creating digital resources using instructional design principles
TRANSCRIPT
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Creating Digital Resources using Instructional Design
Principles CJ Davison
Nicholas Yates
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What are some digital resources that you create
for your classes?
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Cognitive Overload
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Audio Visual
http://ecx.images-amazon.com/images/I/51ehLg1SElL._SL1000_.jpg
Input into our working memory
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http://talkvietnam.com/uploads/2012/10/danger-on-wheels-648902-overloaded.jpg
Cognitive Overload
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Who has experienced cognitive overload in their personal life? Life as teacher? Life as student?
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Multimedia Learning
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Mayer (2001)
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Multimedia Principles (Clark and Mayer, 2011)
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Multimedia Principle
http://static.webshopapp.com/shops/022166/files/007608491/two-is-better-than-one.jpg
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Modality Principle
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Redundancy Principle
http://vignette2.wikia.nocookie.net/uncyclopedia/images/d/df/Dord.png/revision/latest?cb=20060508193752
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http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/audio/video/2013/10/29/1383044174700/A-Pixar-illustration-that-010.jpgCoherence Principle
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http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/audio/video/2013/10/29/1383044174700/A-Pixar-illustration-that-010.jpg
Image Principle
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Multimedia Principle
http://static.webshopapp.com/shops/022166/files/007608491/two-is-better-than-one.jpg
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Multimedia Principle• Static images encourage:
• Visual representations
• mental connections
• Use when instructional
• demonstrations
• definitions
• procedures
• relationships
• Don’t use as decoration!
People learn better from words and pictures than from words alone
http://www.bohodaily.com/wp-content/uploads/2014/07/kiyasa.jpg
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Multimedia PrincipleExample 1
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chess (n)
Flashcards
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chess (n)
Flashcards
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Multimedia PrincipleExample 2
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Food trucks have become popular in the UAE.
Present Perfect Grammar
http://dubaicity.motivate.netdna-cdn.com/dubai/wp-content/uploads/2014/12/Salt1.jpg
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Multimedia PrincipleUse images to support language development
but not as decoration
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Modality Principle
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Modality PrincipleAnimationNarration
AnimationOn Screen Text
http://melissaruhl.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Aha.pnghttp://www.butyoudontlooksick.com/tcS3_media/uploads/2011/07/brain-fog.jpg
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• Refers to simultaneous delivery
• Reduce overload & strain
• Deeper learning from speech
• Can increase production time of resources
Modality PrinciplePeople learn better from animation and narration than from
animation and on-screen text
http://i.ytimg.com/vi/YFYErT0lZvw/hqdefault.jpg
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Modality PrincipleExample 1
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Modality PrincipleExample 2
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Modality PrincipleUse animation and narration simultaneously to
engage both inputs into working memory.
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Redundancy Principle
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Redundancy PrincipleAnimationNarration
Animation+ Narration
On Screen Text
http://melissaruhl.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/11/Aha.pnghttp://www.butyoudontlooksick.com/tcS3_media/uploads/2011/07/brain-fog.jpg
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• Relates to repetitive delivery of same info as text and narration
• Refers to simultaneous delivery
• Reduce overload & strain
• Deeper learning from speech
• Can increase production time of resources
Redundancy PrinciplePeople learn better from animation and narration than from
animation, narration and on-screen text
http://i.ytimg.com/vi/YFYErT0lZvw/hqdefault.jpg
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Redundancy PrincipleExample 1
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Redundancy PrincipleExample 2
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Exceptions to the modality and redundancy principles…Can include text when
• learners need vocabulary support
• including text adds value
Can narrate on screen text when
• emphasising or reinforcing points
• focusing on challenging language
• demonstrating pronunciation
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http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/audio/video/2013/10/29/1383044174700/A-Pixar-illustration-that-010.jpgCoherence Principle
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• Delete anything irrelevant to instructional objective
• Why?
• Distraction
• Disruption
• Seduction
• Shorter
Coherence PrinciplePeople learn better when extraneous words, pictures, and
sounds are excluded rather than included.
http://www.ucira.ucsb.edu/wp-content/files_flutter/13352998137777124.28.jpg
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Coherence PrincipleExample 1
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Coherence PrincipleExample 2
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Redundancy PrincipleIt is redundant to ask learners to read the text
and listen at the same time.
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http://static.guim.co.uk/sys-images/Guardian/Pix/audio/video/2013/10/29/1383044174700/A-Pixar-illustration-that-010.jpg
Image Principle
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• Don’t distract from instructional material
• Focus on
• Language
• Listening, not watching
Image PrinciplePeople do not necessarily learn better from a multimedia lesson when the speaker’s image is added to the screen
http://www.ucira.ucsb.edu/wp-content/files_flutter/13352998137777124.28.jpg
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Image PrincipleExample 1
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Image PrincipleExample 2
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Exceptions to the image principle…
Can include image of self when
• learners need visual support
• including image / gestures / body language adds instructional value
• demonstrating pronunciation
http://s3-eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/storage.prezly.com/cd/adf2e0c31b11e4a11371052ba1b994/Fly-with-Me-Monsters-1.jpg
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http://www.adweek.com/files/uploads/iStock-Unfinished-Business-2.jpg
Critical Discussion
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How relevant are these to ESL digital resources?
How would you design resources differently now?
How much of an impact would these have on your resource design and development?
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StoryboardingTime to storyboard
your next digital resource
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ReferencesClark, R., & Mayer, R. (2011). E-learning and the science of instruction : Proven guidelines for consumers and designers of multimedia learning (3rd ed.). San Francisco, CA: Pfeiffer.Mayer, R. (2001). Multimedia Learning. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University PressSweller, J. (1994). Cognitive load theory, learning difficulty, and instructional design . Learning and Instruction, 4, 292-312Sweller, J., Ayres, P., & Kalyuga, S. (2011). Cognitive Load Theory (Explorations in the Learning Sciences, Instructional Systems and Performance Technologies).New York: Springer Education
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Creating Digital Resources using Instructional Design
Principles CJ Davison
Nicholas [email protected]