crayon

A selection of colorful crayons.

A wide variety of crayon boxes have been produced over the years

CrayonFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

A crayon (or wax pastel) is a stick of colored wax, charcoal,chalk or other material used for writing or drawing. A crayonmade of pigment with a dry binder is a pastel; when made ofoiled chalk it is called an oil pastel. A grease pencil or chinamarker (UK chinagraph pencil) is made of colored hardenedgrease. There are also watercolor crayons, sometimes calledwater-soluble crayons.

Crayons, which are available at a range of price points, are easyto work with, often less messy than paints and markers, blunt(removing the risk of sharp points present when using a pencil or pen), typically non-toxic, and are available in awide variety of colors. These characteristics make them particularly good instruments for teaching smallchildren to draw in addition to being used widely by student and professional artists.

Contents1 Composition2 History3 American crayon companies

3.1 Binney & Smith (Crayola)

Crayon - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crayon

1 of 11 2/10/2016 12:59 PM

3.2 E. Steiger & Co.3.3 Franklin Mfg Co.3.4 Eberhard Faber3.5 Charles A. Bowley3.6 Joseph Dixon Crucible Co.3.7 Prang Educational Company3.8 B.B. Crayons3.9 Milton Bradley Co.3.10 Standard Crayon Company3.11 American Crayon3.12 Eagle Pencil Company3.13 L. & C. Hardtmuth3.14 New England Crayon Company3.15 Albert H. Munsell3.16 Others3.17 Today

4 Artists5 See also6 References7 External links

CompositionIn the modern English-speaking world, the term crayon is commonly associated with the standard wax crayon,such as those widely available for use by children. Such crayons are usually approximately 3.5 inches (89 mm)in length and made mostly of petroleum (paraffin wax). Paraffin wax is heated and cooled to achieve the correcttemperature in which a usable wax substance can be dyed and then manufactured for use around the world.Paraffin waxes are used for cosmetics, candles, for the preparation of printing ink, fruit preserving, in thepharmaceutical industry, for lubricating purposes, and crayons.[1]

HistoryThe history of the crayon is not entirely clear. The word "crayon" dates to 1644, coming from (chalk) and theLatin word creta (earth).[2]

The notion to combine a form of wax with pigment actually goes back thousands of years. Encaustic painting isa technique that uses hot beeswax combined with colored pigment to bind color into stone. A heat source wasthen used to "burn in" and fix the image in place.[3] Pliny the Elder, a Roman scholar, was thought to describethe first techniques of wax crayon drawings.[4]

This method, employed by the Egyptians, Romans, Greeks and even indigenous people in the Philippines, is stillused today. However, the process wasnt used to make crayons into a form intended to be held and colored withand was therefore ineffective to use in a classroom or as crafts for children. [5]

Contemporary crayons are purported to have originated in Europe where some of the first cylinder shapedcrayons were made with charcoal and oil.[6] Pastels are an art medium having roots with the modern crayon andstem back to Leonardo da Vinci in 1495. Cont crayons, out of Paris, are a hybrid between a pastel and a


2 of 11 2/10/2016 12:59 PM

A 64-crayon pack from Crayola

conventional crayon; used since the late 1790s as a drawing crayon for artists.[7] Later, various hues ofpowdered pigment eventually replaced the primary charcoal ingredient found in most early 19th centuryproduct. References to crayons in literature appear as early as 1813 in Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice.Joseph Lemercier (born Paris 1803died 1884), considered by some of his contemporaries to be the soul oflithography, was also one of the founders of the modern crayon. Through his Paris business circa 1828 heproduced a variety of crayon and color related products.[8] But even as those in Europe were discovering thatsubstituting wax for the oil strengthened the crayon, various efforts in the United States were also developing.

American crayon companiesThe initial era of wax crayons saw a number of companies and products competing for the lucrative educationand artist markets. In addition to the giants such as Binney & Smith/Crayola and American Crayon/DixonTiconderoga, other companies popped up in the industry at various times from the late 19th century to the early1910s.

Binney & Smith (Crayola)Binney & Smith Company (later to be named Crayola LLC) developedtheir own famous line of wax crayons beginning on June 10, 1903.[9]Edwin Binney and C. Harold Smith had been long established in thecoloring marketplace through Binneys Peekskill, NY chemical worksfactory making lampblack by burning whale and carbon black and laterinstrumental in the coloring of automobile tires.

In 1902 they developed and introduced the Staonal marking crayon.Edwin Binney, working with his wife, Alice Stead Binney, came up withtheir famous Crayola brand of crayons. Alice came up with the nameCrayola by combining the French word for chalk, craie, with the firstpart of oleaginous, the oily paraffin wax used to make the crayon.[10]

Binney and Smith were quick to capitalize on their creation by offering19 different boxes with 30 different colors including the Crayola No 51which, with 28, featured their largest selection of colors.[11] The Rubens

Crayola line started in 1903 as well (not in the 1920s as previously documented by many sources)[12] wasdirectly targeted toward artists and designed to compete with the Raphael brand of crayons out of Europe.Rubens were featured in everything from the small 6-color box to the No. 500 with 24 colors.[13] In addition totheir highly familiar Crayola line, they also made many other crayon lines including Anti-Roll, Arista, Art-Toy,Besco, Boston, Cerata, Cerola, Chicago, Doo Zee, Durel, Easy-Off, Gotham, Liquitex, Munsell Crayola,Perma, Pooh, Protfolio, Rubens, Spectra, Tiny Tots, Washable and Widstrok.[14]

By far the most recognizable brand was their Crayola Gold Medal line in the familiar yellow boxes. The GoldMedal referred to a Gold Medal the company earned with their An-du-Septic dustless chalk during the March1904 St. Louis World's Fair. Over 39,000 awards were given out using the medals designed by Adolph A.Weinman. Receiving a medal at an Exposition was and still is something of importance with many companiesfeaturing their medal on their products. Two companies to use the 1904 medal were Jack Daniel's whiskey(which still use it on their bottles to this day) and Binney & Smith. They used the award to design an entirelynew line of crayons featuring the medal on the front of their box.[15] Initially, they developed and introduced theNo. 8 box of eight assorted colors (this famous box is usually depicted on most historical material associated


3 of 11 2/10/2016 12:59 PM

Surviving boxes from FranklinMfg Co.

with Crayola; it was even featured on a postage stamp) in early 1905[16] using the side of the medal depicting anEagle but quickly changed to the other side showing the 1904 date their medal was won.[17] From there theybegan to transition and phase out other Crayola crayon boxes used earlier until eventually their entire line ofCrayola crayons featured the Gold Medal design. They would use this design to identify their brand for over 50years, permanently infusing their crayons into the consciousness of consumers and catapulting the Crayolabrand into the world's leading crayon brand. The Crayola brand is currently owned by Hallmark Cards of KansasCity, Missouri.

E. Steiger & Co.

One of the first companies to offer up a line of wax crayons aimed for kindergarten use. Located out of NewYork, NY, it is unclear when this company started producing crayons but based on a known ad from 1881, theyclearly offered wax crayons in boxes of 6, 12, and 18 colors.[18]

Franklin Mfg Co.

The Franklin Mfg. Co, founded in 1876 in Rochester, New York, was one ofthe first companies to make and sell wax crayons. While it is undeterminedwhen the company began manufacturing wax crayons, they were indeedselling them as early as 1883, having appeared with a display of crayons atthe World's Columbian Exposition that year.[19] They regularly advertisedtheir Rainbow, Radiant, Penguin and Educational brands of crayons invarious art and educational catalogues and periodicals throughout the late19th century and early 20th century. In 1906, they changed their name fromthe Franklin Mfg. Co to the Franklin Crayon Company and remained inoperation until 1927.[20][21]

Eberhard Faber

The Eberhard Faber Pencil Company, originally the A. W. Faber Company, was founded by John EberhardFaber (18221879) in 1861. The company is primarily credited with bringing German lead pencil-makingtechniques to the United States. The Faber family was known for lead pencil manufacturing in the village ofStein, Germany, near the city of Nuremberg as early as 1761 when the business was founded by Kasper Faber.His son Anton Faber took over in 1774 and the company came to be known as the A.W. Faber Company.Antons grandson, Johann Lothar, took charge of the business in 1839.

Johann Lothars youngest son, Eberhard Faber (18221879), came to the United States in 1848. He settled inNew York City, and by 1850, had opened a store selling pencils and other stationery items in Manhattan. In1861, Faber opened the American manufacturing branch of A.W. Faber, in a factory close to the East River,near 42nd Street (Manhattan), where the United Nations now stands. It was the first pencil factory opened in theUnited States.[22]

Faber also developed his own line of wax crayons by as early as 1883. E. Fabers wax crayons were available inpackages of 6, 12, 18, 24 and 36 in a variety of assorted colors.[23] While their cedar wood encased crayonswere a hybrid on the traditional all wax crayon, this nonetheless should be regarded as one of the earliestavailable wax crayon products. Later they would offer traditional all-wax crayons as well.[24] After a firedestroyed the original factory, they moved their location to Brooklyn. The Faber Company grew to become oneof the largest pencil manufacturers in the world, with additional factories located in Germany, Canada, andArgentina.


4 of 11 2/10/2016 12:59 PM

Early Dixon crayon ad from Aug 1901

Known crayon boxes from B.B. Crayons

Charles A. Bowley

Another one of the earliest recorded evidence of the modern paraffin wax crayon comes from Charles A.Bowley, a resident outside of Danvers, MA who developed what he thought were the first wax coloring crayonsin the late 1880s. Mr. Bowley had been selling various stationery items around the vicinity of Danvers and haddeveloped clumps of colored wax designed for marking leather. With the need for more accuracy, he went backto his home and formed the wax crayons into more manageable cylinder shapes similar to that of a pencil. Thecrayons were approximately five and one-half inches long and sold out quickly. He packaged his crayons intodecorative boxes and offered them through stationer clients he knew. The demand for his crayons soonexceeded his ability to keep up with production and he contacted the American Crayon Company in 1902 topartner and create a full blown catalog of crayon offerings.[25]

Joseph Dixon Crucible Co.

The Joseph Dixon Crucible Co. was formed in March 1868from the existing Joe Dixon and Company that JosephDixon ran.[26] While the company primarily producedpencils, like many of their contemporaries (E. Faber andEagle Pencil) they too expanded into a line of wax crayonsfor offer in 1887.[27] The Dixon Solid Crayons were offeredin as many as 15 colors by 1902.[28] In addition to theirinitial Dixon brand they went on to produce the Educator,Gem and Prestite lines of crayons before the companymerged with American Crayon to form the DixonTiconderoga Company in 1983. They continue to produce numerous brands of crayons to today.

Prang Educational Company

Louis Prang, one of the principal fathers of art education in schools throughout the United States, alsodeveloped his own line of watercolor crayons, very similar to the modern wax-based crayon. Through hisbusiness, the Prang Educational Company, he sold several crayon products during the timeframe from the late1880s through the early 20th century. Several examples of these exist in private collections to this day. In 1915Prang merged his company into the American Crayon company and he served on the board for several yearsafterward.[29][30][31]

B.B. Crayons

Perhaps one of the most mysterious companies to offer afull set of brands was a company simply known as B.B.(they have a trademarked double bumblebee on their logo.)They offered several boxes similar in size and compositionto that of the earliest of crayon boxes from the late 19thcentury with products such as Cadet (featuring a civil wartent camp backdrop), Favorite, Junior Artists, and TheWinner brands.[32]

Milton Bradley Co.


5 of 11 2/10/2016 12:59 PM

Crayon ad showing two boxes of Standard Crayonproducts from 1901

Founded in 1860, the Milton Bradley Company is the oldest game manufacturer in the United States. Theydidnt stop by offering just games however. They were also instrumental in the promotion of the earlykindergarten movement rising up during the late 19th century. Bradley, inspired by a lecture from ElizabethPeabody on the teachings of German scholar Friedrich Frbel concerning education through creative activities,spent much of his life developing and selling products around this pursuit.[33] Through the Milton BradleyCompany, he produced wax crayons for retail as early as 1895 under the Bradley name.[34] In addition to theBradley line of crayons, they also produced Brodlyne, Copley, Banner, Big Boy, Crayrite, Economo, Embeco,Manual Art, Tru-Tone and Springfield Solid and other brands. In addition, they produced a series of licensedcharacter crayon products such as Popeye, Mother Goose, Howdy Doody, Little Lulu, Moon Mullins, LoneRanger, Little Orphan Annie and Sergeant William Preston.[35] The company was acquired by Hasbro in 1984.

Standard Crayon Company

The Standard Crayon Company began their operations inthe late 1890s. Though the exact date of their beginning isnot clear, there is documentation on a receipt from the stateof Maine from 1897.[36] There is also information on size ofthe company from 1899 police report investigating childlabor complaints (the company had 72 employees thatyear).[37] It is also unclear exactly when they startedproducing wax crayon products but ads featuring theirCentennial and Falcon brands of crayons began appearing asearly as Jan 1900.[38][39] They went on to produce Clover,Acme, Hummer, Gem, Crown, Crest Light, Bon-Ton,Crayel, Velazquez, Buster, Old Master, Viking, Bril-Tone,Murillo and other crayon lines[40] before eventually beingpurchased by Binney & Smith Inc. in 1958.

American Crayon

Known for their chalk crayons, the American Crayon Company in Sandusky, OH spread out to the wax crayonmarket in 1902. As the popularity of Bowleys crayons spread to schools, his ability to keep up with productionforced him to partner with the American Crayon Company who increased his manufacturing output by adoptinghis crayons and offering a full blown catalog of crayons in 1902.[41] These boxes included The AmericanCrescent Drawing Crayons in 7 and 14 color packages, the American Special School and Drawing Crayons in 7and 14 colors, the American Electric drawing crayons in 7 and 12 colors, the American Brownie crayons in 7,12 and 28 colors along with a wooden canister containing 14 colors, the American Perfection crayons in awooden canister of 7 colors, the American Banner containing six colors and a pencil sharpener.[42]

They continued to expand their crayon line to include brands such as Blendwel, Crayograph, Crayarto, Colorit,Crayonart, Crayonex, Emerald, Excello, Giant, Imperial, Kantroll, Kindograph, Kroma, Lakeshore, Old KingCole, Paragon, Pastello, Payons, Perfection, Popeye, Prang, Sketcho, Playmates, Waxena, Wonder and YoungArtist brands among others.[43] In 1957 they merged with Joseph Dixon Crucible which eventually merged toform Dixon Ticonderoga Company in 1983; which continues to make and sell crayons to this day.

Eagle Pencil Company

In 1902 another pencil company began to offer up crayons. The Eagle Pencil Company, New York, NY, featured


6 of 11 2/10/2016 12:59 PM

A March 1905 ad from Crayola

Originally Munsell produced his own crayons andlater sold the rights to Crayola.

a line of wax crayons offered up in 6 and 12 count boxes with a color line that included White, Pink, Violet,Terrasienna, Yellow, Blue, Brick Red, Brown, Orange, Red, Green and Black.[44] Eagle Pencil began in 1856and quickly became one of the four major pencil manufacturers in the United States (Joseph Dixon Crucible,Eberhard Faber and American Lead Pencil were the others.) Though always considered a side item, theycontinued with their crayons through the mid 40s with the introduction of their Color-Glo Eagle crayons.[45]They closed their NY factory in 1958 and under various mergers and acquisitions they still operate sellingpencils to this day with Berol.[46]

L. & C. Hardtmuth

There isnt a lot of clear data on L. & C.Hardtmuth, New York, NY except to knowthat they were pencil and crayonmanufacturers starting with crayons at leastas early as 1903; perhaps even earlier. Whatis interesting about this company at this timewas their large selection of crayon colors forthe time. A 1905 ad describes 48 differentcolors available for sale; the most variety ofcolors coming out of any crayonmanufacturer at the time.

New England Crayon Company

New England Crayon Company began theircrayon operations in 1905 under Wadsworth, Howland & Co. out of Boston, MA. This company ran until 1912.They introduced a line of Pride crayons featuring the popular "The Brownies" characters. They were availablein 28 colors. Their factory boasted having the only steam operated molding machine back in 1907; allowingthem cost efficiencies passed on to the consumer.[47][48]

Albert H. Munsell

Another significant contributor to crayon history is AlbertHenry Munsell, the professor who did scientific experimentsin color that led to his published 1905 A Color Notationwork.[49] He created the Munsell Color System in 1915 andstarted his own Munsell Color Company in 1917.[50] Initiallyhe produced high quality coloring crayons throughWadsworth, Howland & Co. as early as 1906 and then laterthrough his own company[51] In 1926, Binney & Smithpurchased the Munsell Color Company's Munsell Crayonline, consisting twenty-two colors: five principal and fiveintermediate hues, each at maximum chroma, and withmiddle value and middle chroma, plus middle grey andblack.[52][53] They kept the Munsell name on products suchas Munsell-Crayola and Munsell-Perma up until 1934and then incorporated their colors into their own CrayolaGold Medal line of boxes.[54]


7 of 11 2/10/2016 12:59 PM

Crayola crayons.

The Munsell colors were produced in specially-marked Crayola boxes until 1944, when wartime shortages mademany of the pigments required for crayon production unavailable. When Binney & Smith resumed fullproduction of Crayola crayons in 1949, the Munsell line was discontinued. A few of the colors wereincorporated into the No. 48 box; Middle Yellow-Red became Medium Orange, and Maximum Blue becameBlue-Green, while Middle Grey had been incorporated into the Crayola line as Neutral Gray, and later simplyGray. Medium Orange was discontinued in 1958, but Blue-Green and Gray remain part of the Crayola line.[55]

Others

Many other companies took to producing crayons as well. J. Pressman out of New York had a license forDisney's Snow White characters and produced Snow White crayons for a short time. Ullman Mfg Co., NY wasanother early crayon adopter featuring their Priscilla brand of crayons. Hundreds of companies entered thecrayon market, but only a few exist today, with Crayola dominating the market in the United States.

In all, there were over 300 documented crayon manufacturers in the United States and many more in othercountries.

Today

Beyond Crayola, other brand name crayon manufacturers today includeRose Art Industries and Dixon Ticonderoga. There are also numeroussuppliers who create generic brand or store brand crayons. These aretypically found in supermarkets.

In 2001 there was a concern about potential contamination of asbestos inmany popular brands of crayons after the Seattle Post-Intelligencerreported in May of that year that they had tests performed finding thatthree brands of crayons contained asbestos.[56] In a follow-up studyreleased in June the U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC)found traces of asbestos fibers in three crayons and larger amounts oftransitional fibers which can be misinterpreted as asbestos as a result of using talc as a binding agent inadditional crayons. CPSC declared the risk to be low, but said that because of the concerns it had askedmanufacturers to reformulate the concerned crayons and commended them for their swift agreement to doso.[57] Further tests have shown the risk to be insignificant, especially since the largest risk of asbestos isproduced when it becomes friable and is then inhaled. Because the fibers are trapped in wax this is unlikely. Aspart of their testing the CPSC simulated heavy use by a child and did not find significant amounts of fibersreleased.[58][59]

ArtistsEarly French artists, including Francois Clouet (1510-1572) and Nicholas L'agneau (1590-1666), used crayonsin their early art projects. Clouet used crayons for his modeled portraits, which were so elaborate that he caughtthe attention of Henry V, who knighted him. He became court painter for the royalty, and his entire art careerbegan and consisted of some wax crayon art. L'agneau illustrated his portraits with outlines in wax crayons, andwith tints of watercolor. His portraits were often of people who looked surprised or unaware of theirsurroundings.[4]

Sister Gertrude Morgan was most known for preaching the Gospel around New Orleans with simplicity andeasy-to-understand crayon drawings. Morgan caught the eye of a gallery owner E. Lorenz Borenstein, and was


8 of 11 2/10/2016 12:59 PM

allowed to show her work, play her music and spread her word of God at the gallery. Her early drawings werethat of just very modest and simplicity crayon drawings, depicting biblical text to provide a clearer image tothose who were unfamiliar with the Bible. Morgan went on to publish a record of her biblical songs and hasartwork featured in the American Folk Art Museum in New York.[60]

See alsoList of Crayola crayon colorsInkstick

References

Asinger, F. Paraffins: Chemistry and Technology. Long Island City, NY: English Edition Copyright, 1968. 47. Print.1. Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary (11th ed.). Merriam-Webster, Inc. 2004. p. 292. ISBN 0-87779-808-7.2. Wilkinson, John (1847). Manners and Customs of the Ancient Egyptians 3 (3rd ed.). London: A. Spottiswoode.p. 110.

3.

Girdler, Reynolds. "Crayons in the History of the Arts." Art Education. 20.1 (January 1967): 30-32. Print.4. Ward, James (1914). History and Methods of Ancient Modern Painting. New York, NY: E.P. Dutton & Company.p. 155.

5.

"Crayola Web Site History of Crayons".6. "Nicolas Conte and the Invention of Conte Crayons".7. Baynes, Thomas (1888). Encyclopdia Britannica 14. New York, NY: Henry G. Allen & Company. p. 698.8. The Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office. Vol 105. Washington, DC: Government Printing Office.JulAug 1903. p. 968.

9.

Kitchel, A.F. (1961). The Story of a Rainbow. Easton, PA: Crayola LLC.10. New York Teachers Monographs. Vol 7 (No 1 ed.). New York, NY: American Book Company. March 1905. p. 125.11. The Art of "Crayola" Painting. Easton, PA: Binney & Smith. 1904.12. The Youths Companion. Boston, MA: Perry Mason & Co. October 18, 1906. p. 524.13. "Known Binney & Smith crayon products".14. "Gold Medals Louisiana Purchase Exposition 1904".15. The West Virginia School Journal. Vol 34. Morgantown, WV: Acme Publishing Co. October 18, 1906. p. 5.16. "Binney & Smith Product Line Crayola No 8".17. Kraus, Maria (1881). Vol 1. New York, NY: E. Steiger & Company. p. 23 http://books.google.com/books?id=1ADmIPYz6QEC&pg=RA1-PA23&dq=wax+crayons&cd=1#v=onepage&q=wax%20crayons&f=false.Missing or empty |title= (help)

18.

Smith, Willard (1883). Worlds Columbian Exposition Official Catalog. Vol 7. Chicago, IL: W. B. ConkeyCompany. p. 23.

19.

School Journal. Vol L. New York, NY and Chicago, IL: W. B. Conkey Company. Jan 26, 1895. p. 82.20. Bookseller & Stationer. Vol XVII. Toronto, Canada: W. B. Conkey Company. Jan 1901. p. 14.21. "Eberhard Faber Pencil Company Historic District Designation Report" (PDF).22. Priced and Illustrated Catalogue of Mechanical Instruments. Vol XVII. Philadelphia, PA: James W. Queen andCompany. 1883. p. 105.

23.

Fuerst, Sidney (March 1906). New York Teachers Monographs. Vol 8. New York, NY: E.P. Dutton and Company.p. 121.

24.

Elliott, Brenda (1996). The Best of Its Kind. Fredericksburg, VA: Bookcrafters. pp. 148149. ISBN 0-9650739-0-4.25. Elliott, Brenda (1996). The Best of Its Kind. Fredericksburg, VA: Bookcrafters. p. 83. ISBN 0-9650739-0-4.26. Hills, William (July 1887). The Writer. Vol 1. Boston, MA: Writer Publishing Company. p. 79.27. The School Journal. Vol 65. American Book Company. August 16, 1902. p. 101.28. Technology Quarterly and Proceedings of the Society of Arts. Vol 1. Boston, MA: MIT. May 1888. p. vi.29. Elliott, Brenda (1996). The Best of Its Kind. Fredericksburg, VA: Bookcrafters. pp. 254255. ISBN 0-9650739-0-4.30. "Official Virtual Museum for Crayon Collecting Prang Educational Co known crayons".31.


9 of 11 2/10/2016 12:59 PM

Wikimedia Commons hasmedia related to Crayons.

Look up crayon inWiktionary, the freedictionary.

"Official Virtual Museum for Crayon Collecting Cadet crayon photo".32. "Milton Bradley Company History".33. The Kindergarten News. Vol 6. Springfield, MA: Milton Bradley. May 1895. p. 205.34. "Milton Bradley Crayon Products".35. Simpson, F.M. (1897). Annual Report of the Treasurer of the State of Maine. Springfield, MA: Milton Bradley.p. 28.

36.

Report of the Chief of the Massachusetts District Police for Year 1899. Boston, MA: Write and Potter PrintingCompany. 1899. p. 188.

37.

The School Journal. Vol 61 (No 3 ed.). New York, NY: E. L. Kellogg and Company. July 14, 1900. p. 35.38. Bookseller and Stationer. Vol 17 (No 1 ed.). Toronto, Canada: The MacLean Publishing Co. Jan 1901. p. 15.39. "Standard Crayon Co Known Products".40. Elliott, Brenda (1996). The Best of Its Kind. Fredericksburg, VA: Bookcrafters. p. 149. ISBN 0-9650739-0-4.41. The American Crayon Company Wax and Oil Crayons Price List. Sandusky, OH: American Crayon Co. March1902.

42.

"American Crayon Co. Known Products".43. The School Journal. New York, NY: University Publishing Co. September 6, 1902.44. "Eagle Pencil Co. Known Products".45. "The Common Pencil and the Eagle Pencil Company".46. School Education. Vol 26. Minneapolis, MN: School Education. Feb 1907. p. 51.47. "New England Crayon Co Known Products".48. A Color Notation (No 2 ed.). Boston, MA: Geo. H. Ellis Company. 1907.49. "Munsell Color Science Laboratory".50. Western Drawing and Manual Training Instruction. Vol 13. Proria, IL: J.W. Franks & Sons. 1906. p. 156.51. "American Scientist".52. Crayons Chalk Water Colors. New York, NY: Binney & Smith Co. 1927. pp. 1314.53. Crayons Chalk Water Colors. New York, NY: Binney & Smith Co. 1934.54. Ed Welter, The Definitive History of the Colors of Crayola, CrayonCollecting.com(http://www.crayoncollecting.com/index.htm).

55.

Andrew Schneider; Carol Smith (May 23, 2000). "Major brands of kids' crayons contain asbestos, tests show".Seattle Post-Intelligencer. Retrieved December 19, 2009.

56.

"CPSC Releases Test Results on Crayons, Industry to reformulate". U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission.June 13, 2000. Retrieved December 19, 2009.

57.

"CPSC Staff Report on Asbestos Fibers in Children's Crayons" (PDF). U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission.August 2000. Retrieved 2009-11-18.

58.

"Crayon Me a River". December 31, 2005. Retrieved December 19, 2009.59. "MORGAN, SISTER GERTRUDE (1900-1980)." The Encyclopedia of American Folk Art. London: Routledge,2003. Credo Reference. Web. 24 September 2012

60.

External linksCrayon Collecting Research Site(http://www.crayoncollecting.com/)Crayon History Site (http://www.crayolacrayon.com/history-crayola.html)PBS Kids movie about how crayons are made (http://pbskids.org/rogers/R_house/picpic.htm)Timeline of Crayola crayon colors (http://www.factmonster.com/ipka/A0872797.html)Inventors of crayons (http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blcrayon.htm)Timeline of the Crayola Company (http://www.crayola.com/corporate/timeline.cfm?n_id=77)


10 of 11 2/10/2016 12:59 PM

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Crayon&oldid=702903989"

Categories: Art materials American inventions Stationery 1903 introductions Children's art

This page was last modified on 2 February 2016, at 09:05.Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms mayapply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registeredtrademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.


11 of 11 2/10/2016 12:59 PM

crayon

Documents