crew: department of the interior: regarding bp oil spill: 4/6/11 - responsive documents

8/7/2019 CREW: Department of the Interior: Regarding BP Oil Spill: 4/6/11 - Responsive Documents

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Subject: Re: Sub-sea dispersant injection project: environmental consequences - V 1.2From: "Kendall, James" Date: Mon, 03 May 2010 06: 14:29 -0400To: [email protected], "Boland, Gregory S" , "Roscigno, Pasquale", "Sinclair, James" , "Metcalf, Margaret", [email protected], [email protected] v,Greene.Ric [email protected], Barron.Mace@epamai].epa.gov, [email protected],[email protected], "Leedy, Daniel (Herb)" , [email protected],[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],[email protected], Jainey.Bavishi([l!nOaa.gov, [email protected], George.Ha lliwel [email protected],[email protected], David.Lindo({t;noaa.gov, [email protected], [email protected] : [email protected]. [email protected], [email protected], [email protected],David.Kennedy@noaa,gov, [email protected]

lllank You Kate.MMS review comments will be compiled and submitted timely.Jjk---.- Oliginal Message . 'From: Kate.Clark To: Kendall, James; Boland, Gregory S; Roscigno, Pasquale; Sinclair, James; Metcalf, Margaret; [email protected]; [email protected] ; [email protected]; [email protected] ; [email protected]; kate.clark ; Nicolle RRutherford ; Leedy, Daniel(Herb); Alan Meams ; John Tafl)ley


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2010-00377 000330 SEROSubject: IFwd: Re: Sub-sea dispersant injection project: environmental consequences - VI.2]From: David Dale Date: Mon, 03 May 20 I0 18: 15:34 -0400To: [email protected]

Subject: RE: Sub-sea dispersant injection project: environmental consequences - V 1.2From: "Kendall, James" Date: Man, 03 Ma y 201018:03:28 -0400To: "Kale.Clark" , "Boland, Gregory S" , "Roscigno, Pasquale", "Sinclair, James" , "Metcal f, Margaret", [email protected], Venosa.A [email protected],[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], Nicolle R Rutherford, "Leedy, Daniel (Herb)" , Alan Meams, Jolm Tarpley , Charlie Henry , SieveLehmann , Steve Murawski , Bonnie Ponwith, Jainey Bavishi , Dav id Holst , GeorgeHalliwell , Chris Kelble , David Lindo ,Bob Hoffman , David Dale , "Thornhill. Alan D", [email protected]: William Conner , Dave Westerholm , Mary Glackin, Beth Dieveney , David Kennedy ,Robert Haddad , "LaBelle, Robert" Hi Kate:Here ya go; and with a special thanks to my MMS colleagues who dropped everything, sat together, teleconferenced.etc. etc and worked through it line-by-line.FYI, for your benefit, we lef t it in track changes for ease of not ing what was done and where; looks messy but..jjk

Dr. James (Jim) KendallChief, Environmental DivisionU.S Minerals Management Service381 Elden StreetHerndon, VA 20170(703) [email protected] Message-----From: Kate.Clark [mailto:[email protected]]Sent: Sunday, May 0 2 , 2 0 1 0 1 1 4 5 PMTo: Kendall, James; Boland, Gregory S; Roscigno, Pasquale; Sinclair, James; Metcalf, Margaret;[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected];[email protected]; [email protected]; kate.clark; Nicolle R Rutherford; Leedy, Daniel(Herb); Alan Mearns; John Tarpley; Charlie Henry; Steve Lehmann; kate.c1ark; Steve Murawski; Bonnie Ponwith;Jainey Bavishi; David Holst; George Halliwell; Chris Kelble; David Lindo; Bob Hoffman; David DaleCc: William Conner; Dave Westerholm; Mary Glackin; Beth Dieveney; David Kennedy; Robert HaddadSubject: Sub-sea dispersant injection project: environmental consequences - V1.2Hi everyone - Attached please find tl1e latest draft (v1.2) regardingenvironmental considerations for deep water oil plume dispersion. As youknow, we are moving quickly develop a product that contains the bestinformation, so I ask that yOLl provide comments to me([email protected]) and Alan Mearns ([email protected]) by COB


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2010-00377 000331 SEROMonday, May 3rd,Thanks to everyone who has participated in calls and shared theirexpertise with us over the last two days, We have certainly gleaned alot of information already and look forward to your continued insight aswe all work through this challenging situation.Regards,Kate

Kate ClarkRegional Resource CoordinatorNOM Assessment and Restoration Division28 Tarzwell DriveNarragansett, RI 02882v: 401-782-3235f: 401-782-3201IMVW.darrp,noaa,gov

Content-Type: messagc/rfc822Rc: Sub-sell dispersant injection project: cnvit-onmental consequences - Vl .2.eml Content-Encoding: 7bil

C t 0 . . Dispersing Oil in Deepwater.onten - escnptlOn: 'Ecosystems I 2b comblOed,docapplication/mswordbasc64

Dispersing Oil in Deepwater Ecosystems I 2b combined.doc Content-Type:Conten t-Encoding:


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.CONSIDERATIONS REGARDING THE DEEPWATER DISPERSIONDraft I,2M May;!;!, 2010

PRESENT SITUATIONThe riser from the former Deepwater Horizon platfonn is lying on the boltom in 5000feet L l j ~ 4 m l . o f water and oil isjelting out at an estimated rate of 5000 banels (210,000gallons) per day. It may he weeks before the source can be controlled.The plume from the main source is mixture of gas, oil and e n t r ~ " " I I I I ' I " " e r . The oildroplets are relatively large, on the order of several millimel e plume widthincreases slowly as the mix moves to the surface while th s separate from thegas. The oil reaches the sea surface in three hours fo 'n that weathersand emulsifies, plus a larger sheen area of much.- alt of whichthreatens,shoreline and nearshore habitats and r

experts representing MMS, NOAA and EPA convened andcations of dispersing oil in deep water. Key points of that

! _ ~ . T h e Gulf is two "seas". one above the other and each with its own currents and e c o s y s ~ e m s .

,-Unlike the warm, well-lighted. active. surface layer (0 to 200 m ~ J ) : : . t i S ! J m . the deepwater is cold (4C. 39 F at 152100 m.;..,5000 ft) and dark and with moderate turbulence(mixing) where currents intensify over the s l o p e ~ t ' R s t ! : y A qensity inlflfaclt.llilli~ ! . ~ ~ l l 8 0 Q : . 1 . l l i K L l l l . 1 1 ( 1 2 5 " J 4 ~ J . . J l 1 . ~ h h ~ i n t e r f a c \ t . l i ; ~ " B ) r t . ! . Q . V J , i ; X t . n U l l Q Y..;m\d1t.Qf

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f t d l l i 1 ) [ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ n l L J l ! . \ j . l l \ e a Q . Q . \ : ~ l h i L t k I I \ . h ~ " l 1 f e s ~ e o : t , I ! , y : R ' W : J ~ , a t I 4 T \ : L ~ + f ! j l . i ..; IIe H t M i f t f t ! L ~ l I D ~ ! Y :I f t e J e l 1 : l ; ! l : : : Q f i f u t j J l f ! i f L l ! l : ; ; ' l : l t t { ~ 1 ! l ! n ~ f t ~ b t } u l1 0 1 H 1 . . * ~ : : + 1 1 1 ; ! \ h ' t ~ . : : . . . ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ j q l ] A . t h : . . ~ t 1 t l . . f f l i l l i m t i f f l f f i : ~ : H - J ~ : f I t : : : ' : : : l : i l l : ! " . M ! t Y.. ...i l i ; : : , @ i ~ : ! t t ! ! t; f f i . : i l t ~ ' f f l ~ i l l ~ f ,

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l l ! n l l < S - , - m t Q f . P . . J ! l : i l l ; i \ l J ! f . . . Q l l , \ . W J O O r n . l J : t c r b a e ~ $ a t i { t ! l ~ lll$()J J l y ~ rcl atively,.!lcep ang I f f i j . . Q ! l ~ h l ~ j ~ i p w e v , " ' T , .i,his f ~ d j J l \ , L i l f ! h i 1 ) ' . ~ . m . ! l \ L b c (I!filh9vc 8Q.\L!1J...GQ;..Ull.....~ t ! t o r l h i ( ' ) ; e 1 l ~ 9 ~ a ~I ~ f ' ;

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I h t . \ Y m l ; L l . ? p J m n . ! L ! ' m l ! ! j n . i J : \ . . i l l ~ s c d 1i1. but th ijj..Q i v i { I g , . g J l l i t l ] j ~ , ( l l t h ~ K J J ~ J l "f i l l ~

~ - O O l f t t x j - w l m ! t f f i ; ' H f f i t l b l y ~ w l ~ ; , t l r e f l f ! i e t l g . I I e - l ' e w - i f l l t m a 6 - l h i l l - - t t i ; o t l " i m ~ k T . f O O . t l l t l h t ' ~ l l d - w u ! e f - ' ; ( l \ l i ~ t l t r l l l f l T t l l ~ I t ! e f l ' - ~ < T f ~ { ) f - ; ; f J f t W n ,

. . " B L ~ l ! t ! l . u l J i J l \ i \ ? J k n l h . i I : . E Q f f l l ! l ! i 1 ! i l i ( ' s l C ( J m n l u n . H l ~ 1 i ; , . M a p s for some speciesand bottom communities are available from MMS and NOAA for determiningwhere special habitats and protected areas occur in the region.

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challge. ",,'-exposing the biota to clean water. Thus such exposure may be longor short,-'---depending on the currents and concentrations...-.TIle nCllteKtc;.9tntn.Ull \ 1 . ' L J J L t h i i J S P C . 1 P . \ h ~ _ d j ~ 9 ! ! i l l . g I ' 5 J t < ; j i . i l P n J 1 i l l r r U i L ~ ! Y 2 m,L

A considerable amount of information exists for evaluating the effects of dispersants anddispersed oil on surface dwelling marine life and plants and estuarine plants and animals.

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; t.....~ o n s by oildegrading,microorganisms.J!!1d. +' ~ l i J ! l ~ ! l l l i \ i t . Q i L . J : : Q r . l 1 J . . l l i ! L t ; J . Y J l l i T I : j 5 5 t l fJjcimLox v g ~ J l H . . :leI' :hJwvcr,.blOdegTlJi!!1IJ.Qll i s 1 i l ~ . i l L c o l d temperatures and

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} k " W w e f ; , . ~ t t l f l t ! g f t l d l N # m - f f i - t l l ~ o o k H " , m f W H l t U f ~ - S & w R i l t - f f i a y - \ i l k 1 H l t l y ; ; . f f i . W U f t n~ ' t ' - W f t l e H l m y - m l n + ~ f f i f l ~ W t l l e r .

t t l t l ~ - ~ ' 2 i l i I l l i l < l t \ t + i t ' $ - t l l . ( i t l t f 6 ~ t I i i ! fltlye . J i p W t t l b ~ _ \ ! ~ ! l l i ! ! l i l i ~ : ! ! f ! !~ i : t l f t t ~ ~ J ; ~ ~ ~ , ~ j ! 1 j zing ~ e J . ! i l l f t l ! I l ~ o J ; " W ; : ; , < t 1 : i f f i i ~ - : f : l t w l l l i ! t M J l t ~ lDependence of the deep-sea food web on organic carbon from the sea surface suggeststhat the ecosystem may be able to accommodate or process oil droplets provided theyhave lost their toxic compounds such as monocyclic aromatics an hthalenes.In the past, l * < ; j u g i e t l t ~ e t l f l t t g ~ ( ) h s f i r . Y a H o l l ! i f ! . C ! ! h ! [ l kconsuming oil particles in the upper ocean l a y e r J ] t ! . Y ! ! J ! . \ i ~contaminated fecal pellets, which can settle to the batt noil droplets. There are fewer plan kton at depth andconsume the droplets.

~ l l j . Q f l l i : t l J n j u m ~ : ~ t : t i l l i : . , : ! : Q f ~ ~ ~ lj1:i1J.. ! I ! : ! t . ~ l f l t l Y ; ! f . \ I l ~ ~ J l ! m t l l t ~ _ .~ m : ~ f ~ P ~ : J : Q \ t : ! ! t J ! l ' l ' i ! ~ f~ ~ ~ ~ ! i i i l i i t i l i r i : ! t ! f i : : i ' d ! J : t l h i ~ ~ ~~ ~ ! t e < i h L . q t ! _ i t j ' t i d l - ! t w lle.we l h ! ! j t H m ( l ~ ! M II' ! w ~ _ j t i . ~ I . ! . ! I ~

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__ ! . H : l l i ! ! : : : J i l l t ~ J . L ~ J 1 h i t l ! h . . . T h t i l l fflflfb~ i l : : : W f t j ~ j w i r l h l l r o l f j c t t . t J ~ ~ ~ f l i \ l l n l i l l c l : f t f t t l ~ d ' l e ~ ~ to

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B l u ~ f f f i - I t t r ~ s i ~ \ ' e \'IOeHrtlml 6 H i f t ' t l \ ' & l J I ~ t l f . j : \ t i ! t ! . l . t l l l t i ~ _ : t ~ f + l 9 m }l l ; [ l i S : ! ! J ! t l f r 8 ~ c _ Q ! l l i i ! k r i l j g Itllli IRertil afe I,609,3QOoffi' ~ ! W ~ I ...-tltHea H l l f ~l i l t 1 j m ~ ~ l u e t j l . ~ . . . . l : ' l : l l i ~ t ' ! t t f f i : : ~ _ ~ M l ~ l l t h : : ~illili.r.\!liHWIlHtf tbe I l ( l t ~ W ~ l - s - W t ~ j f S t t l l l . - e s + i f f l f t t ~ . i l i . ~ ! . h ! L ~ f f l ! t _ ~ : t h e f ! ! t t l ; l l l i f : l gi l i H ~ ~ 1 ' 6 i ! = p ~CASE HISTORIES

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IhJ.!'i.fur. the i J J 1 P f l j ; ! i . 9 L J J . l g . . . . Y . ' i . ! ' t S ' L < f u ~ ~ I ! . ! 1 1 J i . . . Q n . ! i c : e ~ J ! ! ~ r~ p j l l i L h a v . Q . n o l ! : \ ~ nh 1 J l . J 1 1 j l ~ J f Q : . \ : : x L . J l l . ~.. M ! ~ i S j ! f l l t . i l l ! J u s t r y j Q i . ! J . ! h funded l l n ~ . \ J l l i ! f u . ~ d J m ~ l H ) t ) r i . ! . l l l i l !Q f f J h . . \ . ' i J . l G Y : ~ g i ; ! 1 l J ' ; J 2 ; j 5 . ! . J Y l w r e i h m . l \ . ' . i l l i ~ Q . I ! m ~ L ~ ; g ! l : . . Q r . Q . i l . A l 1 . { \ n J t w : ! l l . ~ . i n4 ~ l l . . l l i ! ! . ~ J h e d i l . { a . ~ < ; r e J J . ~ J o ~ 1 l I j b r . ~ ! ~ _ ; 1 p m . m . m ~ ~ 1 Q [ J J ~ " d ! ! . I ' L 1 J l < n \ i o u t s ~ ..Ih-t;.ni! w a \ W ) l c a s e { L ! D . l \ ! & . ! l t . ! . : : : 2 6 Q Q 1 ~ . l l ! ) $ . \ l ! e r dq1!b. ' l ] ! ~ o i l reaheq the syrface 1l!.\.d.J'iillim p i ~ ! !.yghpl,'{ ~ < ; Q h y j ! r ~ y . 1 \ l l i l ! i . . : \ Y i r t . J 1 ~ J ! ! l i 1 hca yy sea;;, ~ . u ! a l T I a g ~ J 9 III a r i m ; . . . ! i . & . W ! ! ~n i 1 J i ~ r y ~ ( kW e j t i l : ' r e - t l " ; f y e t ~ l " - S t l o o - e n * l ~ ~ w f l ~ S f l t l l s r e ; ( t l l e < j f f i . . 1 e e t t W U l ~ - # i s p e ! " ' < i o o t \ 1 I t !w ~ s ! W i t f f i l t l l W ' ~ l f I i H l e . ; .. H ( . \ W ' t ' ~ ; - i ~ , f f i w e . ~ r s v t l J t + . W f l t \ f t l ' f l l l h ! f f l I ! yt 1 i ~ . . . . t l ~ f f i t ~ } \ W I f r . ~ : \ f l ' l t m g l l w s e i ; r l l w 4 { ) . i l \ i l l i litttHptll'vHigltrNmwegtan'ilflit'ie4'fffll1lheI6flk-er!lflwf,!91)4dfHhe-ShetlafltH. \WftS-flWilMtfeclf f i . . . W l l l e r t l l ~ 1 t ' l J t s - f t ~ 5 0 0 m - h t t l - l h 1 1 ' R t - w a s - j i l l ~ . j ~ I 1 1 ;i t l f f f i ! f f i l , : r t ~ ! i 6 ' h ~ ~ I t * t ! d - ~ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFIT ASSESSMENT

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NEEDSIt is important to monitor the plumes during operational trealment so we know where theplumes are going. W a ~ t ~ " j 6 h H m t l l t t H . ' V ' f f i l H - ! : f O O ' ; V & t - f f i l \ y - b e ~m o o H ' * 1 l t t ! ~ ~ I I I I ' Y , q . Y ! t m U ..!I!!ll1jnQ!l.w.ilLbc;;.t.be O1onitvro;d u5jUgjJQ\1.!:'tl~ ~ ) J . l i u l 1 . \ 1 ~ ..~ t U i i ! . m r i l i n g alone .\\:Q.b!.wJl\1.Lbg. . i l ~ e Q . \ J i ! ! ~ .Modeling needs to be continued and expanded to provide guidance for monitoring and todevelop exposure regimes for ecological risk assessment. A critical need is informationaboulthe droplet sizes.Case histories of oil intentionally or naturally dispersed intoreviewed for exposure, effects and ecological recovery.

b . ~ l i \ m . i j U t g : - ' ; ! : l J . r . ! L ! " ~ Q ~ l n f ; j J ..(NR(},.JQQ.3.,..i)iL ...!1.!:iJ!.!.i!;mul f ~ l k J m ' l ' E . ~ 1 ' , WashiDilli!lLlti'. 265 .pp.

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ATTACHM6NT L Use4\ti1 Dispersants in Deep Willff!PQteOOaHHfects on Deep Benthi:fflUfltlttl#ie:sI I l { Q f l M t i f l u - { u r l l i m t ! l i J . ' h i J h i t i l $ ; ; j U - l : h f r ~ v l l f f i t j l i Y r l f r ~ t f t f ~ ! t f O O j f i ! * = a ~l i a f t l x t U i l l l l i i , . . . . : f h ~ t H l t ~ l i j l h t t f t b e : ~ i * i l f i ; Y f t l l i f t . f l l i t j Q f = f f i f t Y O O~ W t : b u l f . t t f Mexico thatwas fljt by the M i ~ R i ...e r d l i l : j f l 2 : i l ~ h w e~ W f i f u : a k ' : V c l , N ! : ! W t f t a t i t + . r i j u 4 e f W i l t 1 t ~ i . m ~ ! i ~ l t J 'thgMitmil isill fiiRjwl\ '1'.hUfrdtifr!lW5tly-ltllittWHSlUh1 l w f { l i l l J ' r h Q w e \ j f T I ! l f l j i J t . i . u n 5 f l f l w ~~ ; I ~ t j i f I b f f i . ' ~ t l t e : l _ : w x m ~~ i t i : . : n , . ~ ~ : : W i l l ~ ~ t f i l : . i l l l i ! f l l l iMWHme-datittlasf:

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2010-00377 000344 SEROSubject: RE: Verbiage about a "PLUME" Sub-sea dispersant injection project: environmental consequences - V1.2From: "Kendall, James" Date: Tue, 04 May 2010 10:27:56 -0400To: "Kate.Clark" , "Boland, Gregory S" , "Roscigno, Pasquale", "Sinclair, James" , "Metcalf, Margaret", Wilson.Gregory@epamail,epa.gov, [email protected],[email protected], [email protected], [email protected], Nicolle R Rutherford, "Leedy, Daniel (Herb)" , Alan Mearns, John Tarpley , Charlie Henry , SteveLehmann , Steve Murawski , Bonnie Ponwith, Jainey Bavishi , David Holst ,George Halliweli , Chris Kelble , David Lindo, Bob Hoffman , David Dale , "Thornhill,Alan D" . [email protected]: William Conner , Dave Westerholm , Mary Glackin, Beth Dieveney , David Kennedy ,Robert Haddad , "LaBelle, Robert" Kate, and all;Thinking about it overnight our lead chemical oceanographer. Mary Boatman, who worked on the Norwegian Deep Spillexperiment, noted that for clarity/simplicity we should probably be working towards discussing "plume" scenarios thatare more realistic; or at least easier to visualizeFrom Mary:"Initially, the plume near the source will be a mixture of oil, gas, seawater, and dispersant. If the dispersant workssuccessfully, the oil will be broken up into small droplets that will be transported with the water in a plume, As theplume moves away from the source. it will loose momentum and mix with the surrounding seawater. Eventually, atsome distance, the plume will be indistinguishable from the surrounding water and the smaller 011 droplets (probablyless than 100 microns) will move with the local deepwater currents. The depth will depend on how buoyant the plumeis before it dissipates. Larger droplets will continue to be buoyant and will eventually rise to the surface. A thinner,dispersed slick should weather more rapidly. Monitoring should focus on evaluating the extent of the plume, which maybest be done with an echo sounder. Modeling using basic fluid dynamics should be able to estimate the size,extent, and duration of the plume. The Deep Spill experiment was used to calibrate two models for deepwaterblowouts, one called CDOG developed by Dr. Yapa at Clarkson University and one called DeepBlow developed bySINTEF. As a visual example of a plume, think of smoke from a smoke stack. Near the source, it is visible, buteventually it becomes neutrally buoyant and mixes with the surrounding atmosphere, where it is no longer discernable."FYI, if it helps the discussions,jjk

Dr. James (Jim) KendallChief, Environmental DivisionU.S, Minerals Management Service381 Elden StreetHerndon, VA 20170(703) 787-] [email protected]

From: Kendall, JamesSent: Monday, May 03, 2010 6:03 PMTo: Kate.Clark; Boland, Gregory S; Roscigno, Pasquale; Sinclair, James; Metcalf, Margaret;[email protected]; Venosa [email protected]; [email protected];[email protected]; Burton.Terry@epamail,epa.gov; Nicolle R Rutherford; Leedy, Daniel (Herb); AlanMearns; John Tarpley; Charlie Henry; Steve Lehmann; Steve Murawski; Bonnie Ponwith; Jainey Bavishi; David Holst;George Halliwell; Chris Kelble; David Lindo; Bob Hoffman; David Dale; Thornhill, Alan D; [email protected]


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2010-00377 000345 SEROCc: William Conner; Dave Westerholm; Mary Glackin; Beth Dieveney; David Kennedy; Robert Haddad; LaBelle, RobertSubject: RE: Sub-sea dispersant injection project: environmental consequences - V1.2Hi Kate:Here ya go; and with a special thanks to my MMS colleagues who dropped everything, sat together, teleconferenced,etc, etc. and worked through it line-by-line.FYI, for your benefit, we left it in track changes for ease of noting what was done and where; looks messy but.jjk

Dr. James (Jim) KendallChief, Environmental DivisionU.S. Minerals Management Service381 Elden StreetHerndon, VA 20170(703) [email protected] Message-----From: Kate.Clark (rnailto:[email protected]]Sent: Sunday, May 02, 201011:45 PMTo: Kendall, James; Boland, Gregory S; Roscigno, Pasquale; Sinclair, James; Metcalf, Margaret;[email protected]; [email protected]; [email protected];[email protected],gov; [email protected]; kate.clark; Nicolle R Rutherford; Leedy, Daniel(Herb); Alan Mearns; John Tarpley; Charlie Henry; Steve Lehmann; kate.clark; Steve Murawski; Bonnie Ponwith;Jainey Bavishi; David Holst; George Halliwell; Chris Kelble; David Undo; Bob Hoffman', David DaleCc: William Conner; Dave Westerholm; Mary Glackin; Beth Dieveney; David Kennedy; Robert HaddadSubject: Sub-sea dispersant injection project: environmental consequences - V1.2Hi everyone - Attached please find the latest draft (v1.2) regardingenvironmental considerations for deep water oil plume dispersion. As youknow, we are moving quickly develop a product that contains the bestinformation, so I ask that you provide comments to me([email protected]) and Alan Mearns ([email protected]) by COBMonday, May 3rd.Thanks to everyone who has participated in calls and shared theirexpertise with us over the last two days. We have certainly gleaned alot of information already and look forward to your continued insight aswe all work through this challenging situation.Regards,Kate

Kate ClarkRegional Resource CoordinatorNOAA Assessment and Restoration Division28 Tarzwell DriveNarragansett, RI 02882v: 401-782-3235f: 401-782-3201www.darrp.noaa.gov


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2010-00377 000346 SEROSubject: RE: Verbiage about a "PLUME" Sub-sea dispersant injection project: environmental consequences- V1.2From: "LaBelle, Robert" Date: Tue, 04 May 201012:50:25 -0600To: David Lindo , "alan.meams" cc: "Kendall, James" , "Kate.Clark" , "Boland,Gregory S" , "Roscigno, Pasquale" ,"Sinclair, James" , "Metcalf, Margaret" ,Wilson,[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],[email protected], [email protected], Nicolle R Rutherford, "Leedy, Daniel (Herb)" < D a n i ~ I . L e e d y @ m m s . g o v > , John Tarpley, Charlie Henry , Steve Lehmann, Steve Murawski , BOIUlie Ponwith, Jainey Bavishi , David Holst, George Halliwell , Chris Kelble, Bob Hoffinan , David Dale, "Thornhill, Alan D" , William Conner, Dave Westerholm , Mary Glackin, Beth Dieveney , David Kennedy, Robert Haddad To the extent that th i s group is providing advice on dispersant /plumemonitoring, at depth, I suggest you review the f i n ~ i n g s trom projectDeepSpill, already referenced by Jim r


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2010-00377 000347 SEROTo: alan.mcdrnsCc: Kendall, James; Kate.Clark; Bol and, Grego ry 5; Roscigno, Pasquale;Sinclair , .James; /1eV.alf, Margj)"t; 'Ii U;C': . G r e g o ! : : . : j l . ~ ~ a i J : ~ p a ,90.'1;y e n o s d : l i 0 ~ . t @epamC\iJc.:eEa 9E,Y; C r < ' . ' e r J ; l ~ L ~ ' : @ ~ 2 . c . ' ~ ~ . ! ! j J ~ 2 i 1 . . . : . 2 0 v ;B a r r : 0 ! 2 - . - ~ l a c e ~ ~ p a m a i L e ~ . g Q y ; ,3 i r ' on . ;(Lr.. y . ( ~ ~ a f f l a i I , epd:9Q\ ' ; Nicolle RRutherford; Leedy, Daniel (Herb); J o h ~ Tarpley; Charl ie Henry; SteveLehmann; Steve Murawski; Ronnie Ponwith; J ai ney Bav ishi ; David Holst;George Halliw811: Chris Kelble; David Lindo; Bob Hof fman; Dav id Dale:Thornhil l , Alan D; William Conner; Dave WeSterholm; Mary Glackln: BethDieveney; David K8nnedy; Robert Haddad; laBelle , RobertSUbject: Re: Verbiage about a "PLUME:" -"'.lj')-sea dispersant inject10nproject : environmental consequences - Vl.2James and a l l ,This is David Llndo, physical oceanogL}pher a t NOr\A-AOML i'1iami.I di d my MS thes1s a t CSDRE (french center simlar to SINTEf) andI f R E M ~ R , so I partic1pated in several experiments with o il dispersantstoo. from my perspect1va, I would l ike to add some paints to th edlscussion:- For dispersant to work successfu l ly , i t is crucia l a good mixingenergy. On surface eKper imen ts , under calm condit ions [WMO below 2) thed1spersant per to rmance 1s highly reduced, Therefore, m1xing is veryimportant when inject lng dispersant at tha wall head.- The o il weathering mon1tor1ng I s a key point , since v is co si ty i nbetween 5,000 cSt and 10,000 cS t produces uncertainty on the r esu l t .- Regarding plume monitorlng, consider crude o il t luorometry, CTC andLADC['.-When large droplets r i se to su rfa ce the Oil Appearance Code ( ~ o n nAgreement) would t a l l us both the layer thickness interval and th edispersed o i l vo.Lume prn area ( l i t r es I !


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2010-00377 000348 SEROseawaL ,f , and dispersant . J f the dispersant works successfully, th eo i l ~ i l l be broken up into small droplets that will be t ransportedwH.h u,e WiJt,r in a plume. As t.he plume moves away from the source,i t w' '!1 JOO;?; nhJrtl,nrurn 21:.d mix \'ilth the sUJ:loundinq seawat.er.F:ventui,.lJ y, ,,1 some dist.,;,n",-" th e plume will be ind is t inguishablefrOllt th e St.UTO lLdinq water ;jnd t.he srnal.l er 01.1 dropl a t s (probablyless than 100 micronSi wll l move with th e local deepwater currents .The depth wi 11 depend on how buoyant th e plume 1S before i tdiss ipates . Larger droplets will continue to be buoyant and willeventu"l ly r-ise to thc" surface. A th.inner, dispersed s1 ick shouldweather more rap id ly . Monitoring should tocus on eval ua ti ng t heextent of the plume, which may best bo done wi th an echo sounder'.Modeling ~ s l n g basic f luid dynam1cs should be able to est imate thesize, exter:t , and durat ion of th e plume. , [ , h ( ~ Deep Sp-j.11 expc:r:imentwas used to cal ibra te two models fo r deepwater blowouts, one cal ledCDOG developed by Dr. Yapa at Clarkson Universi ty and one cal ledDeepBlow developed by SINTEF. As a visual example o f a plume, thinkof smoke irom a smoke stack. Ne"r th e source, i t i s visible , buteventual ly i t becomes neutral.1y buoyant and mixes with th esurroundinq atmosphere, where i t is no longer discernable."c'n, i t i . l ~ he l pIC; Ute discussions,j j k

Dr. ,Jam()s (.Jim) r:endallChief. E n v i r o n m e ~ t a l Div1sionu. ~ 3 f ' 1 i ~ e r a . l s t-1dnagement. Service3f11 c:Jden StreetHerndon, VA 20110("/03 ) 1 8 7 - 1 6 ~ ) 2'J ame.3.:..kendallQmr:1:'; . go'!

- - - - ~ .._------_._ .._---------------------------------- _._--------------_ .. - - - - -' f rom: ' Kendall, JamesASent: ' I/onclay, Hay 03 ,20106:03 PH~ T o : ' r:ate.CLuk; Bo.land, Gregory 5; Roo;cigno, Pasquale; SincJalr ,James; t'1etcal E, M", rgaret.; !l i 1 son. Greqory@e2amail . e p ~ I , 'l::'.;Venos.:l:\l be rt25J.12i1mai.1 . eP21.' 'l::'.; Greene. Rick@epamai 1 . epa .:Sl0v;13-':l.000. [email protected]'f1iJ...: L l : f ' ) J . 2 ~ ~ . 9 . . . : ! : ; Elur:.r,_()JI. Terry@epamail . epa, 9g...:!:; NienUe FRutherford; Leedy, Daniel (Herb); Alan Mearns; John Tarpley; Char.1ieHenry; Steve Lehmann; Sieve Murawski; Bonnie Ponwith; Jainey Bavishi ;David Holst; George Halliwell ; Chris Kelble; David Lindo; BobHoffman; David Da.le; Th(,rnhiJl, .n.lan D; alan.mcarns@c:oa a .'12.':I:'Cc:- Will iam Conner ; Dave Westerholrn; Mary Glackin; Beth Dieveney;David Kennedy; Robert Haddad; LaBelle, Robert-Subject:- R: Sub-sea dispersant inject ion projec t : environmentaJconseqlJences - Vl.2

Here ya go: and wirh a ~ ~ 8 c i a l Lhanks to my MMS col leagues whodropped e'/ery ' .l1ing, :3i::t together, teleconterenceej, etc , etc . andworked t h ~ o u g l ' i t . ~ n e - b y - l i ~ ( ! .l'''t'J, tor your b""neiit, 'de ,lc)tt. i t in track changes to r ease o t noting

what was done and wher e; looks messy but -j jk


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Dr. ,james (Jim) KendallCLi.";:, F.nvironmental D i v i ~ ; i o nU.S. Minerals Management Service381 Elden StreetHerndon, VA 20170(703) 787-1652

i a m e s , k e n d a l l @ ~ n s . g o v- - - - -Or iginal Message-----from: Kate.Clark [mailto:[email protected]]Sent.: Sunday, May 02, 2010 11:45 PNTo: Kendall, James; Boland, Gregory S; Roscigno, Pasquale; Sincla i r ,James; Metca I t , Ma rgare t ; \ , { i l . ~ . 9 _ I J . . : . Q l : _ g g 2 . r y @ e p a m a i 1 . epa. gov;Venosa.Albert@epamail .epa.gov; [email protected],gov;E l . ~ ~ 9 I ! _ , . ! : : ! c : l . c . e @ ~ t @ f l l a i l . eo,) . gov; Burton. Terry@epamail . epa. gov;kate.clark; Nicolle R Rutherford; Leedy, Daniel (Herb); Alan Mea rn s;John Tarpley; Charl ie Henry; Steve Lehmann; kate .c lark; SteveMurawski; Bonnie Ponwith; Jainey Bavishi; David Holst; GeorgeHall iwell ; Chr is Kelbl e; David Lindo; Bob Hoffman ; Dav id DaleCc: Wil li am Conner; Dave Westerholm; Mary Glackin; Beth Dieveney;David Kennedy: Robert HaddadSubject: Sub-sea dispersant inject ion projec t : environmentalconsequences - VI.2Hi everyone - Attached please find the l a tes t dra f t Ivl.21 regardingen;lronmental considerations for deep water o il plume dispers ion . As

know, we are moving quickly develop a product that contains th e be s tinformation, so I as k that you provide comments to me(ka!..,[email protected]) and Alan Mearns (alan ,[email protected]) by COBMonday, May Jrd.T h 3 ~ k s to everyone who ha s par t ic ipated in ca l l s and shared the i re x ~ e r ' Ise with us over the l as t two days. We have cer ta inly gleaned alo t of information already and look forward to your continued ins iqht

we aJ 1 work through this challenging si tuat ion.Regdrds,Kate

KClte CIClrkReg iona l Resou rce CoordinatorNOAA Assessmen t and Restorat ion Division


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2010-00377 000350 SERO28 Tarzwell DrlveNa r raqanset t , RT 02882v: 401-782-3235f : 401-7823201

"***" ' . ****..i -***David L i n d oPhD Ca n d id a t e / CIMAS r esea rch a sso c ia teNOATl/AOML/PHOD4301 Rickenbac:ker Causeway Mi ami . E'L 33149, USAPh: 305-361-4339 / 305-305-2742

"We are t i ed t.o th e ocean. An d when we go back to th e sea, \ ,hether i t ist.o s a i l o r to watch - we a re g o i n g back from whence we came."John t . Kennedy

As p e r th e 2005 NOA/I sec l l r i t y recorrunendations, th e con ten ts o f n li , ;message are mine persona l l y an d do n o t necessar i l y r e f l e c t an y pos i t i ono f th e U. S. Goverrunent o r o f the Nat iona l Oceanic and A t mo sp h e r i cAdJllin i 3t. ra t : i on (NOAA).

C D IMEMS 2001 DeepSpill paper noon tent- escnptlOl1: i d19S. ocapplication/mswordbase64

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DeepSpill- Field Study of A Simulated Oiland Gas Blowout in Deep Waterby 0. Johansen*, H. Rye* and C. Coopel'**SINTEF Applied Chemistry, Trondheim, Norway**Chevron Petroleum Technology Co., San Ramon, CA, U. S. A.

AbstractThe DeepSpil1 experiment was conducted in the Norwegian Sea at the Helland Hansen site (6500'N,04"50'E) in 844 I'll of water roughly 125 km off the coast of central Norway. Four controlleddischarges of oil and gas were made during late June 2000 amounting to a total of 120 m) of oil and10 k std I ' l l ' of natural gas. The main objectives of the experiments were to tune and validatenumerical models and to test methods of subsurface surveillance.Three vessels took part in the experiment - one supply vessel that carried the discharge equipment,and two research vessels carrying instruments for subsea and surface monitoring including two ROVsand two small sampling boats. A total of 43 scientists, operators and observers participated on thethree vessels. 1n addition, surveillance airplanes from various countries flew over the site during thespill. On the last two days of the experiment, five Norwegian Clean Sea (NOFO) response vesselswere present in case oil recovery'was needed.Extensive observations were made of wind, currents, water density, surface and subsurface oilconcentrations, and chemical and biologic samples in the water column. Results showed that the oilstarted reaching the surface about an hour after the release began and within a few hundred meters ofthe release site. Oil continued to surface for several hours after the release stopped. No gas hydrateswere formed even though thermodynamic equilibrium suggested they should have. No gas bubblesreached the surface ind icating that gas dissolution was complete but not as quickly as predicted bystandard algori thms. The echo sounders on-board the research vessels were able to track the oil/gasplume as it rose through the water column. In general the surface slick was much thinner than a slickinitially released at the surface would have been. Some emulsified oil was observed at the surface.Subsurface samples suggest the emulsification occurred at the surface due to strong wind and waveaction. An integral plume model (Johansen, 2000) did a reasonable job of predicting the time tosurface and the location of the slick though some tun.ing of the bubble/droplet sizes, gas dissolutionrate, and hydrate formation were needed. Finally, the results showed that all gas was dissolved wellbeneath the surface suggesting that today's safety restrictions governing surface vessel activity couldpossibly be revised.IntroductionWith the world's increasing demand for oil and gas and dwindling onshore reserves, the needto exploit oil and gas has moved into deep water. For example in the last decade, Gulf ofMexico oil production in water of 300 In or greater has increased tG 30% of total Gulfproduction. This move to deep water brings with it the potential of accidental releases fromwell blowouts and pipeline or riser ruptures. While there is a Jow risk of such accidentthanks to today' s technology, the oil industry stitl has to be prepared. To do that, theoperators need to understand how the oil will disperse as it moves up through the watercolumn, how to track it as it moves through the water column, and how to clean it up once itreaches the surface.Comparisons of models with field experiments in shallow water (e.g. Zhellg and Yara, 1998)suggest a good understanding of what goes on in shallow water, however, similar effortshave not been conducted in deeper water. There are a number of factors that can complicate


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2010-00377 000352 SERO 2the situation in deep water. The water is much colder, there is high pressure, and currents andthennal stratification tend to be more complicated. Some people have conjectured that theoil may not come to the surface for days and could travel hundreds of miles away from thesource underwater.[n response to these challenges the oil industry together with governmental agencies beganplanning the DeepSpi II joint industry project (J [P) in 1999 with the aim of conducting a fieldexperiment to simulate a deepwater release. After about one year of planning andpreparations the DeepSpili JIP culminated in June 2000 in a field study involving thecontrolled releases of 120 m3 oil and 10,000 standard m3 of gas in 844 m about 125 kmoffshore Norway. SINTEF Applied Chemistry acted as the main contractor in the project thatwas funded by a group of 23 oil companies along with the U.S. Minerals ManagementService, the federal agency in charge of offshore leasing in the US.The DeepSpill liP had two primary goals. First to collect the first comprehensive data setfrom a deepwater release. Such information would provide a valuable one-time view of howoil would respond in an important oil-producing region of the world but, more importantlY, itwould provide baseline data for model validation and tuning. The second goal was toinvestigate various methods to track the subsurface oil.

Planning and preparationsThe study plan was to conduct a series of four experiments in June at one of either two sitesin the Norwegian Sea in water depths of 700 m or greater. A minimum of700 m was chosento insure gas hydrate formation. The month of June was chosen because the weather isrelatively mild and there was no known migrations of marine life near the area at that time ofyear. A second site was considered in order to provide an alternative in case of poorweather conditions but was later dropped because it was too close to sensitive coastalbiological resources.The experiments were planned for two days. The first day involved the discharge of nitrogengas only to test the equipment. It was followed by a second release with diesel and naturalgas. The second day involved release of the medium crude and gas follewed by a fourthexperiment with natural gas only. Three vessels were involved: a supply vessel equippedfor transport and discharge of the oil and gas and deployment of an ROY, and two researchvessels one with another ROY. In addition, two 7-m workboats operated from the supplyvessel were to be used to sample the surface slick.A condensate that would not form water-in-oil emulsion was proposed for the first oil/gasexperiment, while an emulsion-forming crude was proposed for the second. In the actualexperiment marine diesel was used as a substitute for the condensate because of thecavitation potential of the condensate. The gas was transported to the experimental site inliquid state (LNG) in cryogenic tanks. LNG was pumped through a seawater-heatedevaporator mounted on the vessel and transported as pressurized gas to the seabed in coiledsteel tubing. A separate coiled tubing line was to be lIsed for the oil discharge.The overall plan evolved considerably during the six months leading up to the experiment.Changes were driven by equipment availability, contractor input, and especially safetyconsiderations. Two safety workshops (HAZOPs) were held and they resulted in a numberof changes. These workshops were facilitated by specialists from the Norwegian maritimeclassification company Del Norske Verilas (DNY).

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2010-00377 000353 SERO 3One of the most im portant aspects of planni ng the project was in assessing the potentialnegative environmental impacts of the spilled oil. A very thorough assessment was done byrunning SINTEF's deep water plume model and state-of-the-art subsurface and statistical oilspill model (Johansen 2000, Johansen and Skognes 1994). The results indicated that theplume would be trapped at 100 - 200 111 above the sea bed, with the oil droplets carried to thesurface by their own rise velocity, forming surface slicks with thickness in the order of 100microns. Statistical oil drift simulations based on this initial film thickness and historicalwind data fo r the region of concern indicated that the potential area of influence of suchspills would be very limited, with practically no possibility for hitting coastlines.An application for discharge permit was submitted to the Norwegian Pollution ControlAuthority (SFT), the Norwegian equivalent of the U. S. Environmental Protection Agency.The permit was forwarded to about a dozen NGO and Governmental organizations forreview and comment. SIT issued a permit in May 2000 with some additional, but easily metprov isions.Participating unitsThe experiment involved three vessels: a supply vessel (Far Grip) and the two researchvessels the Johan Hjort from the Institute of Marine Research (lMR) and the Hakon Mosbyfrom the University of Bergen (UiB) (see Fig. I). To g ive an idea of the proportions of thesevessels, the overall length of the supply vessel was 74.5 meters, while the correspondingdimensions of the two research vessels (Johan Hjort and Hakon Mosby) were 65 meters and47 meters respectively. Two work boats were used to collect samples of surface oil andmonitor the water column under the slick. A total of 43 scientist, specialists and JIPrepresentatives participated on the three vessels.

Figure I. Schematic overview ofparticipating units at the DeepSpill experiment. The roleofeach vessel is indicated in terms ofequipment and instrumentation operatedby the vessels.

The Norwegian Clean Sea Association (NOFO) provided the necessary clean-up capabilityfor the DeepSpill experiment. NOFO's oil-on-sea trial involved three oil recovery vesselsand two towing vessels. Seven airplanes from several European countries were involved inaerial surveillance of the oil slicks. A dedicated flight commander was stationed at theKristiansund airport to organize this activity and secure videotapes and pictures taken duringthe nights.Field operationsThe Far Grip and the Hakon Mosby arrived at the experiment site on the afternoon of June25 after a 24-hour transit time from Bergen (Fig. 2). The other research vessel (the JohanHjort) arrived early the next morning. Meanwhile, the Far Grip and the Hakon Mosby hadcompleted the deployment of the discharge platform at the seabed at &44 m depth.

Figure 2. Sailing rollle jo r the discharge vessel (Far Grip) to the experiment site (HetlandHansen). The vessel was charteredat Mongstad and sailed to Stavanger tomobilize equipment andpersonnel. Next stop was at Sotm outside Bergen to loadcrude oil andLNG.

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Table J. Summary ofFour Experimental DischargesDuration, Gas rate, Sm 3/s Water/Oil Rate,_____...-;----;-- - - . : m . : . : ; . . : . i n : . : : u ~ t e : . : : s ) L ' 1n3/hourNitrogen & dyed sea water 40 0.6 60Marine diesel & LNG 60 (oil) 0.6 60Crude oil & LNG 50 (oil) 0.7 60LNG &seawaler 120 0.7 60------------_ ....._-_...__ ..._.._ ....

5

Four experimental discharges were conducted as summarized in Table 1. The firstexperiment was initiated at 1000 Monday June 26 (local time). However, it was delayedseveral hours due to mechanical problems. This forced the second experiment into Tuesday.Unfortunately the weather forecast from the Norwegian Meteorological Institute (DNMI) forTuesday was poor with winds forecasted to increase to 25 knots by the afternoon. Given theworsening forecast it was decided to proceed as quickly as possible.At 0740 on Tuesday, the safety officer reported that everything was ready for the secondexperiment. Diesel and natural gas began to flow by 0830 after some minor pumpingproblems. The discharge was stopped after one hour as planned. About that time (0935), thefirst traces of diesel were observed on the sea surface Northeast of the Far Grip, and theworkboats started surface and underwater sampling (see Fig. 3).By 1000 the wind had increased to 25 knots making conditions difficult for the workboats.However, they continued to operate as did the various surveillance airplanes. The firstsurveillance aircraft (LN-SFT) arrived on site at 1012 and stayed for about half an hour,followed by the other surveillance airplanes and finally, the UK aircraft, which visited in theafternoon.

Figure 3. Aerial image ofsurface slickfrom diesel discharge. Picture takenfrom theNor,1'egian surveillance aircraft June 27. The vessels seen on the picture are(from left to right): Far Grip, Hakon Mosby andJohan Hjort. The two smallboats (orange) are sampling boats.The ROY on the HJlwn Mosby proved ineffective in the current conditions. Fortunately theecho sounders on both research vessels provided clear images of the rising plume of oil/gas.The real-time echo sounder images also helped guide the water samplers directly into theplume of rising droplets.The crude oil discharge was planned as the first of two experiments to be conducted onWednesday. However, the experiment had to be postponed another day due to poor weather.Preparations were made for discharge of the oil/gas at 0600 on Thursday but the strong swellprohibited launching of the ROY. With the forecast for worsening weather for the next fewdays, it was decided to commence the experiment anyway without the ROY. Discharge ofcrude oil began at 0720 and the release continued at a constant rate unti I 08 JO. Close to onehour after initial release, the first sighting of oil on the sea surface was observed.At about 0900 the SFT surveillance aircraft arrived at the site and guided the workboatthrough the surface slick. At this time, this was the only aircrall available since the othersurveillance airplanes had left to attend to prior commitments. The S fl aircraft stayed in thearea about 1.5 hours on the first flight and returned at J600 for a final surveillance. At 1630the pilots on the SFT aircraft concluded that the remaining surface slick would dissipate in ashort time and represented no serious treat to the marine environment. On that basis the JIP

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project manager decided that no attempts to recover the oil would be required. The Sflrepresentative onboard the Far Grip concurred.The fourth experiment involving the natural gas discharge was started at 0940 on Thursday.By that time seas had calmed somewhat and the ROV from Far Grip was launched.Discharge of LNG and seawater continued for about two hours. During this period, the ROVtook video shots of the rising bubble plume and close ups of the gas bubbles (see Fig. 4). Atthe same time the Hakon Mosby circled the discharge vessel to monitor the plume with itsecho sounder. After the gas discharge was finished, the Hakon Mosby assisted the Far Gripin the recovery of the discharge platform while the Johan Hjort recovered the ADCP (currentmeter) mooring from the seabed, The vessels departed the site all Thursday June 29 at 1625.

Figure 4, Picture takenfrom the ROV of the discharge platform showing the gas bubbleplume from the LNG experiment.Measurements and observationsTable 2 summarizes the measurements made during the experiments. Most of themeasurements were carried out according to the original plan, One exception was the ROVon the Hlrkon Mosby which was equipped for monitoring of the underwater plume. TheROV proved unable to cope with the current and depth conditions.Table 2. Overview ofmeasurements and observations.OhjectiveDocumentation ofexperimentalconditions

M e t h o d ~Weather station onresearch vessel. CTDoperated from researchvessel. Two ADCPs, onemounted on researchvessel and the other onthe seafloor connectedwith acoustic link toresearch vessel.

Sampling interval Comments ,Wind and current data Wind measured 10 msampled at 10 minutes above sea level.intervals. Sea temp. and Ocean currents sampledsalinity profiles measured at 25 m intervals from 50minimum once a day. m above seabed to 25 mbelow sea surface.Sea temp. and salinitymeasured at I m spacingfrom surface to seabed.

Observation of oi Idroplets, gasbubbles andtransition to hydrate

Visual video recorded by During discharge periodswork ROV Clouds of gas bubblespictured from olltside ofplume. Close up ofoildroplets and gas bubblesinside plume.- - - - - - -c ---- ,---- ,- : ,",.,-During and after each No measurementsdischarge period obtained from theobservational ROV dueto operational problems.

Echo sounder imagesused to guide the rosettesampler into the risingplume of gas bubbles andoil droplets.

Video, sonar, UVfluorimeter, methanedetector mounted onobservation ROV.Remote operatedsampling flasks (rosettesampler) deployed fromresearch vessel.Echo sounders operatedfrom research vessels

M a p p i ~ g ~ f p i ~ I ~ - etrajectory

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Work boats guided intosurface slick by aircraft.- ; : : - - ; ; - - : - - - - - : : - - : c : - - , : - : : - : ~ - - - - - - - - - ..-.- ..--.-...----.-----------Surfacing of oil UV-fluorometer, Subsequent to oildroplets. thickness sampling pads and flasks dischargesand properties of operated from twosurface oil workboats.

Survei Ilance shared bysix airplanes duringdiesel experiment (June27). Only one aircraftavailable during crude oilexperiment (June 29).

_._, .._-.__.__ ...-._._.__.....,---_._- -------------_._---_..._.__ ..-Extent of surface SLAR, UV and IR Subsequent to oilslick imaging from aircraft discharges

Supplementaryinformation Sea bird surveillance.Sampling andsurveillance of marineorganisms.

Prior to and during fieldtrials. Carried out from RVJohan Hjort byspecialists from NINAand IMR

Fortunately, the second ROV on the Far Grip performed well. Also, the echo sounders onboth research vessels were able to profile the underwater oil and gas plumes quite clearly.The sampling of the water column carried out with the rosette sampler on the Johan Hjortprovided additional data on plume behavior. These three sources compensated to a largeextent for the ROV failure.Analysis of water samples taken with a rosette sampler revealed how the composition of thecrude oil and diesel changed 011 its way to the sea surface due to dissolution of the watersoluble components into the ambient water.The echo sounder images indicated that the methane gas did not reach the sea surface, thedisappearing at about 150 m depth. The disappearing gas was almost certainly due to thedissolution of the gas into the ambient water. Both the crude oil and the diesel releases didreach the sea surface though the rise time was somewhat shorter than predicted by the model.Concentrations in the upper water column were monitored with UV-fluorometers loweredfrom workboats. The workboats were also used to sample the crude oil and diesel slicks andto measure the thickness of these slicks. Analysis of oil samples from the surface slicksprovided a time history of the loss of volatile components (evaporation), increases in watercontent (water-in-oil emulsion), and changes in physical properties (viscosity).The surface oil film thickness observed from the two oil releases was significantly different.Typical thickness of the diesel slick was of order of 1 )lm while within the thickeremulsified parts of the crude oil slick the thickness reached order of 1mm. As expected, thediesel did not show any sign of emulsion formation, but the crude oil did form emulsiongradually after surfacing with an increase from 30% water measured in samples taken Y2hour after surfacing of the oil up to a maximum of75% after 5 hours on the surface. Sampleswith the maximum water content were found to be stable emulsions in the sense that nowater separated from the emulsion within a 24 hours settl ing period at ambient temperature(10C).Aerial surveillance of the two slicks gave supplementary information on the extension of theslicks and also provided estimates of the amounts of oil in the slicks from the size andappearance of the slicks (Daling et al 1999) .. For the diesel, the amounts of diesel remainingin the slick was reported to be considerably smaller than the amounts released (60 m \ withthe minimum and maximum estimates ranging from less than 1 mJ up to a maximum of 17

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m}. The diesel slick showed a limited extension in the downwind direction probably due tothe rapid dispersion of the diesel into the upper water column by wave action.

Major findings

1510o-50...-------,--,-----.-----------,

Verification or validation of modelsThe data collected form a good basis for comparison with numerical simulation models ofdeep-water releases. As a part of tbe analysis of the experimental observations the DeepBlowmodel developed by SINTEF was compared with the field data. This model is designed toinclude effects of hydrate formation, gases dissolution, cross currents, trapping of theunderwater plume, and escape of gas bubbles from a bent-over plume (Johansen 2000).Different sub-models were used to represent the ascent of oil droplets from the trappedplume to the sea surface, the formation and thickness of the slick on the sea surface, andfinally the dissipation of the surface slick due to wind/wave action.

Temperature, dgr C5

CH4

200

E:5 400Q,ello

600

800 l . - J....J. :>'O'_ _

Figure 5, Vertical temperature projile measured at the experimental site (thick line). Thethin line represents the equilibrium line for hydrate formation from methane gas(Sloan 1990). The line is adjustedfor the freezing point depression of1.8c duethe salinity ofsea water.

The model was run using the actual release conditions including the ambient currents anddensity stratification. Under the prevailing conditions at the experimental site, methane gas

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was expected to form stable hydrates at 450 m and lower (Fig. 5) based on thermodynamicequilibrium. However, no hydrate formation was observed during the experiments. Thesimulations with and without hydrate formation predicted nearly identical plume trap heightof 170 m. In the case with hydrate formation, the plume trap height was controlled byconversion of gas into hydrate. In the case where hydrate formation was turned off, the trapheight was controlled by gas dissolution and gas bubbles leaking out of the plume as theambient current deflected it. Thus in both cases the plume was deprived of the highbuoyancy gas bubbles.No direct measurements of the plume of entrained water could be made during theexperiments although observations with the video camera mounted on the ROY showedclouds of rising bubbles (and oil droplets) up to at least 100 m above the discharge point.Moreover images from the echo sounders during the methane gas discharge tracked gasbubbles to a depth of 150 m beneath the surface.

Discharge starting Jun 27 06:30 UTe

o0'---'----------'--""'"250 200 -150 -100 -50Distance East. m

50

300 r------.---,---.....---,

250

E 200t:o2 150 .tlc:i5 100

50 100 150 200 250 300Distance downstream, m

o !- . . l . - - _ ~ _ . . : _ _ _ '_ - Jo

50

300 r - - , . . . . . . - , . . - - ~ - . . . - - . . . - - - - ,

250

E 200aiIII

. 150E::Ia:: 100

Figure 6. Plume path calculated with the DeepBlowmodelfor the diesel experiment. Amarker on the plume centerline indicates the termination pointofplume rise. Thecomputed rise time to this point was 36 minutes.

These findings contradict calculations based on empirical mass transfer coefficients fromchemical engineering literature (Hughmark 1967). These calculations indicate that gasbubbles with an initial diameter corresponding to the observed maximum bubble size (10mm) would be dissolved completely after a rise of about 200 m from the cxit point. In orderto produce the observed bubble rise, a reduction factor of 0.25 had to be applied to theempirical mass transfer coefficient. With this modification, the DeepBlow model produced aplume path as shown in Figure 6.One potential explanation for the reduced dissolution rate could have been formation of ahydrate shell on the surface of the bubbles. However this explanation seems unlikely forseveral reasons. First this shell would likely have melted as the gas bubbles ascended abovethe hydrate thermodynamic equilibrium line (indicated as 450 m in Fig. 6). Subsequently, thegas bubbles would have had to survive a further rise of at least 300 meters without the

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protecting hydrate shell. Moreover, close up video images of gas bubbles made from theROV for tbe initial 100 m ascent showed transparent bubbles with no sign of a hydrate shell.The apparent lack of hydrate formation also remains an unresolved issue. According to Sloan(1990) the formation of nuclei is likely to occur at the gas-water interface when thethermodynamic conditions for hydrate formation are present as they were in the DeepSpillcase. Perhaps one explanation is that the local water was probably not gas saturated. Thereare strong suggestions in a recent series of high-pressure laboratory studies (Masutani andAdams, 2000) that hydrate formation first requ ired methane saturation of the local water atpressures of 650 m.In the two experiments with discharges of oil, the oil was first reported on the surface closeto one hour after the start of the experiments. Based on close-up video images from the ROVduring the diesel experiment, the maximum droplet diameter was 8-10 mm. This is greaterthan the critical diameter where the rise velocity no longer increases with droplet size (Huand Kintner, 1955). Thus the largest droplets would be expected to rise at 0.13 -0.15 m/s. Ifwe presume free rise of oil droplets from the exit point, this would imply a minimum risctime of 90 minutes, rather than the reported 60 minutes. However, by taking into account theadded rise velocity of the plume, the calculated rise time is reduced to 75 minutes. Still, thisis 15 minutes longer than the observations indicate. This might imply that the rising gasbubbles enhances the rise of the oil droplets in some way.Aside from the discrepancy mentioned above, the calculated paths of the rising clouds of oildroplets and gas bubbles were in good agreement with the images obtained from the echosounders. The mean path of the rising droplet clouds was computed from the observeddroplet size distribution and the observed current profile at the start the discharge periods.These paths were found to be centered well within the observed echo-sounder signal, and totenninale inside the first observed surface slicks (Fig. 7).The calculated surface slick also compared well to that observed although some differencesin the shape and extension of the slicks were noted (Fig. 8). For this calculation, loss ofsurface oi I due to natural dispersion and evaporation was lumped together in a first orderdecay model with the rate represented by a half-life parameter (time corresponding to 50%reduction). In order to reproduce the diesel diSCharge, a half-life of 5 minutes was used,while the crude oil discharge required a considerably longer half-life (3 hours). Thisdifference in half-life is consistent with the difference in evaporation and the fonnation ofwater-in-oil emulsions for the crude oil slick.

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900200 100 a IDa 200 300 400 500

Distance North, m900

500 -400 300 200 100 a 100 200Distance East, m

June 27 0 7 ~ 0 1 - 06:04 UTea a

> 10dS100 100 > 2 0 d B-200 30dB-200

"'40da300 . 300 .'SOdS

E .400 E .400i i fCl.~ . 5 0 0 500-600 600

-700 700800 800Figure 7. Calculalions oflhe rise ofoil droplets for the diesel experiments: Mean cloudpath one hour after start ofdischarge compared with the echo-sounder datafrom

RV Hakon Mosby.Jun 27 o ~ : ~ a UTe

5.0 r - - i - - - - r - ;======: : - : \>O.Omkl'Ot\lt )0 O.2mk:ronl.

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Jul"l 27 10:


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Monitoring Lessons LearnedThe ROV operated from the Far Grip performed very well in part because it had sufficientpower (maximum 75 HP distributed on 6 thrusters), and because it used a "garage"arrangement. The garage and ROV were lowered within abollt 100 m of the ROV destinationand then the ROV was deployed from the garage. This avoided the large cllrrent drag thatresults on a long umbilical going all the way to the surface and also minimized tanglingproblems. For exactly the opposite reasons, the other ROV operated from the Hakon Mosbyproved inoperable because it was much less powerful (15 HP distributed on 5 thrusters), andused an umbilical all the way to the surface.The echo sounders on the research vessels proved to be effective for imaging of theascending clouds of gas bubbles and oil droplets from the discharges (Fig. 9). A SimradEK500 scientific echo sounder was used which is capable of operating with 18, 38, 120 or200 kHz transducers. All transducers were mounted on a retractable keel in order to obtainhigh quality data during potentially sever weather conditions. The most useful data fortracking the plume came from the 38 kHz transducer.Vertical profiles of sea temperatures, salinity and ocean currents were made in real timeduring the field trial. This information allowed the DeepBlow model to be run in real-timeduring the experiment. While acquiring salinity and temperature profiles in real timerequired no additional effort, acquiring real-time currents in deep water required deploymentof a current mooring and use of an acoustic modem. This modem turned out to be quitesensitive to vessel engine noise so to retrieve data, the vessel had to stop directly over thecurrent meter, and shut down engines. [n hindsight the ship echo sounders proved to be soefficient at tracking the rising plume that real-time modeling was probably not essential.

Figure 9. Cort Cooper (Chevron) and Mary Boatman (MMS) observing echo sounderimages ojrising oilplume (see insert) with captain ojthe Hakon Mosby in thebackground

During the present sea trial, three ships were used - one in a fixed position (Far Grip) andthe other two were mobile. This proved to be an efficient arrangement that allowed goodsampling along with some redundancy and safety backup.

Implications for safetyOne of the goals of the sea trial was to see if gas bubbles from a blowout might reach thesurface. Clearly if one knows in advance that the gas will not make it to the surface this easessafety constraints for vessels trying to cope with a major blowout. Today's North Seastandards prohibit anyone onboard the drilling unit (that was drilling at the time of theblowout) or vessels from working directly over a blowout. This requirement seriouslycomplicates and slows the logistics of the response thus allowing more hydrocarbon toescape. Theoretical considerations suggest that NO is highly dissolvable at the high pressuresand low temperatures found in deep water. Indeed, the results from DeepSpill support thetheory. During the crude oil and diesel releases, the observers in the MOB boats could see oildroplets "bursting" at the sea surface but no sign of gas bubbles. In addition the echo sounderimages showed that the NO-only plume vanished 150 beneath the surface. In short, allindications are that for the conditions in this experiment, it would have been safe to operate

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Hughmark, G.A., 1967: Liquid-Liquid Spray Column Drop Size, Holdup, and Continuous PhaseMass Transfer. I&EC Fundamentals, Vol. 6, pp. 408-413.Johansen, 0., 2000: DeepBlow - a Lagrangian Plume ModeJ for Deep Water Blowouts. Spill Science

& Technology Bulletin, Vol. 6, pp. 103 - 11 I.Johansen, 0. and K. Skognes, 1994: Statistical Oil Drift Model for Environmental Risk Assessments.OCEANOR Report P-22890, Oceanographic Company of Norway, Trondheim, Norway.Johansen. 0, H. Rye, A.G. Melbye, H.V. Jensen, B. Serigstad, T. Knutsen, 200 I: Deep Spill lIP g"perimental Discharges of Gas and Oil At Helland Hansen - June 2000. TechnicalReport. SINTEF Report STF66 FOI082, SINTEF Applied Chemistry, Trondheim,Norway. 159 pp.Masutani, S. M. and E. E. Adams, 2000: Experimental Study oj Multi-Phase Plumes with

Application to Deep Ocean Oil Spills. Report to Minerals Mgt. Service, Contract1435-01-98-CT-30964, Herndon, VA.Sloan, E.D. Jr, 1990: Clathrate Hydrates ofNat liraI Gases, Marcel Dekker Inc, New York, 641 pp.Zheng, L. and p.o. Yapa, 1998: Simulations of Oil Spills from Underwater Accidents, II: Model

Verification. Journal ofHydraulic Research, IAHR, Vol 36, pp. 117-134.

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Subject: Re: Verbiage about a "PLUME" Sub-sea dispersant injection project: environmental consequencesVI.2From: "alan.mearns" Date: Tue, 04 May 201007:42:33 -0700To: "Kendall, James" CC: "Kate.Clark" , "Boland, Gregory SIt , "Roscigno,Pasquale" , "Sinclair, James" . "Metcalf,Margaret" , [email protected],[email protected], [email protected], [email protected],[email protected], Nicolle R Rutherford , "Leedy, Daniel(Herb)" ,John Tarpley , Charlie Henry, Steve Lehmann , Steve Murawski, Bonnie Ponwith , Jainey Bavishi, David Holst , George Halliwell, Chris Kelble , David Lindo, Bob Hoffman , David Dale, "Thornhill, Alan D" , William Conner, Dave Westerholm , Mary Glackin, Beth Dieveney , David Kennedy, Robert Haddad , "LaBelle, Robe11"JimMary's descr ip t ion helps a lot! Thank her for us.Alan M - : ~ a r . n ~ ;

Kendall, James wrote:Ka t e, a nd al I ;Think ing about i t overnight our lead chemical oceanographer, Mary Boatman, who workedon the Norwegian Deep Spi l l experiment, noted tha t fo r c l a r i t y / s ~ m p l i c i t y we shouldprobably be workin g towards discussing "plume" scenar ios tha t are more rea l i s t i c ; or a tl e a s ~ easier to V i ~ u d l i z e .

"In i t i a l ly