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1.

WHAT IS LITERATURE?

* Written works such as poems, plays and novels

* Any kind of printed materials that provide information

*The entire body of writings of a specific language, period, people, etc.

2. WHAT IS THE TWO (2) DIVISIONS OF LITERATURE?

A. POETRY

- is a form of literary art which usesaesthetic andrhythmic qualities of language to evoke

meanings in addition to, or in place of ,prosaic ostensible meaning. Poetry has

traditionally been distinguished fromproseby its being set inverse;prose is cast

insentences,poetry inlines;thesyntax of prose is dictated by meaning, whereas that of

poetry is held across meter or the visual aspects of the poem. Prior to the nineteenth

century, poetry was commonly understood to be something set in metrical lines;

accordingly, in 1658 a definition of poetry is "any kind of subject consisting of Rhythm

or Verses". Possibly as a result ofAristotle's influence (hisPoetics), "poetry" before the

nineteenth century was usually less a technical designation for verse than a normative

category of fictive or rhetorical art. As a form it may pre-dateliteracy,with the earliest

works being composed within and sustained by an oral tradition; hence it constitutes the

earliest example of literature.
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B. PROSE

-Prose is a form oflanguage that possesses ordinarysyntax andnatural speech rather than

rhythmic structure; in which regard, along with its measurement in sentences rather than

lines, it differs from poetry. On the historical development of prose, Richard Graff notes

that "[In the case ofAncient Greece]recent scholarship has emphasized the fact that

formal prose was a comparatively late development, an "invention" properly associated

with theclassical period".

Novel:a longfictionalprose narrative. It was the form's close relation toreal life that

differentiated it from thechivalric romance;in most European languages the equivalent term

is roman, indicating the proximity of the forms. In English, the term emerged from the

Romance languages in the late fifteenth century, with the meaning of "news"; it came to

indicate something new, without a distinction between fact or fiction. Although there are

many historical prototypes, so-called "novels before the novel",the modern novel form

emerges late in cultural history

roughly during the eighteenth century. Initially subject to

much criticism, the novel has acquired a dominant position amongst literary forms, both

popularly and critically.

Novella:in purely quantitative terms, the novella exists between the novel and short story;

the publisherMelville House classifies it as "Too short to be a novel, too long to be a short

story". There is no precise definition in terms of word or page count.

Literary prizes andpublishing houses often have their own arbitrary limits, which vary

according to their particular intentions. Summarising the variable definitions of the novella,
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Novella

Myths

Graphic Novel

Elements of Fiction and Drama

Literary types such as fiction; drama and short story have some elements. These include

Plot

Character

Setting

Theme

Structure

Point of view

Conflict

Diction

Foreshadowing

Plot: Plot is the serial arrangement of incidents, ideas or events. In literature, the plot

encompasses all the incidents and provides aesthetic pleasure. The story of the novel progresses

through various plots and conflicts. Plots of dramas are divided into "Acts" and "Scenes". Drama

has five essential parts. These are:

Introduction of the story where the characters and setting are introduced

Rising action

Climax
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Falling action

Denouement

Playwrights use dialog to develop their plots. They reveal information about their characters such

as their background and personality.

Character: Character plays a pivotal role in a drama, novel, short story and all kinds of

narratives. In drama, character reflects the personality of the protagonist and other related

characters. The method of conveying information about characters in art is called

characterization. Characters can be fictional or based on real, historical entities. It can be human,

supernatural, mythical, divine, animal or personifications of an abstraction. There are round

characters, flat characters, stereotypical stock characters, etc. In Marlowe's drama "The Tragical

History of Dr. Faustus", Faustus is the main character of the play.

Setting: It refers to geographical location of the story, time period, daily lifestyle of the

characters and climate of the story. In a novel, the setting plays an important role. In short

stories, sometimes it plays an important role, while for others it is not. Settings of literary forms

have been changing according to theme of the literary piece, for example, Shakespeare's

tragedies and comedies have the setting of palaces, castles whereas modern and post-modern

dramas have setting of houses of common people. There were supernatural elements in earlier

literature and nowadays absurdity rules. Setting can take place in a house, school, castle, forest,

hospital or anywhere that the writers want to extend their scenes.

Theme: Theme is another prime element of literature, which contains the central idea of

all literary forms such as a novel, drama and short story. It reflects innocence, experience, life,

death, reality, fate, madness, sanity, love, society, individual, etc. Thus, it reflects the society as a


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whole, for example, the theme of Hardy's novel "The Mayor of Casterbridge" reflects the role of

fate in our life. Likewise, in a drama, theme represents the brief idea of the drama.

Point of view: Point of view is another element of the narrative, through which a writer

tells the story. Authors use first-person point of view or third-person point of view. First-person

point of view indicates that the main character is telling the story, whereas the third-person point

of view directs that the narrator is telling the story. A novel can be written in the first-person

narrative, third-person narrative, omniscient point of view, limited omniscient point of view,

stream of consciousness and objective point of view. These points of view play an important role

in the distinct structure of the story or a play.

Conflict: Be it a short story, drama or novel, conflict is the essential element of all these

literary forms. A plot becomes interesting and intriguing when it has its share of inbuilt conflict

and twists. Conflict can be internal conflict or external. It can take place between two men,

between the character and his psychology, between the character and circumstances or between

character and society.

Use of language or diction: Diction is another essential element of drama. A playwright

exhibits the thoughts of characters through dialog. "Dialogue" has come from the Greek word

"dialogosa" which means "conversation". Shakespeare used this to portray the thoughts,

emotions and feelings of the character. This also provides clues to their background and

personalities. Diction also helps in advancing the plot. Greek philosophers like Aristotle used

dialogue as the best way to instruct their students.


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Foreshadowing: Foreshadowing is another important element of literature that is applied

as hints or clues to suggest what will happen later in the story. It creates suspense and encourages

the reader to go on and find out more about the event that is being foreshadowed. Foreshadowing

is used to make a narrative more authentic.

Elements of Poetry

Poetry is literature in a metrical form. However, free-verse became the popular style

towards the modern and post modern age. Like fiction, it may not have plots, setting, etc, yet it

has a structured method of writing. There are various kinds of poetry such as ballad, sonnet, etc.

All these forms have some elements such as style, theme, rhyme, rhythm, metaphor, etc. that are

described below:

Style: Style refers to the way the poem is written. Poems are written in various styles,

such as free verse, ballad, sonnet, etc., which have different meters and number of stanzas.

Symbol: Symbol represents the idea and thought of the poem. It can be an object, person,

situation or action. For example, a national flag is the symbol of that nation.

Theme: Like other forms of literature, poetry has a theme of its own. Theme contains the

message, point of view and idea of the poem.

Imagery: Imagery is another important element that a poet often uses in poems that

appeal to our senses. In the age of modernism, T.S. Eliot used images of urban life in his poems.

Wordsworth used nature as poetic images in his poems.


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Rhyme and rhythm: Rhyme is an element that is often used in poetry. It's a recurrence

of an accented sound or sounds in a piece of literature. Poets and lyricists use this device in

various ways to rhyme within a verse. There is internal rhyme, cross rhyme, random rhyme and

mixed rhyme. It gives the poem flow and rhythm. It contains the syllables in a poem. Every

poem has a rhythm in it. It's about how the words resonate with each other, how the words flow

when they are linked with one another in a poem.

Meter: This is an important rhythmic structure of poetry. It is described as sequence of

feet, each foot being a specific series of syllable types - such as stressed/unstressed and makes

the poetry more melodious.

Alliteration: Alliteration is another element used in poetry for the sound effect. It

indicates two or more words with same repetition of initial letter, for example, "dressy

daffodils". Here the sound of the letter 'd' is repeated.

Simile: A simile is a figure of speech used for comparison in the poetry with the words

'like' or 'as', for example, "as black as coal".

Metaphor: Metaphor is used in poetry to make an implicit comparison. Unlike simile,

here the comparison is implied, for example, 'Her laughter, a babbling brook'.

Onomatopoeia: This is one important element of poetry, which refers to words that

sound like their meaning, for example, buzz, moo and paw.

Element of literature includes all the elements that are essential to create a piece. These

elements help a writer to create splendid poetry, superb drama and soul-touching novel. These

elements are used to form the structure of a literary piece.


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LITERARY GENRESare determined byliterary technique,tone,content and by critics'

definitions of the genres

Various works of literature are written in and further categorized bygenre.Sometimes forms are

used interchangeably to define genre. However, a form, e.g., a novel or a poem, can be written in

any genre. Genre is a label that characterizes elements a reader can expect in a work of literature.

The major forms of literature can be written in various genres. Genre is a category characterized

by similarities in style, or subject matter.

The classic major genres of Literature are:

Drama

Romance

Satire

Tragedy

Comedy

Tragicomedy

GENRES CATEGORIES: FICTION AND NON FICTION

Genre may fall under one of two categories:Fiction andNonfiction.Any genre can be either: a

work of Fiction (nonfactual descriptions and events invented by theauthor)or a work of

Nonfiction (a communication in which descriptions and events are understood to be factual).
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_techniquehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_(literature)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_(media)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_novelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragicomedyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonfictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Authorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonfictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragicomedyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comedyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tragedyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Satirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romance_novelhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dramahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Content_(media)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tone_(literature)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_technique


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Common genres: fiction

Subsets of genres, known as common genres, have developed from the archetypes of genres in

written expression. The common genres included in recommended Literaturin verse or prose,

usually for theatrical performance, where conflicts and emotion are expressed through dialogue

and action

Classicfiction that has become part of an accepted literary canon, widely taught in schools

Comic/Graphic Novelscripted fiction told visually in artist drawn pictures, usually in

panels and speech bubbles

Crime/Detectivefiction about a committed crime, how the criminal gets caught, and the

repercussions of the crime

Fablenarration demonstrating a useful truth, especially in which animals speak as humans;

legendary, supernatural tale

Fairy talestory about fairies or other magical creatures, usually for children

Fanfiction

fiction written by a fan of, and featuring characters from, a particular TV series,

movie, etc.

Fantasyfiction with strange or otherworldly settings or characters; fiction which invites

suspension of reality

Fiction narrativeliterary works whose content is produced by the imagination and is not

necessarily based on fact

Fiction in versefull-length novels with plot, subplot(s), theme(s), major and minor

characters, in which the narrative is presented in verse form (usually free verse)
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Folklorethe songs, stories, myths, and proverbs of a people or "folk" as handed down by

word of mouth

Historical fictionstory with fictional characters and events in a historical setting

Horrorfiction in which events evoke a feeling of dread and sometimes fear in both the

characters and the reader

HumorUsually a fiction full of fun, fancy, and excitement, meant to entertain and

sometimes cause intended laughter; but can be contained in all genres

Legendstory, sometimes of a national or folk hero, that has a basis in fact but also includes

imaginative material

Metafictionalso known as romantic irony in the context of Romantic works of literature,

uses self-reference to draw attention to itself as a work of art, while exposing the "truth" of a

story

Mysteryfiction dealing with the solution of a crime or the unraveling of secrets

Mythologylegend or traditional narrative, often based in part on historical events, that

reveals human behavior and natural phenomena by its symbolism; often pertaining to the

actions of the gods

Poetryverse and rhythmic writing with imagery that creates emotional responses

Realistic fictionstory that is true to life

Science fictionstory based on impact of actual, imagined, or potential science, usually set

in the future or on other planets

Short storyfiction of such brevity that it supports no subplots

Suspense/Thrillerfiction about harm about to befall a person or group and the attempts

made to evade the harm
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Tall talehumorous story with blatant exaggerations, swaggering heroes who do the

impossible with nonchalance

Common genres: nonfiction

Biography/Autobiography - Narrative of a person's life. A true story about a real person.

Essay - A short literary composition that reflects the author's outlook or point.

Narrative nonfiction - Factual information presented in a format which tells a story.

Speech - Public address or discourse.

Textbook - Authoritative and detailed factual description of a topic.

Reference book - Dictionary, thesaurus, encyclopedia, almanac, atlas, etc.

Literary fiction vs. genre fiction

Literary fiction is a term used to distinguish certain fictional works that possess commonly held

qualities that constitute literary merit. Genre works are written with the intent of fitting into a

specific literary genre in order to appeal to readers and fans already familiar with that genre.

Literary fiction may fit within a classification of market fiction, but also possesses generally

agreed upon qualities such as "elegantly written, lyrical, and ... layered" that appeals to readers

outside genre fiction. Literary fiction has been defined as any fiction that attempts to engage with

one or more truths or questions, hence relevant to a broad scope of humanity as a form of

expression. There are many sources that help readers find and define literary fiction and genre

fiction

5. WHY IS LITERATURE SAID TO BE THE STUDY OF LIFE ITSELF?
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tall_talehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobiographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative_nonfictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speechhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textbookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_fictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literary_fictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference_bookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Textbookhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Speechhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrative_nonfictionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autobiographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biographyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tall_tale


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Without reading about these people, places, events, we quite possibly would never

experience similar situations. By reading about them, discussing them with others,

thinking about how we would react in similar situations, we are learning. We are

gathering information and tools for our life toolbox. Every book you read changes

you...even if only slightly. You are a different person on the other side of it whether you

recognize it or not. You are learning, collecting material, developing personality,

discovering likes and dislikes about yourself. You are studying the human condition, and

this is important because you are part of the world itself.

Reading provides for a richer, more fulfilling life. Can you live without it? Sure. Some

of us can. I, for one, would absolutely wither and die if I could no longer read. But

without the enrichment and fulfillment that reading brings, life would be considerably

less luminous.

6. WHAT DOES IT TAKES IN LITERARY WORK TO HAVE LITERARY MERIT?

Literary meritis the quality shared by all works offiction that are considered to

haveaesthetic value.

The concept of "literary merit" has been criticized as being necessarily subjective, since personal

taste determines aesthetic value, and has been derided as a "relic of a scholarly elite".Despite

these criticisms, many criteria have been suggested to determine literary merit including:

standing the test of time, realistic characters, emotional complexity, originality, and concern with

truth.

In 1957, at the obscenity trial forHowl,authorWalter Van Tilburg Clark was prodded into

defining literary merit. His response outlines some of the popular criteria:
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The only final test, it seems to me, of literary merit, is the power to endure. Obviously such a test

cannot be applied to a new or recent work, and one cannot, I think, offer soundly an opinion on

the probability of endurance save on a much wider acquaintance with the work or works of a

writer than I have of Mr. Ginsberg's or perhaps even with a greater mass of production than Mr.

Ginsberg's. ... Aside from this test of durability, I think the test of literary merit must be, to my

mind, first, the sincerity of the writer. I would be willing, I think, even to add the seriousness of

purpose of the writer, if we do not by that leave out the fact that a writer can have a fundamental

serious purpose and make a humorous approach to it. I would add also there are certain specific

ways in which craftsmanship at least of a piece of work, if not in any sense the art, which to my

mind involves more, may be tested.

7. WHAT DOES IT MEAN THAT LITERARY WORK SHOULD HAVE

AESTHETIC VALUE?

Aesthetic value, therefore, is not alone sensuous value or ethical or scientific or philosophical

value. A work of art may contain one or all of these values; but they do not constitute its unique

value as art. The foregoing attempts to define the value of art fail because they renounce the idea

of unique value, substituting goodness, sensuous pleasure, or truth-values found outside of art.

But the intrinsic value of art must be unique, for it is the value of a unique activitythe free

expression of experience in a form delightful and permanent, mediating communication. And

this value we should be able to discover by seeking the difference which supervenes upon

experience through expression of this kind.


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WORLD

LITER TURE

ssignment

KENIA CASZANDRA G. REBONG

BS PSYCHOLOGY 2B

WORLD LIT SAT 3-6PM


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