“Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

Written for the Notre Dame Pilot Initiative By University of Notre Dame Pilots/Navigators

Written for the Notre Dame Pilot Initiative By University of Notre Dame Pilots/Navigators

Crew Resource Management/Crew Resource Management/Personal SurvivalPersonal Survival

Crew Resource Management/Crew Resource Management/Personal SurvivalPersonal Survival

Instructor IntroductionInstructor IntroductionInstructor IntroductionInstructor Introduction

NROTC Unit Notre DameNaval Flight Officer TrainingVP-10VP-31 Iceland Defense Force Naval Postgraduate SchoolVP-26FASOTRAGRULANT DET Brunswick, MEUSS Enterprise (CVN-65)NROTC Unit Notre Dame

NROTC Unit Notre DameNaval Flight Officer TrainingVP-10VP-31 Iceland Defense Force Naval Postgraduate SchoolVP-26FASOTRAGRULANT DET Brunswick, MEUSS Enterprise (CVN-65)NROTC Unit Notre Dame

Lesson Plan ObjectivesLesson Plan ObjectivesLesson Plan ObjectivesLesson Plan Objectives

Understand goal of CRM Know the history of CRM Understand behaviors that contribute

to effective crew resource management Understand factors that cause general

aviation accidents Possible actions to take when faced

with potential survival situation

Understand goal of CRM Know the history of CRM Understand behaviors that contribute

to effective crew resource management Understand factors that cause general

aviation accidents Possible actions to take when faced

with potential survival situation

“Teaching the Science, Inspiring the Art, Producing Aviation Candidates!”

Aviation “Sea Story”Aviation “Sea Story”

EFFECTIVEEFFECTIVECREW RESOURCECREW RESOURCE MANAGEMENTMANAGEMENT

Crew Resource ManagementCrew Resource Management

It takes a group of individuals …

… to make a CREW

CRM RoadmapCRM RoadmapCRM RoadmapCRM Roadmap

Goal History Seven Behaviors

Goal History Seven Behaviors

What is the goal of CRM ?What is the goal of CRM ?

To improveTo improvemission effectivenessmission effectiveness

by minimizing crew preventable by minimizing crew preventable errors, maximizingerrors, maximizing

crew coordinationcrew coordination and optimizingand optimizing

risk managementrisk management..

History of CRMHistory of CRMHistory of CRMHistory of CRM

AirlinesAirlines initiated program to increase crew coordination. initiated program to increase crew coordination.NASANASA conducted research and made recommendations. conducted research and made recommendations.U.S. NavyU.S. Navy integrated integrated Aircrew Coordination TrainingAircrew Coordination Training..

• Naval Aviation Training and Operation ProceduresNaval Aviation Training and Operation Procedures• Standardized Flight ProceduresStandardized Flight Procedures

• AcademicsAcademics

• SimulatorsSimulators

AirlinesAirlines initiated program to increase crew coordination. initiated program to increase crew coordination.NASANASA conducted research and made recommendations. conducted research and made recommendations.U.S. NavyU.S. Navy integrated integrated Aircrew Coordination TrainingAircrew Coordination Training..

• Naval Aviation Training and Operation ProceduresNaval Aviation Training and Operation Procedures• Standardized Flight ProceduresStandardized Flight Procedures

• AcademicsAcademics

• SimulatorsSimulators

What are the seven behaviorsWhat are the seven behaviorsWhat are the seven behaviorsWhat are the seven behaviors

D D ecision Makingecision MakingA A ssertivenessssertivenessM M ission Analysisission AnalysisC C ommunicationommunicationL L eadershipeadershipA A daptability/ Flexibilitydaptability/ FlexibilityS S ituational Awarenessituational Awareness

Decision MakingDecision Making

"Decision making is the "Decision making is the ability to use logical ability to use logical and sound judgment to and sound judgment to make decisions based make decisions based on available on available information "information "

What is Decision Making?What is Decision Making?

Decision MakingDecision Making

Poor judgment / decision makingPoor judgment / decision making Leading cause of aviation mishapsLeading cause of aviation mishaps Primary failure to complete missionsPrimary failure to complete missions

Good decisionsGood decisions Optimize risk managementOptimize risk management Minimize errorsMinimize errors

Poor decisionsPoor decisions increase errorsincrease errors

Decision Making ProcessDecision Making Process

A A ssess the problemssess the problemV V erify information from all sourceserify information from all sources I I dentify solutionsdentify solutionsA A nticipate consequencesnticipate consequencesT T ell others decision and rationaleell others decision and rationaleE E valuate the decisionvaluate the decision

Factors that Promote Good DM Factors that Promote Good DM

ExperienceExperience Extra TimeExtra Time Alert Crew MembersAlert Crew Members Decision StrategiesDecision Strategies SynergySynergy

"Synergy is achieved when the total"Synergy is achieved when the total effect of effect of combinedcombined action or operation is greater action or operation is greater than the sum of the than the sum of the individualindividual effects" effects"

ISOLATIONTEAM EFFORT

SYNERGY

Factors that Promote Good DM Factors that Promote Good DM

Be aware that we are all prone to themBe aware that we are all prone to themSeek information from multiple sourcesSeek information from multiple sourcesEvaluate potential of numerous optionsEvaluate potential of numerous optionsEvaluate how it would sound on CNNEvaluate how it would sound on CNN

Barriers to Good DM Barriers to Good DM

How to Overcome Decision BiasesHow to Overcome Decision Biases

AssertivenessAssertiveness

““Assertiveness is oAssertiveness is one’s ne’s willingness/readiness to willingness/readiness to actively participateactively participate, , state and maintain state and maintain position until position until convincedconvinced by the facts that by the facts that otherother options are really better.options are really better.

What is Assertiveness?What is Assertiveness?

Comfort LevelComfort Level

• Degree to which you feel content with Degree to which you feel content with what is happening, while taking into what is happening, while taking into account that flying a mission can be account that flying a mission can be very dangerous and demandingvery dangerous and demanding

• Whenever comfort level’s exceeded:Whenever comfort level’s exceeded:

""SPEAK UPSPEAK UP""

The behavior continuumThe behavior continuum

Passive Assertive Overly Aggressive

The behavior continuumThe behavior continuum

• Passive-Overly courteousPassive-Overly courteous- - Avoids conflictsAvoids conflicts

- Beats around bush- Beats around bush- Along for the ride- Along for the ride

• Passive-Overly courteousPassive-Overly courteous- - Avoids conflictsAvoids conflicts

- Beats around bush- Beats around bush- Along for the ride- Along for the ride

• Assertive-Actively involvedAssertive-Actively involved - Ready to take action- Ready to take action - Provides useful information- Provides useful information - Makes suggestions- Makes suggestions• Overly Aggressive- Dominates situationOverly Aggressive- Dominates situation

- Intimidates- Intimidates- Abusive- Abusive- Hostile- Hostile

Position of authority Position of authority ExperienceExperienceRankRankLack of confidenceLack of confidenceFear of reprisalFear of reprisal

What are some barriers to assertiveness?

Assertiveness

Barriers

Mission AnalysisMission Analysis

What is Mission Analysis ?What is Mission Analysis ?

The ability to develop The ability to develop short-term, long-term, short-term, long-term,

and contingency plans, and contingency plans, as well as to coordinate, as well as to coordinate,

allocate, and monitor allocate, and monitor crew and aircraft crew and aircraft

resources.resources.

Phases of Mission AnalysisPhases of Mission Analysis

Pre-MissionPre-Mission

InflightInflight

Post-MissionPost-Mission

When do we conduct Mission Analysis?When do we conduct Mission Analysis?

CommunicationCommunication

What is Communication?What is Communication?Communication is clear and accurate sending & receiving of information, instructions, or commands, and providing useful ”feedback”

What are the two modes of communication?What are the two modes of communication?

VerbalVerbal ICSICSRadio communicationRadio communication

Non VerbalNon Verbal Any time gestures can be visually observedAny time gestures can be visually observed Examples???Examples???

Process of CommunicationProcess of Communication

Message

Conveysinformationto others

Sender

Takes ininformationand providesfeedback

ReceiverFeedback

NoiseNoise Negative commands (don't go left) Negative commands (don't go left) Radio static/interference Radio static/interference External radio communication External radio communication ICS broken and unreadable ICS broken and unreadable Poor language skills Poor language skills Poor communication skills Poor communication skills Non-standard terminology Non-standard terminology Rank or experience inequality Rank or experience inequality Non-relevant communication Non-relevant communication Task fixation Task fixation Task overload/ underload Task overload/ underload Distractions Distractions Personality conflicts Personality conflicts

What are some barriers to communication?What are some barriers to communication?

Use active listening Use appropriate mode Use standard terminology Require feedback

Techniques for overcoming barriers

LeadershipLeadership

What is Leadership ?What is Leadership ?

Leadership is the ability to direct and coordinate the activities of crew members and to encourage the crew to work together as a team.

Traits of a Good LeaderTraits of a Good Leader

• Directs, coordinates, and delegates dutiesDirects, coordinates, and delegates duties• Leads by exampleLeads by example• Has knowledge how to accomplish missionHas knowledge how to accomplish mission• Fosters superior information flowFosters superior information flow• Gives timely feedback in effective mannerGives timely feedback in effective manner• Maintains a professional atmosphereMaintains a professional atmosphere• Keeps crew constantly informedKeeps crew constantly informed• Minimizes assumptions and confusionMinimizes assumptions and confusion

Traits of a Good FollowerTraits of a Good Follower

• Accomplishes task to accepted standardAccomplishes task to accepted standard• Maintains the necessary knowledge levelMaintains the necessary knowledge level• Provides input, suggestions & feedback Provides input, suggestions & feedback

without promptingwithout prompting• Keeps leader informedKeeps leader informed• Actively participatesActively participates• Helps maintain a positive & professional Helps maintain a positive & professional

team atmosphereteam atmosphere

Adaptability / FlexibilityAdaptability / Flexibility

What is Adaptability/Flexibility?What is Adaptability/Flexibility?

Ability to alter course Ability to alter course of action when of action when newnew information becomes information becomes available.available.

Situations requiring quick adaptationSituations requiring quick adaptation

Un-briefed situations Un-briefed situations EmergencyEmergency Transition occursTransition occurs Incapacitated crewmemberIncapacitated crewmember Interactions become strainedInteractions become strained

Maintaining adaptability/flexibility?Maintaining adaptability/flexibility?

Anticipate problemsAnticipate problems Recognize and acknowledge changesRecognize and acknowledge changes Determine appropriate responseDetermine appropriate response Offer alternative solutionsOffer alternative solutions Provide and ask for assistanceProvide and ask for assistance Interact constructively with othersInteract constructively with others

Encouraging adaptability/flexibility?Encouraging adaptability/flexibility?

Establish open, positive, and Establish open, positive, and professional atmosphereprofessional atmosphere

Ensure crew understands missionEnsure crew understands mission

Situational AwarenessSituational Awareness

What is Situational Awareness?What is Situational Awareness?

“The Crystal Ball”

The degree of accuracy by The degree of accuracy by which one’s perception of which one’s perception of the current environment the current environment

mirrors mirrors realityreality

Three steps of Situational AwarenessThree steps of Situational Awareness

1. Perception1. Perception

2. Comprehension2. Comprehension

3. Projection3. Projection

An example using the 3 steps of SAAn example using the 3 steps of SA

PerceptionPerception: : We need to get updatedWe need to get updatedweather for our destination.weather for our destination.

ComprehensionComprehension: : The weather for The weather for our destination is below minimums.our destination is below minimums.

ProjectionProjection: : If the weather is below If the weather is below minimums for our destination, then we minimums for our destination, then we may need to proceed to our alternate.may need to proceed to our alternate.

Factors which reduce SAFactors which reduce SA

FatigueFatigueStressStressLack of communicationLack of communicationTask overloadTask overloadTask underloadTask underloadGroup mindsetGroup mindsetPress On PhilosophyPress On Philosophy

AttitudeAttitudeHabitsAssumptionsBiasesDistractionsEmergenciesWeather

AttitudeAttitudeHabitsAssumptionsBiasesDistractionsEmergenciesWeather

How to maintain good SA?How to maintain good SA?

ProvideProvide information in advance information in advanceIdentifyIdentify potential problems potential problemsVerbalizeVerbalize a course of action a course of actionDetectDetect and and discussdiscuss deviations deviationsDemonstrateDemonstrate an ongoing awareness an ongoing awareness

through good communicationthrough good communication

CRM SummaryCRM SummaryCRM SummaryCRM Summary

Decision Making Assertiveness Mission Analysis Communication Leadership Adaptability / Flexibility Situational Awareness

Decision Making Assertiveness Mission Analysis Communication Leadership Adaptability / Flexibility Situational Awareness

Crew Resource ManagementCrew Resource Management

A “Finely Tuned” Crew …A “Finely Tuned” Crew …

… … functions as functions as “ONE”“ONE”

Personal Survival RoadmapPersonal Survival RoadmapPersonal Survival RoadmapPersonal Survival Roadmap

Causes of Aviation Accidents Survival Situation Priorities Psychology of Survival Search and Rescue Survival Kits

Causes of Aviation Accidents Survival Situation Priorities Psychology of Survival Search and Rescue Survival Kits

Causes of Aviation AccidentsCauses of Aviation AccidentsCauses of Aviation AccidentsCauses of Aviation Accidents

Inadequate preflight preparation / planning Failure to obtain / maintain flying speed Failure to maintain directional control Improper level-off during landing flare Failure to see and avoid obstructions Mismanagement of fuel Improper in-flight decisions or planning Mis-judgement of distance and speed Selection of unsuitable terrain for landing Improper operation of flight controls

Inadequate preflight preparation / planning Failure to obtain / maintain flying speed Failure to maintain directional control Improper level-off during landing flare Failure to see and avoid obstructions Mismanagement of fuel Improper in-flight decisions or planning Mis-judgement of distance and speed Selection of unsuitable terrain for landing Improper operation of flight controls

Human Factors

80%

All Others20%

Human Factors

80%

All Others20%

Causes of Aviation AccidentsCauses of Aviation Accidents

When Faced With Survival SituationWhen Faced With Survival SituationWhen Faced With Survival SituationWhen Faced With Survival Situation

Priorities Should Be Medical Care Shelter and Fire Signaling Sustenance

Water Food

Priorities Should Be Medical Care Shelter and Fire Signaling Sustenance

Water Food

Psychology of SurvivalPsychology of SurvivalPsychology of SurvivalPsychology of Survival

Survival is Survival is 5% physical stress5% physical stress 95% mental stress95% mental stress

Worst enemiesWorst enemies BoredomBoredom LonelinessLoneliness

Bottom line: Occupy your mind!!!Bottom line: Occupy your mind!!! Maintain the WILL TO SURVIVE!!!Maintain the WILL TO SURVIVE!!!

Survival is Survival is 5% physical stress5% physical stress 95% mental stress95% mental stress

Worst enemiesWorst enemies BoredomBoredom LonelinessLoneliness

Bottom line: Occupy your mind!!!Bottom line: Occupy your mind!!! Maintain the WILL TO SURVIVE!!!Maintain the WILL TO SURVIVE!!!

Search And RescueSearch And RescueSearch And RescueSearch And Rescue

Statistics: Most downed aircraft are located within 72 hours of crash (3 days/nights)

Stay with the aircraft?? Physical Condition of Survivors Food / Water Sources Availability of Shelter Possibilities of Rescue

Statistics: Most downed aircraft are located within 72 hours of crash (3 days/nights)

Stay with the aircraft?? Physical Condition of Survivors Food / Water Sources Availability of Shelter Possibilities of Rescue

Survival KitsSurvival KitsSurvival KitsSurvival Kits

Required for Pilot to ensure availabilityRequired for Pilot to ensure availability Certain items required in different areasCertain items required in different areas

Over WaterOver Water Over LandOver Land DesertDesert Jungle Jungle

Required for Pilot to ensure availabilityRequired for Pilot to ensure availability Certain items required in different areasCertain items required in different areas

Over WaterOver Water Over LandOver Land DesertDesert Jungle Jungle

Survival Kits (Continued)Survival Kits (Continued)Survival Kits (Continued)Survival Kits (Continued)

Necessary Survival Kit ItemsNecessary Survival Kit ItemsEmergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)Shelter (Tarp or Tent)Shelter (Tarp or Tent)BlanketsBlanketsFire StarterFire StarterMedical KitMedical KitSignaling DeviceSignaling DeviceFood / WaterFood / Water

Other optional items Other optional items

Necessary Survival Kit ItemsNecessary Survival Kit ItemsEmergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)Emergency Locator Transmitter (ELT)Shelter (Tarp or Tent)Shelter (Tarp or Tent)BlanketsBlanketsFire StarterFire StarterMedical KitMedical KitSignaling DeviceSignaling DeviceFood / WaterFood / Water

Other optional items Other optional items

Importance of WaterImportance of WaterImportance of WaterImportance of Water

Can survive 28 days without foodCan survive 28 days without foodCan only survive 2 days without waterCan only survive 2 days without waterHuman body needs 64 oz per dayHuman body needs 64 oz per dayMethods of procurementMethods of procurement

DewDewRainRainFiltered PuddlesFiltered PuddlesMelted SnowMelted SnowSolar StillSolar Still

Can survive 28 days without foodCan survive 28 days without foodCan only survive 2 days without waterCan only survive 2 days without waterHuman body needs 64 oz per dayHuman body needs 64 oz per dayMethods of procurementMethods of procurement

DewDewRainRainFiltered PuddlesFiltered PuddlesMelted SnowMelted SnowSolar StillSolar Still

Personal SurvivalPersonal Survival

A “Well Prepared” Crew …A “Well Prepared” Crew …

THE END

… … can survive “any” situationcan survive “any” situation

““together”together”

Questions?Questions?