Take a map from the table and Take a map from the table and complete.complete.

Quietly find your seat and complete your Reflection… Quietly find your seat and complete your Reflection…

Don’t make me sad Don’t make me sad

1. Which European country was the first to 1. Which European country was the first to explore the west coast of Africa?explore the west coast of Africa?

PortugalPortugal

2. Who was the main person executed 2. Who was the main person executed during the Russian Revolution?during the Russian Revolution?

Czar Nicholas IICzar Nicholas II

Exploration & TradeExploration & Trade Prince Henry “The Prince Henry “The

Navigator”:Navigator”:– From From Portugal Portugal – Founded the School of Founded the School of

Navigation Navigation which taught which taught the basic information the basic information and new discoveries to and new discoveries to sailorssailors

– Organized Organized expeditionsexpeditions of sailors to explore the of sailors to explore the westwest coast of Africa. coast of Africa.

– Looking for a shortcut to Looking for a shortcut to AsiaAsia by going around by going around Africa. Africa.

European Reasons for ExplorationEuropean Reasons for Exploration

The The industrialindustrial revolution made goods revolution made goods cheapercheaper to make, so European countries to make, so European countries needed to expand their needed to expand their empiresempires…. ….

NaturalNatural resources: resources: ConquerConquer new land for new land for resources such as resources such as goldgold, silver, timber., silver, timber.

Spread Spread ChristianityChristianity: Europeans wanted : Europeans wanted Christianity to spread around the world Christianity to spread around the world through through missionariesmissionaries

New New MarketsMarkets//TradeTrade Routes: Europeans Routes: Europeans wanted to secure new trade wanted to secure new trade routesroutes that that would bring them more would bring them more moneymoney

Russian RevolutionRussian Revolution The end of the Russian The end of the Russian

EmpireEmpire– During the war, Russia During the war, Russia

experienced experienced food food shortagesshortages and and strikesstrikes. .

Russian RevolutionRussian Revolution

– In 1918 In 1918 Nicholas IINicholas II and and the royal family were the royal family were all all shotshot to death. This to death. This execution ended execution ended nearly nearly 400 years400 years of of czarist rule. czarist rule.

Russian RevolutionRussian Revolution Many Russians Many Russians

wanted wanted communismcommunism because Lenin because Lenin promised to end their promised to end their hungerhunger, , povertypoverty and and unemployment.unemployment.

But Lenin became a But Lenin became a dictatordictator and Russian and Russian citizens didn’t have citizens didn’t have politicalpolitical power. power.

A communist Soviet A communist Soviet Union leads to Union leads to disagreements disagreements with the with the United StatesUnited States later on. later on.

Treaty of VersaillesTreaty of Versailles The The Treaty of Versailles Treaty of Versailles

ended ended WWIWWI. . The treaty demanded that The treaty demanded that

GermanyGermany be punished by be punished by1.1. PayingPaying for for damagesdamages

done to other countriesdone to other countries2.2. Giving Giving up part of its up part of its

territory territory (land)(land)

Worldwide DepressionWorldwide Depression After After WWIWWI the world’s the world’s

economy was in economy was in bad bad shape:shape:

1.1. WWI killed many WWI killed many civilians civilians (workers)(workers) of of many countries and many countries and destroyed destroyed land, factoriesland, factories and and infrastructureinfrastructure

2.2. The United States had The United States had the the Great DepressionGreat Depression,,(1929) so it bought (1929) so it bought lessless things from other things from other countriescountries

3.3. Companies went out of Companies went out of business business so more people so more people were were unemployedunemployed. .

HolocaustHolocaust Poor Poor Germans believed Germans believed

Hitler and the Hitler and the NaziNazi party had the party had the solutionsolution to their bad economy to their bad economy and promised to make and promised to make Germany Germany strong strong again.again.

Germans elected Germans elected Adolf Adolf Hitler Hitler who was of the who was of the Nazi Party.Nazi Party.

Germany killed 6 Germany killed 6 millions millions Jews Jews under under Hitler which is known Hitler which is known as the as the HolocaustHolocaust..

The Cold WarThe Cold War After WWII, and After WWII, and

GermanyGermany was was defeated, the United defeated, the United Kingdom and the Kingdom and the United States United States wanted to rebuild wanted to rebuild EuropeEurope as free as free democraticdemocratic nations nations with with free free market market economieseconomies

The Cold WarThe Cold War But, the But, the Soviet Soviet

Union wanted to Union wanted to rebuild Europe and rebuild Europe and a a communistcommunist government and government and the economy is the economy is centralized centralized (controlled) by the (controlled) by the governmentgovernment

The Cold WarThe Cold War The The Soviet UnionSoviet Union and and

United StatesUnited States were were SuperpowersSuperpowers: top : top countries in the world) countries in the world) during the Cold War (during the Cold War (bad bad relationship between the relationship between the U.S and the Soviet U.S and the Soviet Union)Union)

competedcompeted in different in different ways during the Cold War ways during the Cold War

The Cold WarThe Cold Warin a in a nuclear nuclear arms race arms race

(missiles) during this time(missiles) during this time– Spreading Spreading democracydemocracy

(U.S) and Communism (U.S) and Communism (Soviet Union)(Soviet Union)

– Supplied other countries Supplied other countries with with weaponsweapons

– But the U.S. and the But the U.S. and the Soviet Union Soviet Union nevernever fought fought each other because of the each other because of the horriblehorrible effects of a effects of a nuclearnuclear missile missile

End of the Soviet Union & Cold WarEnd of the Soviet Union & Cold War

– In In 19911991, the Soviet , the Soviet Union Union collapsedcollapsed Led to the Led to the endend of of

the the Cold WarCold War. . Germany was Germany was

reunitedreunited Many parts of the Many parts of the

Soviet Union Soviet Union broke off to broke off to IndependentIndependent countriescountries

A Divided Germany: Berlin WallA Divided Germany: Berlin Wall After After WWIIWWII Germany Germany was divided into was divided into EastEast and and WestWest

The The Soviet UnionSoviet Union had had communistic control communistic control over over East GermanyEast Germany. .

The The United StatesUnited States, , France and England France and England had control over the had control over the WestWest

Western Germany Western Germany experienced great experienced great economic economic growth growth while Eastern while Eastern Germany had many Germany had many poorpoor people. people.

Berlin Wall

WEST EAST

The Aztec CivilizationThe Aztec Civilization Most powerful from Most powerful from

1200’s 1200’s to the to the 1500’s1500’s Located in present Located in present

day day Mexico CityMexico City

Aztecs Warfare:Aztecs Warfare:– MexicaMexica was the most was the most

dominant dominant warriorwarrior tribe tribe– Aztecs encouraged Aztecs encouraged

warfarewarfare to maintain to maintain power power and to please and to please their their warwar god. god.

Inca CivilizationInca Civilization Became powerful during Became powerful during

thethe1400’s1400’s The The Inca Inca conquered others conquered others

tribestribes surrounding them surrounding them Located in the Located in the AndesAndes

Mountains Inca had Mountains Inca had impressive impressive stoneworkstonework which led to which led to – network of network of roadsroads, ,

aquaductsaquaducts, (“pipes”) , (“pipes”) – easy easy communication communication

throughout the mountainsthroughout the mountains Built the Built the city city of of Machu Machu

PicchuPicchu

Spanish ConquistadorsSpanish Conquistadors Remember around this Remember around this

time time Spain Spain hired hired Christopher ColumbusChristopher Columbus to to find a new shortcut to find a new shortcut to AsiaAsia for for spicesspices

But Columbus found a But Columbus found a “New World”“New World” in in 14921492. .

This new world was This new world was LatinLatin AmericaAmerica

Spanish ConquistadorsSpanish Conquistadors Spain decided to take over Spain decided to take over Latin AmericaLatin America and to set up and to set up colonies colonies instead of finding a instead of finding a shortcutshortcut to Asia to Asia

They sent They sent ConquistadorsConquistadors: : Men who were sent to Men who were sent to exploreexplore new land and new land and conquer conquer the peoplethe people

Hernan Cortes Conquers the AztecsHernan Cortes Conquers the Aztecs AztecAztec ruler ruler Montezuma IIMontezuma II was was

captured by captured by Hernan CortesHernan Cortes (Spanish (Spanish ConquistadorConquistador) in ) in 15191519

SpainSpain claimed claimed controlcontrol of the of the AztecAztec empire and its territory.empire and its territory.

Francisco Pizarro conquers the Francisco Pizarro conquers the IncasIncas

In In 15321532 IncaInca ruler ruler Atahualpa Atahualpa was was defeated by defeated by Francisco Francisco PizarroPizarro (Spanish (Spanish conquistador) and the conquistador) and the Inca Empire was Inca Empire was claimed for claimed for SpainSpain. .

The Inca civilization fell The Inca civilization fell for the for the same reasonssame reasons the the AztecsAztecs fell to fell to Cortes. Cortes.

Hernan Cortes Conquers the AztecsHernan Cortes Conquers the Aztecs

Why was Why was CortesCortes able to able to defeat the Aztecs with only defeat the Aztecs with only an army of an army of 10001000 Spanish Spanish men?men?

1.1. Spanish had better Spanish had better weaponsweapons

1.1. The The SpanishSpanish had had swords, swords, armorarmor, cannons, , cannons, gunsguns and and horses.horses.

Hernan Cortes Conquers the AztecsHernan Cortes Conquers the Aztecs2. Cortes teamed up with 2. Cortes teamed up with local local

tribestribes that didn’t like that didn’t like MontezumaMontezuma

Hernan Cortes Conquers the AztecsHernan Cortes Conquers the Aztecs3. Most 3. Most importantimportant Reason: Reason:

European European diseases diseases (smallpox)(smallpox) wiped out the wiped out the AztecsAztecsa) The a) The AztecsAztecs had no had no immunity to immunity to smallpoxsmallpox because they were never because they were never exposedexposed to it before to it beforeb) It’s estimated that b) It’s estimated that smallpoxsmallpox killed killed 90%90% of the of the AztecsAztecs

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange Columbian Exchange:Columbian Exchange: an an

exchange of exchange of goodsgoods and and ideas ideas between between EuropeanEuropean countries countries and their and their coloniescolonies in in North North and and SouthSouth America. America.

Basically the Basically the OldOld World World ((EuropeEurope, Africa and Asia) , Africa and Asia) began trading with the began trading with the NewNew World (North/South America)World (North/South America)

Columbian ExchangeColumbian Exchange The Columbian The Columbian

Exchange led:Exchange led:– An An increaseincrease in in farmingfarming

in the New and Old in the New and Old WorldWorld

– Decline of Decline of NativeNative populationpopulation in Latin in Latin America (America (smallpoxsmallpox))

– The The horsehorse being used being used by by NativesNatives in everyday in everyday lifelife

European Colonization of Latin America and SlaveryEuropean Colonization of Latin America and Slavery

SlaverySlavery was also a was also a part of the part of the Columbian Columbian ExchangeExchange

Europeans countries Europeans countries used the used the Native Native AmericansAmericans as slaves as slaves at at first first in in LatinLatin AmericaAmerica

The effects of European Colonization and the Slave TradeThe effects of European Colonization and the Slave Trade

– But many Native But many Native Americans Americans dieddied from from European diseases European diseases such as such as smallpoxsmallpox

European brought European brought AfricansAfricans to Latin to Latin America to work as America to work as slaves: slaves: Triangular Triangular Slave Slave TradeTrade

The effects of European Colonization and the Slave TradeThe effects of European Colonization and the Slave Trade

–Spain Spain conquered conquered much of Latin much of Latin America and they America and they spoke spoke SpanishSpanish and are and are Christians of the Christians of the RomanRoman CatholicCatholic faith. faith.

The effects of European Colonization and the Slave TradeThe effects of European Colonization and the Slave Trade BraziliansBrazilians speak speak

Portuguese Portuguese because they because they were a colony of were a colony of Portugal.Portugal.

Independence Movements in Latin AmericaIndependence Movements in Latin America

FranceFrance controlled an controlled an island name St. island name St. Dominique (Dominique (HaitiHaiti) in ) in the the CaribbeanCaribbean Islands Islands

Independence Movements in Latin AmericaIndependence Movements in Latin America

A slave name A slave name ToussaintToussaint L’ OuvertureL’ Ouverture led an army of led an army of slavesslaves against the against the FrenchFrench armyarmy

Independence Movements in Latin AmericaIndependence Movements in Latin America Toussaint was Toussaint was capturedcaptured, ,

imprisonedimprisoned and left to and left to diedie in the French in the French JailJail in April in April of 1803. of 1803.

His army continued to His army continued to fightfight and Haiti became a and Haiti became a free free independentindependent country country in January of in January of 18041804..

Toussaint Toussaint dieddied before before HaitiHaiti was was freedfreed from the from the FrenchFrench

Independence Movements in Latin AmericaIndependence Movements in Latin America Simon BolivarSimon Bolivar was a general was a general

who led a rebellion against who led a rebellion against Spain in Spain in NorthernNorthern parts of parts of SouthSouth America America

He wanted to He wanted to endend SpanishSpanish rulerule in Latin America in Latin America

He lived to see his military He lived to see his military strategystrategy take back the take back the territory of territory of ColombiaColombia, , Panama, Ecuador, Panama, Ecuador, VenezuelaVenezuela from from SpainSpain. .

..

Independence Movements in Latin AmericaIndependence Movements in Latin America

He had was given the He had was given the nickname the nickname the LiberatorLiberator..

He died in He died in 1830 1830 while while living in Colombia.living in Colombia.

The country The country BoliviaBolivia was was namednamed after Simon after Simon Bolivar.Bolivar.

Independence Movements in Latin AmericaIndependence Movements in Latin America During the early During the early 1800’s 1800’s

Mexicans Mexicans wanted to be free wanted to be free from from SpainSpain rule rule

Father Father Miguel HidalgoMiguel Hidalgo– Led a small army (Led a small army (NativeNative

Americans and Americans and mestizosmestizos) to ) to protest Spanish ruleprotest Spanish rule

– Hidalgo’s army met Hidalgo’s army met government government soldierssoldiers and and were were defeateddefeated. .

Independence Movements in Latin AmericaIndependence Movements in Latin America– Father Hidalgo was Father Hidalgo was

capturedcaptured and executed in and executed in 1811. 1811.

– He did not live to see a He did not live to see a MexicoMexico free from free from SpanishSpanish rulerule

Independence Movements in Latin AmericaIndependence Movements in Latin America 15211521: The fall of the : The fall of the AztecsAztecs

and rise of “and rise of “New SpainNew Spain”” Spanish Spanish Catholic Catholic Church:Church:

– Goal was to Goal was to convert convert (change) Natives to (change) Natives to Christianity, Natives Christianity, Natives converted willingly or by converted willingly or by forceforce..

– Catholic ChurchCatholic Church became became powerful in New Spainpowerful in New Spain

– Church set up Church set up schoolsschools and and hospitalshospitals

Impact of Cuban RevolutionImpact of Cuban Revolution1. Cuba sides with the 1. Cuba sides with the Soviet UnionSoviet Union Castro took over Cuba during the Castro took over Cuba during the Cold War Cold War Cuba received Cuba received weaponsweapons from the Soviet Union from the Soviet Union

– Cuban Cuban MissileMissile CrisisCrisis: US and : US and CubaCuba almost got into a almost got into a nuclearnuclear war, but it was war, but it was avoidedavoided..

Cold War-Cold War- a conflict between the a conflict between the United StatesUnited States and and Soviet Soviet UnionUnion. .

Impact of Cuban RevolutionImpact of Cuban Revolution 2. Less 2. Less PoliticalPolitical FreedomsFreedoms for Cubans for Cubans

– There are strict There are strict limitslimits on freedom of on freedom of speechspeech and and presspress

Impact of Cuban RevolutionImpact of Cuban Revolution 3. Communism: 3. Communism: governmentgovernment controls the economy controls the economy

– Castro Castro changedchanged Cuba from a free Cuba from a free marketmarket economy to a economy to a communistcommunist economy economy

Mexico’s ZapatistasMexico’s Zapatistas– In January of In January of 19941994 a guerilla a guerilla rebelrebel group called the group called the

ZapatistasZapatistas seized power in parts of seized power in parts of ChiapasChiapas, southern , southern MexicoMexico, calling for the reforms Zapata had fought and , calling for the reforms Zapata had fought and died for.died for.

– IndigenousIndigenous (Native Americans) people felt they were (Native Americans) people felt they were treated as treated as secondsecond class citizens by the Mexican class citizens by the Mexican governmentgovernment

Mexico’s ZapatistasMexico’s Zapatistas– Zapatistas are based on the revolutionary leader Zapatistas are based on the revolutionary leader

Emiliano ZapataEmiliano Zapata who fought for who fought for farmerfarmer rights rights

Mexico’s ZapatistasMexico’s Zapatistas End to End to illiteracyilliteracy, the right to , the right to education,education, creation of creation of

hospitalshospitals and much more and much more

EnglishEnglish

– Settled around the Settled around the HudsonHudson Bay Bay

– Trade with the Trade with the NativesNatives for fur for fur

– Speak Speak EnglishEnglish

– Are Are ProtestantProtestant Christians (pope Christians (pope isn'tisn't the leader of the church) the leader of the church)

– GainedGained all the all the FrenchFrench Canadian Canadian Territory after the French and Territory after the French and IndianIndian War War

French and English in CanadaFrench and English in Canada FrenchFrench

– Settled the Settled the QuebecQuebec area area

– Traded with the Natives for furTraded with the Natives for fur

– Speak Speak FrenchFrench

– Are Are CatholicCatholic Christians (pope Christians (pope isis the the leader of the church)leader of the church)

– LostLost Canadian territory after the Canadian territory after the French and French and IndianIndian War War

How did Canada become Independent?How did Canada become Independent? After the After the FrenchFrench and and

IIndian ndian War(War(17631763) most of ) most of Canada was under the Canada was under the control of the control of the – BritishBritish

Canada was Canada was legallylegally under the control the under the control the BritishBritish ParliamentParliament from from the the endend of the French of the French and Indian War until and Indian War until 19821982. .

How did Canada become Independent?How did Canada become Independent? It took Canada over It took Canada over

200200 years (1763- 1982) years (1763- 1982) of of negotiationsnegotiations to be to be legallylegally free from free from Britain. Britain. – Various Various treatiestreaties and and

laws laws were passed were passed that gave more that gave more self self governinggoverning power to power to the the Canadians.Canadians.

Quebec’s IndependenceQuebec’s Independence SeparatistsSeparatists want to want to

breakbreak away from away from Canada because they Canada because they want to want to preservepreserve ( (savesave) ) their their French French cultureculture

Separatist feel the Separatist feel the English English culture and culture and new new immigrants immigrants may may pushpush out their French out their French cultureculture

In In 19801980 and and 19951995 a a vote on letting Quebec vote on letting Quebec free was voted and free was voted and not not passed by the passed by the Canadian Parliament Canadian Parliament

British ColonizationBritish Colonization

In In 17881788, ships arrived from Britain to Australia , ships arrived from Britain to Australia carrying carrying convictsconvicts, women, and , women, and guardsguards. Over . Over the next several decades, more than the next several decades, more than 150,000150,000 prisonersprisoners were transported to Australia. were transported to Australia.

British ColonizationBritish Colonization The The GoldGold Rush of Rush of 18511851 and the growth of and the growth of sheepsheep farming farming

brought more and more free settlers to Australia.brought more and more free settlers to Australia. In In southern southern Australia Australia gold gold attracted many from England attracted many from England

and and IrelandIreland..

The British Claim AustraliaThe British Claim Australia Like in the Like in the AmericasAmericas, ,

Europeans brought Europeans brought diseasesdiseases that killed many that killed many AboriginesAborigines..

The British easily The British easily defeateddefeated and drove back and drove back the Aborigines.the Aborigines.

EffectsEffects of British of British ColonizationColonization– ReligionReligion: : MostMost

Australians are Roman Australians are Roman CatholicCatholic and and ProtestantsProtestants

– Language: Language: English English is is the the officialofficial language language of Australiaof Australia