• Creek leader Speckled Snake offered a warning when tribe members asked him how they should respond to President Jackson’s order to move from their land

• Speckled Snake was among the many American Indians who did not trust or admire Jackson

• A QUESTION OF LAND: (243)

– The issue of eastern American Indians getting away from white settlers arose during Andrew Jackson’s presidency

– Even Thomas Jefferson hoped that eastern Indians would eventually become farmers and blend in to American society

• A QUESTION OF LAND: (243)

– White Americans’ hunger for land and the American Indians’ support of the British in the War of 1812 CHANGE GOVERNMENT POLICY

– By the early 1820s many government officials had begun to call for removal of all American Indians to lands beyond the US border

• A QUESTION OF LAND: (243)– The change in American

governmental policy affected many Indian groups, particularly the Cherokee, Chickasaw, Choctaw, Creek, and Seminole in the SOUTHEAST

– The American Indians believed that there best hopes for survival lay in ADAPTING to white culture, many had given up hunting and were now becoming farmers

– Over the next several decades, the American Indians began to build towns with thriving agricultural economies.

– They wrote a constitution based on the United States constitution, created a judicial system, supported schools, and formed a militia

• A QUESTION OF LAND: (243)

• Native Americans Try to Adopt white cultural aspects– Sequoya – he recognized the

value of a written language like the whites

– Sequoya hoped that a written language, like the whites, would help the Cherokee spread ideas, and communicate over long distances

– Developed writing system for the Cherokee

• A QUESTION OF LAND: (243)– In 1828 Sequoya went to Washington to

serve as a representative for his nation– The system of writing that Sequoya

developed contained 86 symbols based on the syllables of spoken Cherokee

– Once the symbols were memorized, a person could read or write anything in Cherokee.

– White missionaries adopted the language to help them educate Cherokee children in mission schools

– Cherokee Phoenix, Cherokee newspaper, written in both English and Cherokee

– Additions of the Bible printed in Cherokee

• JACKSON’S AMERICAN INIDIAN POLICY (244-246)

– Even though American Indian’s efforts to adopt practices of white Americans did not solve the problem

• White farmers and land speculators pressured the government to open the land the Indians were using to farm to white settlement

• Andrew Jackson denounced the continued presence of Indians in the East as a barrier to “the waves of population and civilization…rolling westward – THE WHITE SETTLERS

• Jackson said that Native Americans should move off their land so the “…white brothers will not trouble them.”

• In 1830, Congress passed the Indian Removal Act – which provided for the relocation of Indian nations living east of the Mississippi River to territory in what is now Oklahoma

• JACKSON’S AMERICAN INIDIAN POLICY (244-246)– In Florida, resistance to removal

led to the Second Seminole War (1835-1842).

– By 1842 the US Army had captured and removed some 3,000 Seminole and killed hundreds of others

– Some 1,500 US soldiers were killed

– After spending millions of dollars, the US officials decided to stop the fighting

– Some Seminole move to the Indian Territory and other hid in the Florida Everglades

• JACKSON’S AMERICAN INIDIAN POLICY (244-246)

• Resistance in Court (245)– Cherokee fought for their rights in the courts

– The Cherokee Appealed to the Supreme Court saying that they were a sovereign nation, similar to a foreign country

– In 1831 the Court ruled that Indian Nations were not like foreign countries, but rather “domestic dependent nations,” with neither freedom of a foreign country nor the rights of US citizens – Indians did NOT have the right to sue in federal court even though they were expected to follow federal law

– To test whether this ruling applied to state as well as federal authority, Cherokee ally Samuel Worcester disobeyed an order from the Georgia militia to leave Indian lands

• JACKSON’S AMERICAN INIDIAN POLICY (244-246)

• Resistance in Court (245)• To test whether this

– After Worcester was arrested he appealed his case to the Supreme Court, arguing that the state of Georgia had no power over Indian lands

– Worcester v. Georgia, Chief Justice John Marshall ruled in favor of Worcester and the Cherokee, limiting state power over them.

– The Court also indicated that the federal government had no obligation to protect Cherokee from state governments that were trying to take their lands

– The victory was short-lived. Georgia officials-with president Andrew Jackson’s support, ignored the Court’s ruling and continued to seize Cherokee lands

– Without federal protection the Indians could not hold out.

– In 1835 a group representing a minority of the Cherokee signed a treaty that granted Cherokee land to the United States. In return the Cherokee would receive money and land in the Indian Territory.

– The US Government ordered the nation to move west within 3 years

• JACKSON’S AMERICAN INIDIAN POLICY (244-246)

• The Trail of Tears: (245)– By the 1838 deadline, few of

some 8,000 Cherokee had moved west

– Federal troops began enforcing the remaining Cherokee to make the journey to Indian Territory.

– An estimated 4,000 Cherokee died on the 800-mile journey that came to be known as the TRAIL OF TEARS

• THE NULLIFICATION CRISIS: (246-247)– Issue of States Rights

• In 1828 Congress passed a new tariff that doubled the rates set in 1816 for certain imports. This outraged southern planters accused Congress of promoting the interests of the Industrial North at the expense of southern agriculture. The tariff made British goods, on which the southerners relied heavily on, more expensive

• John C. Calhoun argued that the states had the right to nullify, or refuse to obey any act of Congress they considered unconstitutional – this view became known as the doctrine of nullification

• THE NULLIFICATION CRISIS: (246-247)– Issue of States Rights

• South Carolina declared the 1828 and 1932 tariffs null and void. South Carolina threatened to secede if the federal government tried to collect tariffs within the state.

• Siding with his own state, John C. Calhoun resigned as vice president under Andrew Jackson

• President Jackson was furious. • To calm tensions, Henry Clay

convinced Congress to pass a compromise tax in 1833 that lowered rates over a 10-year period. At Calhoun’s urging, South Carolina accepted the new tariff.

• Regional tensions began to worsen

• OPPOSING THE BANK: (247)– The Second Bank of the United States

caused more controversy• President Andrew Jackson attacked the

Bank as a dangerous monopoly that benefited the rich investors at the expense of poor, hones, and industrious people.

• Henry Clay makes this issue the main focus of the election of 1832

• Henry Clay wants US Bank• Andrew Jackson does not want a US Bank• Jackson vetoed the bill to re-charter the

Bank of the United States• Clay attacked the veto but the people were

on Jackson’s side

• OPPOSING THE BANK: (247)• Andrew Jackson wins

election of 1832 –• Andrew Jackson moved to

shut down the Bank of the United States. He said, “The Bank is trying to kill me, but I will kill it,” Jackson vowed

• Jackson stopped depositing federal funds in the National Bank. New deposits went to selected state banks chosen for their officers’ loyalty to the Democratic Party – PET BANKS – as Jackson’s enemies called them

• THE PANIC OF 1837: (247-248)– By Jackson weakening federal

control over the banking system he opened the door to financial crisis

– Jackson’s PET BANKS issued their own banknotes, often in amounts far exceeding what they could back up with gold or silver

– Furthermore, the amount of money in circulation more than doubled between 1830 and 1837 – this is called inflation

• THE PANIC OF 1837: (247-248)– Being able to get credit easily fueled land

speculation– Speculators bought millions of acres of

public land in the Midwest, hoping to make quick profits by reselling it to settlers at higher prices

– As land prices increased so did everything else

– To curb inflation, President Jackson issued the Specie Circular in July of 1836.

– Specie Circular was an executive order instructed the Treasury to accept specie as payment for public land

– Because few people had gold or silver, land sales plunged

– Many people began that their banks exchange banknotes for specie

– As in 1819, banks that could not do so failed. Hundreds of Banks had gone under in June 1837

• THE PANIC OF 1837: (247-248)– The Panic of 1837 was an

economic crisis in Great Britain.

– Faced with financial problems at home, the British bought less southern cotton

– British investors also pulled their money out of the United States, further decreasing the supply of specie

– Factories Closed– People Lost their Jobs

• THE RISE OF THE WHIGS: (248-249)– President Martin Van Buren has to

deal with the economic crisis in the United States

– Jackson’s opponents created the Whig Party

– Van Buren managed to defeat a divided Whig Party in 1836, but the Whigs’ support grew over the next 4 years as the nation’s economic problems deepened

– 1840 Presidential Election:• General William Henry Harrison

runs on Whig Ticket• Harrison beats Martin Van Buren for

President

• THE RISE OF THE WHIGS: (248-249)– President William Henry

Harrison died of pneumonia four weeks after his inauguration, making his the shortest presidential term in U.S. History

– Vice President Tyler, a states-rights Virginian and strong opponent of Andrew Jackson, became president and inherited the ongoing economic crisis