Enhancing Resilience The Transforming Power of Spiritual Resilience

DR. NAOMI KOHATSU PAGET, BCC Fellow, American Academy of Experts

in Traumatic Stress

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• The ability to adapt well to trauma, adversity, threats, and other stressors

• The ability to bounce back from difficulty

• The ability to cope in the face of distress

• The ability to be flexible in new or unusualcircumstances 

• The ability to see opportunity in challenges through hope and a positive attitude

Resilience

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RESISTANCE, RESILIENCE, RECOVERY

Stress Injury

Enhance Resiliency

Why enhance resiliency?

Improvement of quality of life for people and communities

• Foster confidence individually and corporately• Cultivate an atmosphere of healing and restoration

• Encourage positive adjustment and adaptation

• Enhance vision and mission 

• Promote new opportunities

• Nurture new growth through learning and skills• Meet societal challenges

• Engender community cohesion

Requirements for enhancing responder resilience

Empowerment

Challenge

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Resilience as a positive

Resiliency in adversity could be described as positive: 

• Posttraumatic growth

• Stress‐related growth

• Adversarial growth

• Positive adjustment

• Positive adaptation

Building 

“yield strength and toughness”

Gives ability to be resilient through stress of difficult situations without 

permanent injury or damage

Tensile Strength for Crisis Responders

Traditional ways to build responder resiliency• Education, preparation, training

• Catharsis, reflection, cognitive restructuring

• Emotional regulation, thought awareness

• Stress management

• Social support

• Values and beliefs

• Spirituality & faith

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Transformation

• 1980’s New Age author Marilyn Ferguson

• Wrote about transformation of consciousness as a new“seeing”

• 1990’s Educational reform was callededucational transformation

• 2000’s Business transformation included increasing revenue or market share, improvingcustomer satisfaction, and cutting costs

• Also includes aspects of conscious evolution,paradigm change, reformation

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Transformation is about becoming a new creation…

The Transforming Power of Resilience Requires Changing our DNA

We must see ourselves      as authors of our destiny    by initiating self regulation

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Transformation must occur at the “cellular” level . . .

VICTOR FRANKL

Between stimulus and response, there is a space.

In that space lies your power to choose your response.

In your response lies your growth and freedom.

• Ability to respond appropriately

• Acting consistently with your values and beliefs

• Ability to self‐soothe when upset

• Ability to lift your own spirits

• Ability to control impulses

• Ability to self‐motivate and apply self‐discipline

• Ability to respond according to values, not emotion

Self Regulation:choosing our response

Cultivate an attitude of transformation 

…it’s about “becoming”

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Self regulation begins in childhood

Teach kids how to handle strong reactions and express emotions in effective ways – not meltdowns

Internal Locus of Control

How to develop your internal locus of control

• Be aware of your reactions

• Review all your options

• Brainstorm with trusted people

• Control the things you can

• Consciously react – how you want to feel later?

• Relax – you can’t control everything

• Complete as many small things as you can

• Go with your strengths while developing your weaknesses

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Factors that influence resiliencyInternal characteristics

• Optimism 

• Self confidence

• Flexibility

• Receptivity

• Self‐reliance

• Patience

• Hopefulness

• Creativity

• Self‐regulation

• Sense of humor

External characteristics

• Positive reinterpretation

• Cognitive restructuring

• Social support fulfillment

• Emotional regulation

• Adequacy of resources

• Positive coping mechanisms

• Community spirit & morale

• Belief in mission

• Open communication

• Positive past experience

Begin with a Self Assessment

Let the wise listen and add to their learning,and let the discerning

get guidance.

Proverbs 1:5

SpiritualitySpirituality

Emotion

MentalPhysical

Emotion

MentalPhysical

Relation-ships

Relation-ships

Roles in Life

Roles in Life

Public Behavior

Public Behavior

Work Function

Work Function

Money

Finances

Money

Finances

Resilience requires a balanced life

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WHAT IS SPIRITUAL RESILIENCE?

Shalom as Spiritual Resilience

‘Y’varekh’kha Adonai v’yishmerekha.[May Adonai bless you and keep you.]

Ya’er Adonai panav eleikha vichunekka.[May Adonai make his face shine on you and show you his favor.]

Yissa Adonai panav eleikha v’yasem l’kha shalom.[May Adonai lift up his face toward you and give you peace.]’

Numbers 6:24-26 CJB

Spiritual resilience is defined as the ability to sustain an individual’s sense of self and purpose through a set of beliefs, principles or values . US Military

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Resilience is that quality of maintaining a sense of personal identity, meaning and hope even through great challenges. Chaplain John Connor

Spiritual Resilience may be described as the ability to use values and beliefs, a sense of hope and purpose,

to sustain oneself through the difficult challenges of life. It is the soul’s ability to feel shalom in spite of difficulty

and distress, through times of want and need, maintaining the sacred spaces of wholeness and well-being.

Above all else, guard your heart, for everything you do flows from it.

Proverbs 4:23 NIV

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12 Habits of the Heart1. Know your God and practice your faith

2. Have a positive attitude

3. Know what your purpose and mission are

4. Forgive and receive forgiveness

5. Be your best self

6. Laugh and enjoy life

7. Be generous

8. Be kind

9. Be thankful

10. Be humble

11. Give honor to those who have earned it 

12. Live a life of hope and awe

Principles to build transforming resilience

Observations of Crisis Responders and enhancing resilience

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#1Your faith instills

strength and hope

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Faith means being sure of the things we hope for and knowing that something is real

even if we do not see it.

Hebrews 11:1   NCV

What is faith?

• Confidence or trust in a person or thing

• Belief that is not based on proof

• Belief in God or in the doctrines of a religion

• A system of religious or spiritual beliefs

• Trust in God• His presence, care, compassion, provision, healing,restoration, comfort, benevolence

• Through holy scriptures

• Through prayer

• Through the “ministry of presence”

Faith remains . . .

• 1 Cor 13:13 – faith, hope, and love remain from their source relationship to God

• “…the righteous live by faith...” Hab 2:4 – faith is the starting point in one’s relationship with God

• “And this is the victory that has overcome theworld – our faith.”  1 John 4:5

• He who has faith, “out of his heart will flowrivers of living water.”  John 7:38

Resilience in life is connected to faith

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Faith – an intangible force

• Faith allows one to see a future beyond thepresent circumstances

• Faith allows one to accept the present as aconnecting force to the future

• Faith allows one to manage mental health anddeter depression and anxiety

• Faith allows one to separate oneself from victimization, worry, and negative thoughts

• Faith can provide an intangible boost tomedicine and psychotherapy, leading to mental wellness

https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/struck‐living/201407/faith‐the‐intangible‐force‐in‐resilience

• When depression leads people to struggle intellectually with their faith, the elements of ritual, symbol and habit associated with these traditions are able to “carry a person through” their worst moments 

• “Even though, intellectually and emotionally you may have all sorts of doubts and turmoil, you areable sort of outwardly to share in the liturgy ofthe mass, and by that, term... it’s sort of an acted out statement of faith even when your mind and your emotions may not be able totally to provide faith.” 

Psychology Today

Benefits of faith

• Provides hope for a future

• Lowers stress hormones

• Increases body’s resistance to stress

• Increases the ability to cope during crisis anddisasters

• Provides personal strength

• Helps diminish fear

• Helps build community

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Never be afraid to trustan unknown future

to a known God.Corrie ten Boom

Habakkuk 3:17-18 (NIV)

#2A positive attitude

clings to possibilities

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Individual protective factors for developing psychological resilience • Positive self image

• Problem solving skills

• Self regulation• Adaptability• Faith/understanding the meaning and one’s purpose

• Positive outlook• Skills and talents that are valued by self andcommunity

• General acceptance by others

Lopez, S. J., & Snyder, C. R. (Eds.). (2009). The Oxford Handbook of Positive Psychology. Oxford University Press.

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Positive thinking can’t work unless there are opportunities to succeed

Positive Context

• Treated fairly

• Have opportunities to make changes in our life

• Have basic needs met

• Feels competent andloved

Negative context

• Dangerous living situation: unsafe housing, unemployment

• Poorly resources circumstances: shortage of food, lack of family support

• Feels incompetent andunloved

Michael Ungar, Ph.D. , Psychology Today, May 7, 2011

Signature Character Strengths

Martin Seligman

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Health benefits of positive thinking: Lowering distress• Increased life span• Lower rates of depression• Lower levels of distress• Greater resistance to the common cold

• Better psychological and physical well‐being• Better cardiovascular health and reduced risk ofdeath from cardiovascular disease

• Better coping skills during hardships and times ofstress

https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/stress-management/in-depth/positive-thinking/art-20043950

Practice positive thinking …

• I’ve never done it before

• It’s too complicated

• I don’t have the resources

• There’s no way it will work

• I’m never going to get better at this

• It’s too radical of a change

• I don’t have time for this

• No one bothers to tell me anything

Foundations for building positive thoughts and spiritual resilience

• Guard your thoughts – negative 

thoughts trigger  more negative 

thoughts

• Evaluate the truth of your thoughts

• Be persistent in thinking positively

• Don’t get stuck

• Bump up your “positivity ratio”

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Johnny Mercer

You've got to accentuate the positive

Eliminate the negative

And latch on to the affirmative

Don't mess with Mister In‐Between

You've got to spread joy up to the maximum

Bring gloom down to the minimum

Have faith or pandemonium's

Liable to walk upon the scene

Capitol Records, 0ctober 1944

Harvard’s Positive Psychology 1504• Focus on what works• Build the best qualities in life, don’t focus on repairing the worst

• Happiness is not the negation of unhappiness• Disease model – neurosis, anger, anxiety, depression,psychosis

• Health model – well being, satisfaction, joy excitement, happiness

• Prevention through cultivating capacity• Stronger “psychological immune system”

• Reframe questions from the negative to the positive• e.g. Why do these individuals fail?  What makes some individuals succeed despite unfavorable circumstances?

• e.g. How can we keep students in school?  How can we cultivate the seed of greatness in our students

Class by Professor Tal Ben-Shahar is the single most popular class at Harvard

Realistic Optimism

Positive AttitudePositive Attitude

Realistic PerspectiveRealistic 

Perspective

Realistic Optimis

m

Realistic Optimis

m

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#3Mission and purpose

give people a reason to hope and recover

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Blue Zones• Cultures that live longer typically share a sense ofpurpose

• Okinawa – longest living group• Emphasis on spirituality

and/or religion

• No word for “retirement”

• Healthy diet and herbal tea• 90% whole plant foods• Less than 1% fish, meat, or eggs/dairy

• “hara hachi bu” – eat until 80% full• “ikigai” – the reason for which

you get up each morning

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Purpose reduces stress• Having purpose reduced stress

• People had 15% lower risk of death

• Having purpose lowered anxiety

Patrick Hill, Assistant Professor of Psychology, Carleton University

Research• People with a sense of purpose in life• Lived healthier lives and lived longer• Had a 15% lower risk of death – regardless ofsource of purpose• Seemed to be protected from stress injuries• Had a lower risk of heart attacks, strokes• Had 23% reduction in mortality• 29% less likely to develop cognitive impairment• 52% less likely to develop Alzheimer’s Disease• 2 times less likely to have dementia

Suicide75% of the population do not know what their true passion or sense of purpose in life is

Lack of meaningful purpose Rewards of purpose driven life

Kids leaving homeRetirementDivorceSeparationDeath of spouseDeath of significant otherEmpty victoriesAmbiguous resultsIllnessDepressionShorter life span

MeaningInspirationMotivationConnectionJoyLoveFreedomexpanded focusHealthwell beingCommitmentlegacy 

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“To give life a meaning, one must have a purpose larger than self.”

Will Durant

Life Purpose and the Brain

• “Cognitive Reserves” – extra neurons and the connections between them that allows the brainto sustain some level of damage before it starts to malfunction

• “Cognitive Reserves” are built by continuing tolearn new things by resisting habit and inertia

• Having a goal in life affects cellular activity in thebrain by increasing brain’s protective reserve

• The stronger the purpose, the more reserve is added

Chicago’s Rush University Medical Center

Purpose in Life Lowers Stress• Defining life purpose is a common tool for mentalhealth treatment for anxiety and depression

• Feeling a strong sense of purpose, even for one day, has the potential to positively affect feelings of well‐being

• Provides a drive in life, increasing coping methods,increasing resilience

• Having purpose lowered stress in Indian populationand in Chinese medical students

• Satisfaction in life is improved with stronger purpose

Deanna Minich, Ph.D., Institute for Functional Medicine

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Where there is no vision, the people perish…

Proverbs 29:18a  KJV

#6Laughter is good medicine – it

puts things into perspective

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Laughter

• Antidote to apprehension and panic

• Puts positive emotions to work• Increases heal-enhancing hormones

• Increases the antibody-producing cells

• Reduces physical effects of stress• Anticipation of laughter reduces levels of stress hormones

• Increases longevity

• Decreases arterial stiffness• Improves the cancer killing ability of natural killer cells

• Increases pain tolerance

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A merry heart does good, like medicine,But a broken spirit dries up the bones.

Proverbs 17:22 NKJV

Health Benefits of Laughter

We change physiologically when we laugh.Laughter shuts down the release of stress hormones like cortisol. It also triggers       

the production of feel‐good neurochemicals—such as dopamine—which have calming, antianxiety benefits. In a large sense, 

laughter induces physical changes in your body that improve stress symptoms.

Health Benefits of Laughter

• Lower standing blood pressure

• Reduces stress

• Increases infection fighting antibodies

• Muscle relaxation

• Pain reduction

• Stimulates both sides of the brain to enhance learning

• Improves respiration

• Reduces and prevents heart disease

• Provides good cardiac, abdominal, facial, and backmuscle conditioning

University of Kentucky, Carol Whipple, MS    January 2018

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A joyful heart is good medicine . . .

Proverbs 17:22a   NASB

#7Be generous –

it lights up your brain

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What does generous mean?

• Merriam‐Webster.com: being liberal in givingand being characterized by a noble or kindly spirit

• Other characteristics: bighearted, bounteous,bountiful, charitable, free, freehanded, freehearted, fulsome, liberal, open, openhanded, unselfish, unsparing, unstinting

• NOT: closefisted, miserly, selfish, stingy,tightfisted, uncharitable

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Generosity helps make us more successful• We are happy when we contribute toothers/world

• We are more calm when we feel we can give

• We are willing to work hard to be other‐focused

• We become kinder when we want to help others

• We experience freedom from having and wantingmore

• We have healthy relationships built on trust andloyalty

• We are confident about who we are and what wewant from life

SuccessSuccess

HappyHappy

CalmCalm

Hard workerHard worker

KindKindFreeFree

Healthy relationships

Healthy relationships

ConfidenctConfidenct

Mental health benefits of generosity

• Pleasure, social connection and trust “light up” our 

brain – make us feel good

• Generosity has a ripple effect – makes us feel

happier

• The more positively impactful our giving is, the 

better we feel

Tchiki Davis, Ph.D., Psychology Today

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Physical benefits of generosity

• Improves mental and physical health – promotes longevity (University of Michigan, 2003)

• Reduces stress

• More relaxed

• More attuned

• More living in the moment

• Supports immune system

Lisa Firestone, Ph.D., Psychology Today

Medical benefits of generosity

Giving money or thinking about helping others activates a part of the brain called the mesolimbic 

pathway, which is responsible for feelings of gratification. Helping others doles out happiness chemicals, including dopamine, endorphins that block pain signals and oxytocin, known as the 

tranqullity hormone.Stephen G. Post, Stony Brook Univ. School of Medicine

Medical benefits of generosity

Giving money or thinking about helping others lowers blood pressure, lowers risk of dementia, 

has less anxiety and depression, reduces cardiovascular risk, and increases overall 

happiness

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Emotional benefits of generosity

• Helps us feel more valuable and sensitive

• Becomes contagious – people pay it forward

• Enhances one’s sense of purpose

• Not about finances – it’s about personal effort

• Quiets our negative inner voice

• Combats feelings of isolation and depression

• Social networks forged through generosity are often vast, richer, and have deeper meaning

Lisa Firestone, Ph.D., Psychology Today

Spiritual benefits of generosity

Remember this: Whoever sows sparingly will also reap sparingly, and whoever sows generously will also reap

generously. Each of you should give what you have decided in your heart to give, not reluctantly or under

compulsion, for God loves a cheerful giver. And God is able to bless you abundantly, so that in all things at all times, having all that you need, you will abound in every

good work.

2 Corinthians 9:6-8 NIV

Resilience generosity• Generosity has the highest impact on resilience – “Helper’s

High” with direct contact with the recipient or giving our time to

someone in need (not money)

• 50% report feeling “high” after aiding someone

• Reduces adolescent/high school depression and suicide risk

• Helps to forgive, reducing guilt and shame

• Reduces mortality significantly later in life

• Increases coping in children and youth

Not when done to manipulate or create guilt in the receiver

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Pathological generosity

• Begrudging generosity – exaggerated need for 

appreciation and reminders of the hardships or sacrifice 

involved in securing the gift

• Controlling generosity – the gift with “strings attached” 

that has hidden motives

• Unrelenting generosity – compulsive quality that may

include a rescue fantasy, financial overindulgence, or 

mothering into adulthood

Molly S, Castelloe PhD.   Psychology Today   May 2014

Practice the generosity of acceptance

• Receive the generosity of others ‐ provide them the joy of generosity, too

• Simply say, “thank you”

“The emotion of gratitude uniquely functions to build a high-quality relationship between a grateful person and the target of his or her gratitude, that is, the person who performed a kind

action.”

Univ. North Carolina, Chapel Hill, Psychology Dept.

Generouspeoplegiveforthebenefitofothers,withoutcountingthecost,andwithoutexpecting

anythinginreturn.

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• Are often transformed through spiritual resiliency

• Exercise self regulation• Practice “habits of the heart”• Accentuate the positive• Have mission and purpose 

• Can laugh at themselves

• Give forgiveness and receive forgiveness• Cling to their faith• Honor self and others through ritual and symbolism

• Practice humility, gratitude, and awareness ofperspective, values , and beliefs

• Practice the 3x3A Action/Reflection Model

Resilient people

HAVE FAITHBE 

POSITIVE

LAUGH

HAVE A PURPOSE

BE YOUR BEST SELF

BEGENEROUS

FORGIVE 

HONOR LIFE

BE KIND

BE THANKFUL

BE HUMBLE

HAVE HOPE

Habits of the Heart

#4A forgiving heart mitigates anger,

bitterness, and resentment

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Unforgiveness is a Disease

• Unforgiveness is classified as a disease in medicine1

• Forgiveness therapy is being used to treat diseases

• 61% of cancer patients have forgiveness issues – more 

than half of those are severe2

• Unforgiveness creates a state of chronic anxiety

• Chronic anxiety produces excess adrenaline and cortisol, which depletes the production of natural

cancer fighting cells

1Dr. Steven Standiford, Chief of Surgery at the Cancer Treatment Centers of America2Dr. Michael Barry, “The Forgiveness Project”

Science of forgiveness

“When you don’t forgive you release all the chemicals of the stress response,” Luskin says. “Each time you react, adrenaline, cortisol, and norepinephrine enter the body. When it’s a chronic grudge, you could think about it twenty times a day, and those chemicals limit creativity, they limit problem‐solving. Cortisol and norepinephrine cause your brain to enter what we call ‘the no‐ thinking zone,’ and over time, they lead you to feel helpless and like a victim. When you forgive, you wipe all of that clean.”

Frederic Luskin, MD

Stanford University

#5Be your best self

Character Defined by High Values and Legacy

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Character development

• Character Dn: the mental and moral qualities distinctive to an individual

• Developed by individual choices – self‐direction,self‐regulation, and empathy (internal factors)

• Control your thoughts – actions are conceived first as thoughts

• Do the right thing – even when no one is watching• Nurture relationships – connect at the emotional level

• Purify motives, intentions, values and beliefs

How Good Character Influences Mental Health

• High levels of happiness

• Psychological well‐being

• Less violent behavior

• Self‐realization in harmony with others

• Human responsibility

• Empowerment

• Decrease in depressive symptoms

• Protective factor against mental illness

#8Be Kind -

Being Kind goes A Lot Farther Than Being Right

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Beneficial side effects of kindness

• “Helper’s High” – we feel happier due to elevated brain chemical dopamine

• Healthier hearts – release of nitric oxide, reducing blood pressure and protecting heart

• Slows aging by reducing inflammation at the source of the cardiovascular system

• Better relationships by reducing emotional distance, increasing connection and cohesion

• Contagious – acts of kindness ripple outward inspiring kindness in others

David R. Hamilton, Ph,D. Huffington Post August 2011

Happiness hormonesHappiness hormones

• Serotonin, dopamine, oxytocin

Reduced anxietyReduced anxiety

• Increase positive affect – joy, interest, alertness

Reduced health 

problems

Reduced health 

problems

• Inflammation, migraines, obesity, diabetes, lower blood pressure

Affiliative behaviorAffiliative behavior

• Friendship, love, positive bonding

Lower stressLower stress

The power of kindness to reduce

stress

Science & Psychology     http:// happiness.com

Random Acts of Kindness Dn: A spontaneous, unpredictable, action intended to provide kindness towards someone or the outside world

• Kindness improves mental health• Kindness improves mood• Kindness boosts happiness• Kindness begets kindness• Kindness has a lasting effect

Phrase attributed to Anne Herbert, 1982

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#9A thankful heart

overcomes despair

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Health benefits of gratitude

• Gratitude releases dopamine and serotonin, twocrucial neurotransmitters that make us feel “good”

• Reduces pain symptoms,  deeper, healthier sleep

• Aids stress regulation – reduction in stress hormone and better cardiac functioning

• Reduces anxiety and depression – increase in ability to manage emotions like guilt, shame, andviolence

• Gratitude may have the same effectiveness as medications

Gratitude and resilience

• Fosters adaptive coping mechanisms

• Enhances emotional resilience and builds inner strength to combat stress

• Reminds us of the things that give us the courageto move on in life

• People who felt more grateful and practiced gratitude were found to be emotionally stronger than others

• Depressed patients practicing gratitude exercises recovered soon and were motivated to bounce back from their distress

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#10You can’t be the expert

about everything . . .

be humble and enjoy freedom from fear

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Healthy humility

• Allows one to see oneself and other realistically

• Allows one to make accurate assessments of our situation and condition

• Allows one to make adjustments and compromises that foster resolution of problems (anxiety, stress)

Pragmatically, encourages people with critical incident stress, anxiety, depression, etc. to admit 

their limitations and seek help

Psychological benefits of humility

• Ability to cope with anxiety about mortality

• Know one’s own limits and have high self control

• Better work performance

• More effective leadership

• Better academically

• Low sense of entitlement

• Less prejudices view of the world• More helpful and generous

• Better relationships and acceptance of people

Psychologist, Jeremy Dean, PhD, University college London

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#11Ritual and Symbolism honor the courage and effort of those who

valiantly survive and serve

101

Rituals and Symbols• Create “light” for survivors

• Provides a connection with that which is lost

• Collective celebration and mourning

• Shared grief through music, words, symbols

• Acknowledgement of the significance of the loss

• Memorializes that which is lost

• Gives voice to the inner pain and loss

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#12Live a life of hope and awe

103

Hope relieves stress• Helps us see the finishline

• Helps us believe we cankeep on hanging on

• Helps us see a better future

• Helps us adapt and beflexible

• Helps us be optimistic

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Suicide and hopelessness

• Hopelessness is the leading cause for suicide

• Hopelessness causes ineffective coping skills

• Hopelessness leads toself‐harm and suicide

• Strategic intervention for suicide is to increase hope and bring about a positive mental change

Christian Hope

• Based in trust

• Assurance that our expectation will be met

• Expectant waiting on God

• Hope with a guarantee

You trust in the present tense 

and hope in the future tense

Trust in the Lord with all your heartand do not lean on your own understanding;

in all your ways acknowledge him,and he will make your paths straight.

Proverbs 3:5-6

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We live busy lives in a busy world . . .

We are naturally impatient to recover from our trauma and distress, but the journey through the dark night is a time of transformation – a time for new normals, new dimensions for surviving, and 

a new orientation to thriving. 

CISM Training Courses• Assisting Individuals in Crisis • Group Crisis Intervention• GRIN - Assisting Individuals in Crisis & Group Crisis Intervention (3 day

combo class)• Grief Following Trauma• Suicide: Prevention, Intervention, & Postvention• Strategic Response to Crisis• Stress Management for the Trauma Provider• Managing School Crisis• Advanced Individual, Advanced Group• Workplace Violence• Law Enforcement Perspectives for Civilians• Emotional & Spiritual Care in Disasters• Suicide Awareness for the Non-Professional• Changing Face of Crisis & Disaster Mental Health Interventions

Check:  crisisresponse.org  & crisisplumbline.com

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Other Training Topics• Spiritual Paramedics: Foundations for Chaplaincy

• Cultural & Religious Diversity

• Enhancing Resilience: Transforming Power ofSpiritual Resilience

• Managing Relationships in Crisis

• Suicide Awareness for the Non‐Professional

• Operational Stress First Aid (OSFA)

• Leading Volunteers

• Gaining Credibility in Complex Settings

Check:  crisisresponse.org  & crisisplumbline.com

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