creating high-performance public spaces: effectively blending society, economics and the environment
TRANSCRIPT
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Effectively Blending Society, Economics, and the Environment
2015 Parks and Greenspace ConferenceMarch 23th, 2015
MODERATORCandace Damon, HR&A Advisors
SPEAKERSDavid Barth, Barth AssociatesConnie Chung, HR&A AdvisorsErica Madsen, Foresite Group
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Park Pride Creating High Performance Public Spaces March 23, 2015
Connie Chung
HR&A Advisors
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HR&A is a real estate and economic development
consulting firm working at the intersection of the public
and private sector. Our work transforms communitiesand revitalizes urban environments.
HR&A Advisors, Inc.
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HR&A Advisors: Real estate and economic development
consultants with expertise in the economics of open space.
PlanningDesign &
Construction
Phased
Implementation Complete
Twin Cities Green
Line
Fort Mason Center
Oklahoma City
Seattle Waterfront
Mnpls. Peavey
Plaza
Memphis Shelby
Farms
Waterfront Toronto
NYC The High Line
Brooklyn Bridge
Park
Cincinnati Fountain
Sq.
Boston RK G’way
NYC Battery Park
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The Lawn on D is a 2.7-acre temporary outdoor space at the Boston
Convention & Exhibition Center (BCEC) in a burgeoning neighborhood.
Sources: MCCA
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Why The Lawn on D?
The Lawn on D will be an experimental
public space.
It will foster creativity and test
opportunities for integrating BCEC into
the urban fabric with programming,
events, and retail, paving the road to a
financially sustainable permanent public
space.
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Phased operations funding stream
Time
Revenue
Sca
le Rental Revenue
Sponsorship
Food & Beverage
Revenue
Transition to
Permanent
Event Space
MCCA Investment
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FOOD &
DRINK
PLAYSCAPE
S
EVENTS
DESTINATIO
N ART &
DESIGN
PASSIVE
PARK
High Performance relies on the Five Building Blocks of
Programming
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PASSIVE PARK
Courtesy MCCA
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DESTINATION ART & DESIGN
Courtesy Howeler + Yoon
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EVENTS
Courtesy Boston Globe
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PLAYSCAPES
Courtesy MCCA
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FOOD & DRINK
Courtesy MCCA
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Why can’t a park jump-start a neighborhood?
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The Adoption of Innovation in the Planning and Design
Process; Creating High Performance Public Spaces
What are the key factors that influence the adoption of sustainable design innovations in the planning and design of high performance public spaces?
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The Adoption of Innovation in the Planning and Design
Process; Creating High Performance Public Spaces
• Why, while there is general acknowledgement of the potential to generate sustainability benefits through the public realm, do so many parks and public spaces still fail to do so?
• Why do some public space planning and design teams (public and private) adopt sustainable design innovations while others don’t?
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The Adoption of Innovation in the Planning and Design
Process; Creating High Performance Public Spaces
• Why, while there is general acknowledgement of the potential to generate sustainability benefits through the public realm, do so many parks and public spaces still fail to do so?
• Why do some public space planning and design teams (public and private) adopt sustainable design innovations while others don’t?
• What are the key factors that influence the adoption of sustainable design innovations in the planning and design of high performance public spaces?
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PREMISE
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Desire for more livable, sustainable,
and resilient communities
Create an interconnected Public Realm
Design and manage each element of the public realm as
a High Performance Public Space
(HPPS) ©
HPPSs generate multiple economic, social, and environmental benefits
An interconnected system of HPPSs
can contribute to a more livable,
sustainable, and resilient
community
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An Integrated Public Realm
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Definition of the Public Realm
A community’s publicly accessible
system of streets, sidewalks, parks,
civic spaces, historic and cultural
areas, natural areas, trails,
stormwater treatment ponds, utility
corridors and/or other lands owned
and managed by city, county,
regional, state or federal agencies
(Barth, 2014).
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Definition of the Public Realm
“Our common property…the
fundamental element in any
community – the framework around
which everything grows” (Garvin,
2013).
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High Performance Public Space© (HPPS)
Any publicly accessible space
that generates economic,
environmental, and social
sustainability benefits for their
local community. A HPPS can
be a park, trail, square, green,
natural area, plaza or any
other element of the ‘public
realm’ that generates all three
types of benefits (Barth,
2015).
Citygarden, St. Louis
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METHODOLOGY
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Mixed Methods Case Study Design
Phase I: Criteria for HPPSs
• A Delphi Method to develop and refine criteria to be used to identify case studies of High Performance Public Spaces.
Phase II: Selection of Cases for Study
• Solicitation of City/County Managers and Parks Directors to nominate cases based on the adopted criteria.
• Field studies to validate, score and select cases.
Phase III: Evaluation of Cases
• Background interviews, review and evaluation of public case files.
• Statistical analysis of a survey instrument administered to members of the planning and design teams involved in the planning, design and construction of the cases.
• Structured interviews with the planning and design team members to further explore the variables that contributed to the HPPSs.
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Phase I: Criteria for HPPSs – Delphi ProcessS
ocia
l • Improves the neighborhood
• Improves social and physical mobility
• Encourages health and fitness
• Provides relief from urban congestion, stressors
• Provides places for formal and informal social gathering, art, performances, events
• Provides opportunities for individual, group, passive and active recreation
• Facilitates shared experiences among different groups
• Attracts diverse populations
• Promotes creative and constructive social interaction
En
viro
nm
enta
l
• Uses energy, water, and resources efficiently
• Improves water quality of both surface and ground water
• Serves as a net carbon sink
• Enhances, preserves, promotes, or contributes to biological diversity
• Hardscape materials selected for longevity of service, social/ cultural/ historical sustainability, regional availability, low carbon footprint
• Provides opportunities to enhance environmental awareness and knowledge
• Serves as an interconnected node within larger scale ecological corridors and natural habitat
Econom
ic • Creates and facilitates revenue-generating opportunities for the public and/or the private sectors
• Creates meaningful and desirable employment
• Indirectly creates or sustains good, living wage jobs
• Sustains or increases property values
• Catalyzes infill development and/or the re-use of obsolete or under-used buildings or spaces
• Attracts new residents
• Attracts new businesses
• Generates increased business and tax revenues
• Optimizes operations and maintenance costs
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Phase II: Selection of Cases for Study
Solicitation of Cases:
• Florida City County Managers Association: 550 Members
• Florida Recreation and Parks Association: 212 Members
• Goal: 3 cases
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City of Tallahassee Gaines Street
City of Lakeland Lake Mirror Parkwww.metrojacksonville.com
City of Clearwater Beachwalkwww.clearwaterdreaming
APA top ten public spaces in America, 2014
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FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS
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Factors that May Influence the Adoption of Innovation in
the Planning and Design of Public Spaces –
Diffusion of Innovations Theory (1962)
• Based on the 1957 Iowa State doctoral research of Everett Rogers
• Innovation is a universal, five-step process
• Certain factors are more influential in the adoption of innovations than others.
• “No other field of behavior science research represents more effort by more scholars in more disciplines in more nations”
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Hypothesis
Primary factors:
Presence of a strong leader/advocate
Perception of the innovation
Collaborative relationship of the planning and design team
Internal characteristics of the organization
External characteristics of the organization, such as system openness and an engaged public
Secondary factors:
Perceived competition from neighboring communities
Costs, economic benefits, and perceived return-on-investment
Presence of a long-range vision plan, including sustainability goals and indicators
A liberal/Democratic population
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Hypothesis
Primary factors:
Presence of a strong leader/advocate
Perception of the innovation
Collaborative relationship of the planning and design team
Internal characteristics of the organization
External characteristics of the organization, such as system openness and an engaged public
Secondary factors:
Perceived competition from neighboring communities
Costs, economic benefits, and perceived return-on-investment
Presence of a long-range vision plan, including sustainability goals and indicators
A liberal/Democratic population
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Implications for the Adoption of Innovation in the
Planning and Design Process for Public Spaces
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City of Kissimmee Lakefront ParkPopulation 64,000
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System Openness, Engaged Public
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Perception of the Innovation
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Long Range Vision Plan
Glatting Jackson/ AECOM
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Collaborative Relationships (+ Good Food)
• Elected Officials
• City Staff and Administration
• Community Redevelopment Agency
• Kissimmee Utility Authority
• Business and Property Owners
• Arts, Historical and Cultural Groups
• Service Clubs
• Consulting Team
• Construction Manager
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Strong Leadership, Advocacy
Mayor Jim Swan,City Manager Mike Steigerwald
Parks, Recreation, and Public Facilities Director Dan Loubier
CRA Director Gail Hamilton
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Benefits To-Date
• Estimated 500,000 visitors annually
• Improved lake habitat, storm water treatment
• Increased downtown activity
• $50 million new planned development
• $17 million investment from the KUA
• 5% increase in property values throughout downtown in 1st year
• New direct and indirect employment
• Pending RFQ for development of 6 acre utility site
• Fee-based venues booked 40 weeks in advance: pavilions, wedding lawn, events space, community house
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SUMMARY
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Civic Spaces Should be Planned and
Designed as Elements of the Public Realm
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Public Realm Subsystems Should be
Planned Concurrently
• Parks and Civic Spaces
• Transportation
• Public Facilities
• Stormwater, Utilities
• Arts
• Schools, Libraries
• Others
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Every Civic Space Should be Designed and
Managed as a High Performance Public SpaceSocia
l • Improve the neighborhood
• Improve social and physical mobility
• Encourage health and fitness
• Provide relief from urban congestion, stressors
• Provide places for formal and informal social gathering, art, performances, events
• Provide opportunities for individual, group, passive and active recreation
• Facilitate shared experiences among different groups
• Attract diverse populations
• Promote creative and constructive social interaction
Envir
onm
enta
l • Use energy, water, and resources efficiently
• Improve water quality of both surface and ground water
• Serve as a net carbon sink
• Enhance, preserve, promote, or contribute to biological diversity
• Hardscape materials selected for longevity of service, social/ cultural/ historical sustainability, regional availability, low carbon footprint
• Provide opportunities to enhance environmental awareness and knowledge
• Serve as an interconnected node within larger scale ecological corridors and natural habitat
Eco
no
mic • Create and facilitate
revenue-generating opportunities for the public and/or the private sectors
• Create meaningful and desirable employment
• Indirectly create or sustain good, living wage jobs
• Sustain or increase property values
• Catalyze infill development and/or the re-use of obsolete or under-used buildings or spaces
• Attract new residents
• Attract new businesses
• Generate increased business and tax revenues
• Optimize operations and maintenance costs
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Civic Spaces Should Focus on Experiences,
Not Just Facilities
• Places to play vs. playground
• Places to relax vs. benches
• Places to eat and socialize vs. picnic tables
• Places to play ball vs. athletic fields
• Places to play hoops vs. basketball court
• Places to exercise vs. fitness center
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Communities Should Conduct a Self-Audit
Before Initiating a New Project
Project Pre-Planning Checklist
Primary Factors:
Presence of a strong leader/ advocate for the innovation
Collaborative relationship of the planning and design team
External characteristics, including system openness and stakeholder involvement
Secondary Factors:
Costs, economic benefits, and perceived return-on-investment
Presence of a long-range vision
Other Possible Factors:
Perception of the innovation
Internal characteristics of the organization
Funding
Passion
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Erica Madsen, PE, LEED AP BD+C
Foresite Group
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Park Pride Creating High Performance Public Spaces March 23, 2015
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Park Pride Creating High Performance Public Spaces March 23, 2015
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Park Pride Creating High Performance Public Spaces March 23, 2015
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Park Pride Creating High Performance Public Spaces March 23, 2015
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Park Pride Creating High Performance Public Spaces March 23, 2015
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Park Pride Creating High Performance Public Spaces March 23, 2015
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Park Pride Creating High Performance Public Spaces March 23, 2015
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Park Pride Creating High Performance Public Spaces March 23, 2015
QUESTIONS?