crawley library - bpe findings - zero carbon hub
TRANSCRIPT
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Crawley Library - BPE Findings Ian Goodfellow, Partner, Penoyre & Prasad Rajat Gupta, Director of OISD, Oxford Brookes University
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BPE Project Team
• Low Carbon Building Group (LCBG) Oxford Brookes University
• Penoyre & Prasad LLP Architects • West Sussex County Council Property owners, managers, end users • Ramboll Sustainability consultants
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BPE study elements • Building services & energy systems • Sub-metering arrangements • Thermographic survey • Energy use • Occupant survey and interviews • Review of controls • Aftercare, operation, maintenance and management
Recommendations / Lessons Learnt
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• Internal gross floor area: 4470m²
• Open to public since December 2008
• EPC A Rating (25), BREEAM Very Good (potentially
excellent) 60% CO2 reduction over Part L
• DEC Grade D
Crawley Library
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Crawley Library - Layout
Occupancy: Monday to Friday 8am - 5pm Saturday (Library) 9am - 7pm
4 storey building stepping down to 2 storeys at North & East
Library: 2,700 m2 Registry services: 500 m2
Social services: 380 m2 Offices: 900 m2
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0 5 10 25mGround Floor Location Plan @ 1:500Crawley Library
5
8
2
15
13131313
1
14
109
126
11
1
4
7
3
Key
1 entrance foyer
2 coffee bar
3 enquiries
4 express collection
5 children's library
6 audio visual
7 "head space"
8 large print & spoken word
9 reserve stock
10 loading and security
11 staff work
12 plant
13 interview rooms
14 waiting area
15 conference rooms
0 5 10 25mGround Floor Location Plan @ 1:500Crawley Library
5
8
2
15
13131313
1
14
109
126
11
1
4
7
3
Key
1 entrance foyer
2 coffee bar
3 enquiries
4 express collection
5 children's library
6 audio visual
7 "head space"
8 large print & spoken word
9 reserve stock
10 loading and security
11 staff work
12 plant
13 interview rooms
14 waiting area
15 conference rooms
0 5 10 25mGround Floor Location Plan @ 1:500Crawley Library
5
8
2
15
13131313
1
14
109
126
11
1
4
7
3
Key
1 entrance foyer
2 coffee bar
3 enquiries
4 express collection
5 children's library
6 audio visual
7 "head space"
8 large print & spoken word
9 reserve stock
10 loading and security
11 staff work
12 plant
13 interview rooms
14 waiting area
15 conference rooms
Crawley Library - Ground Floor Plan
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Crawley Library - Cross Section
0 1 5 10mSection AA @ 1:300Crawley Library
A
A
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Low energy approach
• Extensive thermal mass
• Night time cooling
• Thermal zoning
• High performance glazing
• Flexible ‘mixed-mode’ ventilation system
• Natural stack effect through atrium
• Excellent natural day lighting
• Biomass boiler and solar water heating
• BMS with 27 sub-meters
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Building services & energy systems
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Heating & cooling
• Heat distribution through library areas and office above takes place via underfloor pipework.
• Heat distribution in the registry services section primarily via radiator system.
• Chilled water cooling system serves series of air handling units and fan coil units, and provides primary cooling for the underfloor heating/cooling system.
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Ventilation
• Primarily Mechanical Ventilation through floor voids in four storey section.
• Traditional ductwork system in two storey section
• Heat recovery in Air Handling Units (AHUs) to recover waste heat.
• Mechanical ventilation in GF social services rooms and FF meeting rooms
• Natural ly vent i lated off ices and ceremony rooms in FF
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mixed-mode system developed from Portsmouth University Library
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Monitoring of energy use
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Annual energy consumption
• Gas: building performs 73% better (lower) than the raw CIBSE TM46 benchmark and 73.5% better than the DEC benchmark.
• Electricity: building performs 39% worse (higher) than the raw CIBSE TM46 benchmark and 31% worse than the DEC benchmark
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Annual carbon emissions
• Emissions figure of 77.4 kgCO2 /m2 is 6 % worse (higher) than the raw CIBSE TM46 benchmark and almost equal to the DEC benchmark
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0
2,000
4,000
6,000
8,000
10,000
12,000
14,000
Oct Nov Dec Jan
kWh
Monthly electricity consump3on by end use (October 2013-‐January 2014)
SMALLPOWER LIGHTS CAFÉ PLANT ROOMS CHILLER OTHER HUB ROOM
Monthly electricity use by end-use
• Monthly electricity consumption for lighting ranges between 12,000-12,8000kWh and between 7,500-9,000 for small power.
• Catering in café consumes around 3,300kWh per month and the chiller consumes between 4,000-6,000 kWh per month.
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Data collection Hub Internal Temperature & RH
Environmental monitoring equipment
Internal CO2 levels External Temperature & RH
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Internal temperatures in most spaces remain between comfort levels (20-25oC)
Library temperatures
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• Internal temperatures remain between comfort levels (20-25oC) • Lowest temperatures in FF ceremony room • During summer temperature rises slightly above the comfort zone
Offices & Registration service: Temp levels
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CO2 levels remain below the ASHRAE recommended limit of 1000ppm indicating good quality of air.
CO2 levels
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Occupant survey & interviews
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Overall findings
• 71% response rate
• Quality of light & design are the most appreciated elements
• High temperatures perceived during summer which cross-relates with monitoring data.
• Negative perception on ventilation in offices
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Aftercare, operation, maintenance & management
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Review of O&M manual and Logbook
• Lack of adequate documentation of information on management, maintenance and operation.
• Missing volumes from O&M manual : Volume 7 ‘Maintenance Instructions and Logbooks’ and Volume 8 ‘Fault tracing Charts’
• Logbook not kept up to date. No log of breakdowns, repairs and maintenance.
• Sub-meters were difficult to locate - drawings with the metering and sub-metering arrangements missing from the contractor’s electrical and mechanical specification documents.
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• No BMS maintenance contract (Proactive Preventive Maintenance) was
put in place, with the result that issues with operation of the heating and cooling system could not be resolved quickly.
• Lack of continuity and adequate handover between building managers
• FM team struggled to keep low carbon systems running – biomass and solar thermal – because of the necessary maintenance requirements..
Reliability, maintenance and management
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• BMS system did not have a user-friendly interface
• Management team has limited understanding of BMS controls and software. They often override the BMS settings using the control panel in the plant room.
• Inadequate commissioning of the BMS system and its trend logging facility has resulted in managers not being able to control heating, ventilation and cooling levels throughout the building.
• Occupants don’t have sufficient control over their environment; they can’t make any significant changes and they rely on automatic sensors throughout the rooms and remotely-fixed environmental conditions.
Building operations and controls
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Key findings
• Performance of building fabric: Abnormalities in the building fabric
revealed by thermographic survey matched users’ comments relating to cold drafts and unheated spaces
• Review of handover process and commissioning: Inadequacies in commissioning combined with frequent changes of FM staff and lack of ongoing maintenance of BMS have led to heating and ventilation systems operating at sub-optimal level.
• Performance and usability of systems and controls: The purpose of most controls were clear, well labelled and intuitive to use providing a relatively high level of user control with the exception of BMS and mechanically controlled windows to offices. Daylight sensors triggering lights to be on the majority of time.
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Key findings (contd.)
• Occupant surveys and environmental conditions: Building design is
appreciated by the occupants. Most of the spaces presented a stable temperature pattern. CO2 concentrations were below recommended limit of 1000ppm, indicating adequate indoor air quality.
• Carbon emissions and energy use: Building performed very well in terms of gas consumption (80% lower that benchmarks) but electricity was 23% higher than CIBSE benchmark and 14% higher than DEC benchmark. Highest electricity end-use was lighting. Even with high levels of daylighting automatic daylight sensors are triggering lights to be on almost continuously.
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Wider Lessons
• Unplanned changes to space usage can result in poor internal
environmental conditions eg use of archive space as offices.
• Inadequate handover training and documentation and frequent FM staff leads to lack of understanding of the services and systems installed and ability to properly manage building.
• Lack of a proper building manager in place during a BPE can make it not possible to implement any recommendations for improvement.
• Design simpler buildings that don’t rely on complex BMS programmes to operate!
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