estranky. cz/ clanky/ 2. ------------------------------------------------. html). ., 1890.[11] Album Archive of the Dmitri Penbecks family -- compiled by V. Penbek Simferopol-Slippery Rock, 2004. C. 24[12] . . , 2004. C. 75[13] Virtual Karaim Museum (http:/ / www. caraimica. org/ document/ 296)[14] Mikhail Kizilov Karaites and Karaism: Recent Developments , Graduate School for Social Research, Polish Academy of

Sciences.CESNUR 2003 Conference, Vilnius, Lithuania (http:/ / www. cesnur. org/ 2003/ vil2003_kizilov. htm)[15] Roman Freund Karaites and Dejudaization (Acta Universitas Stockholmiensis. 1991. - 30).[16] (Nowachowicz Z. Witaj, Pasterzu! // Myl Karaimska:45 (1928). S. 14; J.E.H. Seraja Bej Szapszal // Myl Karaimska:45 (1928).

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authors/ malgin/ ?library=1169)[19] ,

, .(Attempts to attribute the Crimean Karaites alien ethnicity and religion, mixing ethnic Crimean Karaites with the Karaites onreligion, the distortion of history - offend the national feelings and create the conditions for national and religious conflicts) ( ). , , . , 2000.

[20] / . . . . :1915 (http:/ / www. karaimskijkatichizis2.estranky. cz/ clanky/ -----------------9------------------------------. html)( Karaite Catechism briefly/ M.J Firchovich. - Melitopol 1915 )

[21] Lithuanian Karaim Calendar (http:/ / daugenis. mch. mii. lt/ karaimai/ kalend1. htm)[22][22] -- / . . , . , . . , 1974,[23] Crimean Karaites Holidays (Ukrainian Karaites Site ) (http:/ / karaites. narod. ru/ karaim-prazdniki. html)[24] . . , . . , . . , ().

(Crimean Karaites national Cuisine. Traditional food as an expression of ethnic identity) (http:/ /www. narodru. ru/ articles1367. html)

[25][25] Blady 113-130.[27] Erdal, Marcel (1999). "The Khazar Language". In: Golden et al., 1999:75-107[28][28] A. Harkavy, Altjudische Denkmaler aus der Krim, mitgetheilt von Abraham Firkowitsch, SPb., 1876.[29][29] Miller ___.[30] http:/ / www. orahsaddiqim. org/ History/ Karaite_Poetry_turn_of_century. shtml[31] . : , (http:/ / www. karam. org. tr/ Makaleler/

26497205_kizilov. pdf),(. Kizilov. Ilyash Karaimovich and Timofey Khmelnitsky: the blood feud that never took place) Institute of OrientalStudies of the Russian Academy of Sciences in publication (http:/ / www. iea. ras. ru/ cntnt/ levoe_meny/ publikacii/ bibliograf1/ n2011/ falsifikat. html).H , , , .

[32] - , 1791 (http:/ / www. vostlit. info/ Texts/Dokumenty/ Litva/ XVI/ 1520-1540/ Luck_Karaim/ text. phtml?id=2290) , ; , ; , , , .

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Crimean Karaites 9

[34] P. S. Pallas Bemerkungen auf einer Reise in die Sdlichen Statthalterschaften des Russischen Reichs (17991801)[35][35] Vkony, Gbor (2004): A szkely rovsrs emlkei, kapcsolatai, trtnete [The Relics, Relations and the History of the Szekely Rovas

Script]. Publisher: Nap Kiad, Budapest. ISBN 963-9402-45-1[36][36] Vkony, Gbor (1997): Szkthitl Hungriig: vlogatott tanulmnyok. [From Scythia to Hungary: selected Studies] Szombathely: letnk

Szerk. Magyar rk Szvetsge. Nyugat-magyarorszgi Csoport. Ser.: letnk knyvek, p. 110[37] http:/ / wiki. rovas. info/ index. php/ Als%C3%B3szentmih%C3%A1ly_Rovas_inscription[38][38] YIVO archives, Berlin Collection, Occ E, 3, Box 100, letter dated January 5, 1939.[39] Semi passim.[40][40] Blady 125-126.[41] Green passim.[42] Virtual Karaim Museum (http:/ / www. caraimica. org/ document/ 584)[43] Lietuvos karaimai: Religija: vents. (http:/ / daugenis. mch. mii. lt/ karaimai/ religion3. htm)[44] -, (Karaites Turks Kalendar) (http:/ / karaites. narod. ru/ holydays. html) vs the

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books?id=3ZzXjdyK-CEC& pg=PR2#v=onepage& p=123). In Golden, Peter B.; Ben-Shammai,, Haggai;Rna-Tas, Andrs. The World of the Khazars: New Perspectives. Handbook of Oriental Studies 17. BRILL.pp.757. ISBN978-9-004-16042-2. Retrieved February 13, 2013.

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the Crimean Karaites According to the Descriptions of the Travelers. Qirqisani Center, 2003. Kizilov, Mikhail. Faithful Unto Death: Language, Tradition, and the Disappearance of the East European Karaite

Communities. East European Jewish Affairs 36:1 (2006): 73-93. Krymskiye karaimy: istoricheskaya territoriya: etnokul'tura. Edited by V.S. Kropotov, V.Yu. Ormeli, A. Yu.

Polkanova. Simferpol': Dolya, 2005 Miller, Philip. Karaite Separatism in 19th Century Russia. HUC Press, 1993. Semi, Emanuela T. "The Image of the Karaites in Nazi and Vichy France Documents." Jewish Journal of

Sociology 33:2 (December 1990). pp.8194. Shapira, Dan. Remarks on Avraham Firkowicz and the Hebrew Mejelis 'Document'. Acta Orientalia Academiae

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Orientalia Academiae Scientiarum Hungaricae 58:4 (2005): 349-380. Shapira, Dan. Avraham Firkowicz in Istanbul (18301832). Paving the Way for Turkic Nationalism. Ankara:

KaraM, 2003. Shapshal, S. M.: Karaimy SSSR v otnoshenii etnicheskom: karaimy na sluzhbe u krymskich chanov. Simferopol',

2004 Zajczkowski, Ananiasz. Karaims in Poland: History, Language, Folklore, Science. Panistwowe Wydawn, 1961.

Crimean Karaites 10

External links Official site of the Crimean Karaites (http:/ / karai. crimea. ua) http:/ / www. cesnur. org/ 2003/ vil2003_kizilov. htm http:/ / www. berkovich-zametki. com/ Nomer35/ MN55. htm http:/ / www. berkovich-zametki. com/ Nomer41/ Kizilov1. htm Karaim Website (http:/ / russian-qaraim. livejournal. com/ ) Signs of New Life in Karaim Communities (http:/ / www. smi. uib. no/ paj/ Harviainen. html) Karaites in the Holocaust (http:/ / www. karaite-korner. org/ holocaust. htm) web site of Lithuanian Karaims (http:/ / daugenis. mch. mii. lt/ karaimai/ index_en. htm) International Institute of Crimean Karaites (http:/ / karaim-institute. narod. ru/ index. htm) Karaims and Tatars - 600 years in Lithuania (http:/ / www. helsinki. fi/ lehdet/ uh/ 198j. html)

Article Sources and Contributors 11

Article Sources and ContributorsCrimean Karaites Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?oldid=563660657 Contributors: Alai, Aleksandr Grigoryev, Altenmann, Andrewman327, Angel ivanov angelov, Anupam,Ashashyou, Asyazh, BD2412, Bachrach44, Barefact, Bogdan, Briangotts, Budo, Chapultepec, Chris the speller, CommonsDelinker, Constanz, CsDix, DanMS, DariusMazeika, Dennis Brown,Dmitri Lytov, Don Alessandro, Drmies, Dthomsen8, E THP, E4024, Edward321, Eliyak, Elnuko, Emvee, EricWR, Galassi, Garik 11, GiW, Greyshark09, Gringo300, Grutness, Haham hanuka,Hibernian, Hidaspal, IZAK, Idot, Imeriki al-Shimoni, Iulius, JackJud, Jakas1, Jayjg, Jeronimas, John of Reading, Joseph Solis in Australia, Kaganer, Kaz, Kepper66, Khoikhoi, Kozuch, Kpalion,Lancioni, LardoBalsamico, Linguiste, Luntertun, Lysy, Magioladitis, Marek Hubert, Mgreenbe, Mitchell Powell, Mogism, MrX, Mukadderat, Nedim Ardoa, Nehrams2020, Ntsimp, Olegwiki,OrangeDog, PBS, PerV, Prickus, Pudelek, Pylambert, Rickard Vogelberg, Rjwilmsi, Robin klein, Rovasscript, SchreiberBike, Sean WI, Seb az86556, Sirmylesnagopaleentheda, Squamate, SueDouglasss, TShilo12, Tajik, Texan013, ThomasPusch, TimBentley, Toddy1, Tothaa, Tritomex, Untifler, Vadcat, Warshy, Wbm1058, Wiglaf, Wolfling, Woohookitty, WordsWorth,WorldWarTwoEditor, Yoshiah ap, Yuriy.cherkasov, , 98 anonymous edits

Image Sources, Licenses and ContributorsFile:Qaraylar.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Qaraylar.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: Bechamel, Bektur, Bogdan, Butko, Christophe cag, FunkMonk,Geagea, Liftarn, Rapsar, Turzh, Wst, 1 anonymous editsFile:Flag of Israel.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Israel.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: The Provisional Council of State Proclamation of theFlag of the State of Israel of 25 Tishrei 5709 (28 October 1948) provides the official specification for the design of the Israeli flag. The color of the Magen David and the stripes of the Israeli flagis not precisely specified by the above legislation. The color depicted in the current version of the image is typical of flags used in Israel today, although individual flags can and do vary. The flaglegislation officially specifies dimensions of 220 cm 160 cm. However, the sizes of actual flags vary (although the aspect ratio is usually retained).File:Flag of Ukraine.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Ukraine.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Created by: Jon Harald Sby, colors by Zscout370File:Flag of Poland.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Poland.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie, MifterFile:Flag of Lithuania.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Lithuania.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: User:SKoppFile:Flag of Russia.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Flag_of_Russia.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Anomie, Zscout370File:Karaite Kenesa Vilnius.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Karaite_Kenesa_Vilnius.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 UnportedContributors: Alma Pater, Bearas, Christophe cag, Fransvannes, Juliux, Messina, File:Trakai Kenesa.JPG Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Trakai_Kenesa.JPG License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: WojsylFile: .jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:___.jpg License: Public Domain Contributors: File:Warsaw Karaim cemetery.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Warsaw_Karaim_cemetery.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 UnportedContributors: WojsylFile:Karaite cemetery in Trakai (Troki).JPG Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Karaite_cemetery_in_Trakai_(Troki).JPG License: Creative CommonsAttribution-Sharealike 3.0 Contributors: Pudelek (Marcin Szala)File:Kibinai.jpg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Kibinai.jpg License: Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported Contributors: Zorro2212File:Star of David.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Star_of_David.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: Zscout370File:Folder Hexagonal Icon.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Folder_Hexagonal_Icon.svg License: GNU Free Documentation License Contributors: Anomie, MifterFile:Portal-puzzle.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:Portal-puzzle.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: AnomieFile:People icon.svg Source: https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=File:People_icon.svg License: Public Domain Contributors: OpenClipart

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Crimean KaraitesGeographic distribution Lithuania Russian Empire

Religion Crimean Karaites Holidays names evolution in the 20th century

Origins History Karaites in the Khazar KhaganateDuring the Holocaust Post-War

Culture Language Cuisine Virtual Karaim Museum

References External links

License