cranes in construction 1926.1400, qualified rigger intro, certified signal person intro

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CranesSubpart N

Upon Completion

Participants will understand:

» Scope of the new standard

» General overview including:» Role of the Controlling Contractor,

» Predictable hazards in the workplace,

» Barricades requirements,

» Electrical hierarchy, and

» Hand Signals.

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Big Blue Video

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This subpart does not cover:

» (1) Machinery converted or adapted for a non-hoisting/lifting use.

» (2) Power shovels, excavators, wheel loaders, backhoes, loader backhoes, track loaders.

» (3) Automotive wreckers and tow trucks.

» (4) Digger derricks when used for augering holes for electric and telecommunication poles.

» (8) Powered industrial trucks (forklifts), except when configured to hoist and lower with a winch or hook.

» (13) Tree trimming and tree removal work.

» (15) Roustabouts.

» (16) Helicopter cranes.

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» (17) Material Delivery

» (i) Articulating/knuckle-boom truck cranes that deliver materials If truck crane is equipped with a properly functioning automatic overload prevention device.

» Unless:

» (A) The articulating/knuckle-boom crane is used to hold, support or stabilize the material to facilitate a construction activity,

Controlling Contractor

» An employer / entity that is a prime contractor, general contractor, construction manager that has the overall responsibility for the construction of the project

» (e) The duties of controlling entities under this subpart include, but are not limited to, the duties specified in 1926.1402(c), (e) and 1926.1424(b).

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» 1926.1402(c) The controlling entity must:

» (1) Ensure ground preparations.

» (2) Locate and inform regarding voids, tanks, utilities

» (e) Assembly Disassembly (A/D) Director and Operator must communicate concerns to the controlling entity

1926.1402 Ground conditions» (b) Equipment must not be assembled or

used unless ground conditions are firm, drained, and graded level within the tolerances allowed by the manufacturer.

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Power Line Video

1926.1408 Power line safety

» (1) Identify the work zone by either:» (i) Demarcating boundaries or;

» (ii) Defining the work zone as the area 360 degrees around the equipment, up to the equipment’s maximum working radius.

» Crane vs. Power line

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» (2) When working within 20 feet to a power line, the employer must meet one of the following options:» (i) Option (1) – De-energize and visibly

ground. Confirm from the utility

» (ii) Option (2) – 20 foot

» (iii) Option (3) – Table A

(b) Preventing encroachment

» When using (2) or (3), all of the following requirements must be met:» (1) Conduct a planning meeting with the

operator and all workers in the area of the equipment or load. Review the location of the line(s), and the measures to prevent encroachment/electrocution.

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» (2) Tag lines must be non-conductive.

» (3) Erect and maintain an elevated warning line, barricade, or line of signs» equipped with flags

» at 20 feet from the power line or;

» at the minimum approach distance under Table A –

» if the operator is unable to see the line, a dedicated spotter must be used

» (4) Implement at least one of the following measures:» (i) A proximity alarm

» (ii) A dedicated spotter

» (iii) A device that automatically warns the operator when to stop movement

» (iv) A device that automatically limits range of movement

» (v) An insulating link/device,

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(c) Voltage information.

» Where Option (3) of this section is used:» The utility owner/operator must provide

voltage information within (2) two working days of the employer’s request.

Operations below power lines» (1) No part of the equipment, load line, or

load is allowed below a power line except:

Boom shall not be positioned beyond this line

Avoid this area

Prohibited Zone 20’

Cranes shall not handle material in

this area

» When the boom or equipment fully extended is not within 20feet

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(g) Training.

» (1) The employer must train each operator and crew member assigned to work with the equipment on all of the following:» (i) Procedures for contact with a power line

that includes:» (A) Danger of electrocution.

» (B) remaining inside an electrified cab.

» (C) The safest means of evacuating energized equip.

» (D) The energized zone around the equipment

» (E) Avoid approaching or touching the equipment and the load.

» (F) Safe clearance distance from power lines.

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» (ii) Power lines are presumed to be energized unless the utility owner/operator confirms that the power line has been and continues to be de-energized and it is visibly grounded at the worksite.

» (iii) Power lines are presumed to be un-insulated

» (v) The procedures to be followed to properly ground equipment and the limits of grounding.

» (g)(2) Employees working as dedicated spotters must be trained.

» (3) Training under this section must be administered in accordance with 1926.1430(g).

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Dedicated spotter (power lines):

Responsibility:

1. separation between the power line and the equipment.

2. Ensure that the minimum approach distances are not breached.

Table AVoltage (nominal, kV, AC) Minimum clearance

distance (feet)

up to 50 10

over 50 to 200 15

over 200 to 350 20

over 350 to 500 25

over 500 to 750 35

over 750 to 1,000 45

over 1,000 (as established by the utility)

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1926.1417 Operation.» (a) Must comply with

all manufacturer procedures

» (b) Unavailable operation procedures:» (1) the employer must

develop and have them signed by a registered professional engineer.

(c) Accessibility of procedures.

» (1) Load charts, recommended operating speeds, special hazard warnings, instructions, and operator’s manual, must be in the cab at all times.

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(o) Compliance with rated capacity (RP)

» (1) Cannot exceed RP.

» (3) load must be verified within the RP

» (i) Calculating weight using a load weighing device

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Cellular phones

» (d) The operator must not engage in any practice or activity that diverts his/her attention while actually engaged in operating the equipment, such as the use of cellular phones

» (other than when used for signal communications).

(u) Traveling with a load.» (2) If allowed, by the manufacturer, the

employer must ensure that:

» (i) A competent person must be present and consider:» Reduced rated capacity, load position,

» Boom location, ground support,

» Travel route, overhead obstructions,

» Speed of movement necessary to ensure safety

» Tire pressure

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» (v) Rotational speed must reduce swing to a radius at which it can be controlled.

» (w) A tag line must be used if necessaryto prevent rotation of the load that would be hazardous.

» (y) The operator must obey a stop signal, irrespective of who gives it.

1926.1418 Authority to stop

» Whenever there is a safety concern, the operator has the authority to stop and refuse to handle loads - until a qualified person has determined that safety has been assured.

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Waikato Video

1926.1419 Signals – general reqs.

» (a) A signal person must be provided when:» (1) The P of O is not in full

view.

» (2) When traveling, with obstructed view.

» (3) Operator or hander determines that it is necessary.

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(b) Types of signals. » Signals must be by hand, voice, audible, or

new signals.

» (c) Hand signals.» (1) The standard hand signals must be used

(see Appendix A of this subpart).

» Exception: Where the Standard Method for hand signals is infeasible, or an attachment is not covered

Non-standard hand signals.

» (2) When using non-standard hand signals, the signal person, operator, and lift Director (where there is one) must contact each other prior to the operation and agree on the non-standard hand signals that will be used.

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(d) New signals.

» Signals other than hand, voice, or audible signals may be used where the employer demonstrates that:

» (1) The new signals provide are equally

» (2) The new signals comply with a national consensus standard

(e) Suitability.

» Signals and the means of transmitting the signals to the operator must be appropriate for the site conditions.

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» (f) Signaling must be continuous.

» (h) Only one person may give signals at a time, except in an emergency

» Operator must obey a stop or emergency stop signal

» (k) All signal must be given from the operator’s direction perspective.

1926.1420 Signals –radio/electronic

» (a) Device(s) used to transmit signals must be tested on site before beginning operations.

» (b) Signal transmission must be through a dedicated channel, …

» (c) The operator’s reception of signals must be by a hands-free system.

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1926.1421 Signals – voice signals

» (a) Prior to beginning operations, the operator, signal person and AD (if there is one), must agree on the voice signals.

» Another meeting is required when:» another worker is added or substituted,

» a voice signal is to be changed.

» (b) Each voice signal must contain the following three elements, given in the following order:

1. function (such as hoist, boom, etc.),

2. direction; distance and/or speed;

3. stop command, function.

» (c) The operator, signal person and AD (if there is one), must be able to communicate in the language used.

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1926.1422 Signals – hand signal chart.

» Hand signal charts must be either posted on the equipment or conspicuously posted in the vicinity of the hoisting operations.

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1926.1424 Work area control.

» (a) Swing radius hazards.

» (2) Employers must:» (i) Train each employee

on or near the equipment.

» (ii) Erect a boundary around the hazard areas.

(3) Working in the hazard area.

» (i) Operator must be informed before entering.

» (b) Where any part of a crane is within the working radius of another crane, the controlling entity must institute a system to coordinate operations.

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1926.1425 Keeping clear of the load

» (a) Hoisting routes that minimize the exposure to hoisted loads must be used,

» (b) While the load is not moving, no employee exposed, except for:» (1) Hooking, unhooking or guiding a load;

» (2) Initial attachment to a component or structure;

» (3) A concrete hopper or bucket.

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» (c) When employees are exposed, all must be met:» (1) Rigged to prevent displacement.

» (2) Self-closing latches or equivalent

» (3) Rigged by a qualified rigger.

(d) Receiving a load.

» Only employees needed to receive a load are permitted to be within the fall zone.

» (e) During a tilt-up or tilt-down operation:» (1) No employees directly under the load.

» (2) Only employees essential to the operation are permitted in the fall zone (but not directly under the load).

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1926.1427 Operator qualification and certification.

» (b) Option (1): Certification by an accredited crane operator testing organization.

» (c) Option (2): Qualification by an audited employer program.

» (d) Option (3): Qualification by the U.S. military

» (e) Option (4): Licensing by a government entity.

(k) Phase-in.

» (1) The provisions of this section are applicable November 9, 2010, except for paragraphs (a)(2) and (f) which are applicable November 9, 2014

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» (2) … all of the requirements in paragraphs (k)(2)(i) and (ii) of this section apply until November 9, 2014

» (i) The employer must ensure that operators are competent to operate the equipment.

» (ii) Where an employee assigned to operate machinery does not have the required knowledge or ability to operate the equipment safely, the employer must train and evaluate that employee prior to operating the equipment.

1926.1428 Signal person quals.

» (1) Option (1) – Third party qualified evaluator. With documentation.

» (2) Option (2) – Employer’s qualified evaluator. Assessment and Documentation meeting Qualification Requirements.

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Signal Certifications

» (3) Documentation for whichever option must be on-site.

» The documentation must specify each type of signaling (e.g. hand signals, radio signals, etc.) for which the signal person is trained.

(c) Qual. Requirements » Each signal person must:

» (1) Know and understand signals used. » Hand Signals - Standard Method.

» (2) Be competent in the type of signals used.

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» (3) Have a basic understanding of equipment operation and limitations, including the crane dynamics involved in swinging and stopping loads and boom deflection from hoisting loads.

» (4) Know and understand the relevant requirements of the standard.

» (5) Demonstrate proficiency through an oral or written test, and through a practical test.

1926.1430 Training

» The employer must provide training as follows:

» (a) Overhead power lines.

» (b) Signal persons.

» (c) Operators.

» (d) Competent persons and qualified persons.

» (e) Crush/pinch points. (f) Tag-out.

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(g) Training administration.

» (1) The employer must evaluate each employee required to be trained under this subpart.

» (2) The employer must provide refresher training when, there is an indication that retraining is necessary.

(4) Latching hooks

» (i) Hooks must be equipped with latches, except where:

» (ii) Hooks without latches, or with latches removed or disabled:» (A) A qualified person has determined that it is

safer

» (B) Routes for the loads are pre-planned

» (iii) The latch must close the throat opening and be designed to retain…

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1926.1415 Safety devices.

» (a) Required safety devices:» (1) Horn, Crane level indicator, boom stops, jib

stops and foot pedal brake locks.

» (5) Hydraulic outrigger and hydraulic stabilizer jacks must have an integral holding device/check valve.

» (6) Equipment on rails must have rail clamps and rail stops

» (b) Operations must not begin, work must stop, equipment is tagged and removed from service.

» Alternative measures are not permitted.

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Operational aids

» (5) Category I operational aids must be repaired no later than 7 calendar days:

» (6) Category II operational aids must be repaired no later than 30 calendar days or within 7 days of receipt of the parts

(f) Inspections.

» (2) Pre-erection inspection

» (3) Post-erection inspection

» (4) Monthly

» (5) Annual

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(f) Tag-out.

» Tags must be placed in the cab in a conspicuous location stating that the equipment is out of service and is not to be used.

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Rigging

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K-10000 tower crane

» Six regulation football fields

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K-10000 tower crane» Monuments of the World and the K-10000-L shown together

in true scale.

Erection Sequence - Simplified Silhouette

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Service Cranes

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Counterweight Trolleys

Jib Tie Bars

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Main Winch

Trolleys

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Trolleys

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Thank You

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Competent Signal Person

OBJECTIVES» O.S.H.A. regulations pertaining to Signaling

» Review basic crane terms

» Competent Signal Person role

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1926.1428 Signal person qualifications

» Provide a copy of applicable standard

» (a)(c) prior to giving any signals, these requirements must be met

» You must be trained

» Not Portable

» Certificate (wallet card) on-site

» Each signal person must:

» (1) Know and understand the type of signals used.

» (2) Be competent in the application of the type of signals used.

» (3) Have a basic understanding of equipment operation and limitations, including the crane dynamics involved in swinging and stopping loads and boom deflection from hoisting loads.

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» Each signal person must:

» (2) Be competent

» capable of identifying existing and predictable hazards which are unsanitary, hazardous, or dangerous to employees, and who has authorization to take prompt corrective measures to eliminate them.

» (4) Know and understand the relevant requirements of 1926.1419 through 1926.1422 and 1926.1428.

» (5) Demonstrate that he/she meets the requirements through an exam and practical test.

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Rigging Requirement» Qualified rigger: a rigger who meets the criteria for a

qualified person.

» Qualified: a person who, by possession of a recognized degree, certificate, or professional standing, or who by extensive knowledge, training and experience, successfully demonstrated the ability to solve/resolve problems relating to the subject matter, the work, or the project.

» This is not a rigging class

Basic Crane Terms

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Responsibilities» Ensure the safety of the site and the crew

» Use and have access to all necessary information, tools, and equipment

» Evaluate the site

» Verify all barricades are in place

» Guide the operator through the lift and landing

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Safety of the site and crew

» You are directly responsible for the outcome of every lift you make.

» You are responsible for completing all activities and actions necessary to make each lift safe.

» You must not lift if you can not meet the requirements of this class.

» You have the authority to stop and or refuse a lift.

Information, tools, and equipment

» Crane information

» Weight of the load

» Site plans

» Lift plan

» Inspections

» Hand signals chart

» Training of others

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Information, tool, and equipment

» Meetings

» Barricades

» Scales

» Shipping tickets

» Radios

» Spotters

» Gloves, danger lines, vests, signs, fall protection, etc..

Site Evaluation» Review the site plan

» Underground utilities

» Underground tanks and voids

» Excavations and trenches

» Buildings, signs, obstructions, noise

» Personnel

» Public and pedestrians

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Site Evaluation» Ground conditions

» Asphalt (above 90 degrees F)

» Settling

» Weather

Site Evaluation» Overhead power lines

» Greatest hazard involving cranes

» Accounts for the greatest number of deaths

» 20’

» Designated spotters may be required

» Written conformation from utility of all de-energized lines

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Barricades

» Demarcation line – site perimeter

» Warning line – 20’ from power line

» Work area notification – personnel protection

» Danger area notification - personnel protection

» Swing radius line – around crane +2’ from and obstruction

Guiding the operator

» Leverage

» Center of Gravity

» Tipping axis

» Strength

» Stability

» Level inertia

» Centrifugal force

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Leverage

» Leverage is using the weight of one object to move the weight of another object

Calculating Leverage

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Center of Gravity

Lifting a load with leverage

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Tipping Axis


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Strength vs Stability

» Strength is the cranes ability to resists structural failure

» Stability is the cranes ability to resist tipping

» Note: A crane can fail (structurally) on a normal lift if it has been overloaded on a previous lift or as a result of inadequate maintenance

Load Charts

» Specific to each manufacturer

» Apply to properly used and maint. equipment only

» Special notes

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Poor Equipment Condition

» Immediately report to operator and supervision and stop the lift

Crane Level

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Inertial, Side Loading and Swing Rate

» An object in motion will stay in motion

» High swing rate

» Stopping and starting

Swing Rate, Load Radius and Centrifugal Force

» What happens to the load radius if I increase the swing rate?

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Shock Loading and Snatching

» Speed

» Gradual acceleration and deceleration

» Contact with load

» Cable

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Reeving

» Symmetrical

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Wind

» Follow Manufacturer’s requirements

» 20-25 mph use extreme caution

» 30 mph stop

» Big Blue

Duty Cycle

» Duty cycle operation are conducted at high speed and repetitive

» Steel erection and concrete

» Load capacities are reduced by 20%

» Different load chart

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Operational Aids

» Anti-two blocking

» Boom angle indicator

» Boom Stops

» Jib Stops

» Boom Hoist drum Disconnects

» Boom length indicator

» Rated load indicator

» LMI

» Hoist Drum Rotation indicator

» Wind Indicator

» All manufacturer required aids present or tag out the crane

LMI and Weighing the Load

» All loads must be weighed using a load weighing device

» A LMI is not acceptable for the purpose

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Choosing a signal type

» Must be suitable for the lift

» Hand

» Audible

» Voice

» New Signals

» Posting requirements

» Meeting requirements

» Changing signals

» Adding employees

» Critical lifts

Hoisting the load

» Face the operator

» Move slow to avoid shock

» Ensure the operator is watching you

» Never lift over anyone's head

» Lift inside the work area only

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Hoisting the load

» Never leave a load unattended

» Never loose line of site on a load under your control

» Stay clear of the load

» Understand:» You are controlling the crane

» It will do exactly what you signal

Hoisting the load

» Raise the load a few inches

» Move slow and deliberately

» Only one person can signal the crane at a time (except a stop command)

» Multi crane lifts

» Plan every lift as if it were going to fail

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In an Emergency

» State the emergency

» Immediately lower the load if possible» Even if it mean loosing the load?

» Even if it means crushing the building?

» Why?

• (e) Suitability.

• Signals and the means of transmitting the signals to the operator must be appropriate for the site conditions.

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• (f) Signaling must be continuous.

1926.1420 Signals –radio/electronic

• (a) Device(s) used to transmit signals must be tested on site before beginning operations.

• (b) Signal transmission must be through a dedicated channel, …

• (c) The operator’s reception of signals must be by a hands-free system.

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1926.1421 Signals – voice signals

• (a) Prior to beginning operations, the operator, signal person and AD (if there is one), must agree on the voice signals.

• Another meeting is required when:• another worker is added or substituted,

• a voice signal is to be changed.

• (b) Each voice signal must contain the following three elements, given in the following order:

• function (such as hoist, boom, etc.),

• direction; distance and/or speed;

• stop command, function.

• (c) The operator, signal person and AD (if there is one), must be able to communicate in the language used.

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1926.1422 Signals – hand signal chart.

• Hand signal charts must be either posted on the equipment or conspicuously posted in the vicinity of the hoisting operations.

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Review Hand Signals

» In class demonstration

» In class practical exam

» Written exam

» Note: You are not a qualified rigger as a result of this class! You cannot rig a load until you are a qualified rigger.

Qualified Rigger

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OBJECTIVES» Meet O.S.H.A. requirements for a Qualified rigger for

nylon and wire slings as well as simple hitches, general and miscellaneous rigging.

» Understand basic safe sling use.

» Be able to identify and describe conditions for sling’s replacement.

Basic Crane Terms

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Wedge Socket

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Definitions» Sling: An assembly which connects the load to

the material handling (lifting) equipment.

» Working Load Limit WLL: The Working Load Limit is the maximum load which should ever be applied to the product. (excludes extreme temp situations)

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Definitions» Breaking Strength/Ultimate Strength: The

average force at which the product, in the condition it would leave the factory, has been found by representative testing to break.

» Side Loading : UNTESTED loads applied in all un-tested/un-certified directions.

Definitions» Safety Factor: Term usually computed by

dividing the Breaking Strength by the WLL and generally expressed as a ratio. For example: 5 to 1.

» Dynamic Load / Shock Load: The forces applied to the crane as a result of a load in motion.

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Definitions» Safety Factor: Term usually

computed by dividing the Breaking Strength by the WLL and generally expressed as a ratio. For example: 5:1

» Dynamic Load / Shock Load: The forces applied to the crane as a result of a load in motion.

Shock Loading and Snatching

» Speed» Gradual acceleration

and deceleration» Contact with load» Cable

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Safety Factor

» 5:1 is chosen most frequently for wire rope and the minimum requirement from ASME.

» 10:1 is required when slings are used to carry personnel.

» Responsibility for knowing the design factor rests with the user.

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Working Load Limit (WLL)

» Based on the first product use» Static load» Specific to each hitch» Reduced by many forces that you will learn to calculate

today

Load vs. Capacity

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Capacity

Strength vs. Stability» Strength: ability to

resists structural failure» Stability: ability to resist

tipping» Note: A crane can fail on a

normal lift if it has been overloaded on a previous lift or as a result of inadequate maintenance

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Leverage

» Leverage is using the weight of one object to move the weight of another object


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Outriggers and Leverage

Center of Gravity

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Identifying C of G

Lifting a load with leverage

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Tipping Axis


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Load Charts» Specific to each

manufacturer» Apply to properly used

and maint. equipment only

» Special notes

Poor Equipment Condition» Immediately report to

operator and supervision and stop the lift

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Crane Level

Inertia, Side Loading and Swing Rate

» An object in motion will stay in motion

» High swing rate» Stopping and starting

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Swing Rate, Load Radius and Centrifugal Force

» What happens to the load radius if I increase the swing rate?

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Boom / Range Diagram

Backward Stability

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Reeving

» Symmetrical

Wind

» Follow Manufacturer’s requirements

» 20-25 mph use extreme caution

» 30 mph stop» Big Blue

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Duty Cycle» Duty cycle operation are

conducted at high speed and repetitive

» Steel erection and concrete» Load capacities are reduced

by 20%» Different load chart

Rigging Equipment

» Fittings, Sheaves, Shackles, Blocks, Sockets, Hooks, Eyes, Turnbuckles

» Chains, Slings, Ropes, Latches, Clamps,

» Softeners

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Wire Rope

Wire Rope

» Usually a "core" member to increase flexibility

» Fiber Core (FC)

» Wire Strand Core (WSC)

» Independent Wire-rope Core (IWRC)

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Wire Rope

Efficiency Rating

» Object diameter divided by the wire diameter

100

Efficiency Rating

D/d

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Maintenance and Lubrication

Rigging Inspection

» SSC Qualified riggers are responsible for the inspection and maintenance of ALLrigging components:1. Full inspection - Daily

2. Visual - Before each use

3. Documented - frequent and regulara. Delivery

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Inspection

» Mechanical damage due to rope movement over sharp edge projection while under load.

Valley Break

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Kinked

Fatigue

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Drum Crushing

Coorosion

» Corrosion of severe degree caused by immersion of rope in chemically treated water.

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Fractures

Twists

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Wire Rope Inspection

» Break up of IWRC resulting from high stress application. Note nicking of wires in outer strands.

Wire Rope Inspection

» Multi strand rope bird-caged due to torsion unbalance. Typical of build up seen at anchorage end of multi-fall crane application.

<>

107

Wire rope clips

Shackles

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Shackles

Turnbuckles

» Used to balance a load and adjust tension

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Lifting rings and Links

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Eye Bolts» Every eye bolt must be

plainly marked with sufficient information to enable a worker using it to determine its maximum rated load (Regulation 851, section 51(1)(c))

Sholderless Eye Bolt

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Sholderless Eye Bolt

Eye Bolt Rigging Failure

112

Eye Bolt Rigging Failure

Shouldered Eye Bolt» The eye bolt must be screwed

into the load until the shoulder fits flat

» To ensure the shoulder is firmly seated on the surface of the load a metal washer may be used under the shoulder

» Ensure eye has been correctly aligned with the chain or sling

113

Shouldered Eye Bolts

» P applied at an angle from the axis of the bolt.

» The chain or sling must be in the plane of the eye

Correct Loading

Shouldered Eye Bolts

Degrees from eye bolt axis or chain or sling:

Percentage of stamped load -lifting capacity available:

15 Degrees 55%

30 Degrees 35%

45 Degrees 25%

90 Degrees 20%

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Swivel Hoist Rings» In any situation where

there is doubt about the safety of using eye bolts, it is recommended that swivel hoist rings be used instead

Industrial Cranes

» Power hoist: usually electric or air operated

» Chain hoist / chain fall: Hand operated

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Rigging

» Always use rigging to connect the load to the hook

Chains

» Tagging – Permanently affected

» Worn links – Remove from service (10%)

» Nicks and gouges – file up to (10%)

» Should hinge freelySizes 1.1/2" andLarger - DOMESTIC

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Slings

Slings

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Inspection

» Regularly Inspect products for visible damage, cracks, wear, elongation, rust, burns, tears, cuts, stitching failure, etc.

» Protect all products from corrosion.

» No product can keep operating at its rated capacity indefinitely.

Inspection

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Inspection of Equipment (general)

» Frequency of inspection will depend on environmental conditions, application, storage of product prior to use, frequency of use, etc.

» Immediately withdraw defective items from service.

Inspection of Equipment

» Destroy, rather than discard, items that have been judged defective.

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Inspection of Equipment (Nylon)

» Load capacity tag is missing.

» Acid or caustic burns on the sling.

» Snags, punctures, tears, or cuts.

» Stitching is broken or worn.

Inspection

» The sling stretching

» Many manufacturers incorporate a red wear cord inside of the sling. If this red wear cord can be readily seen, remove it immediately

» Red cord vs. OSHA

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Softeners

Hitch Types

121

Hitch Application

» Basket: Loads designed for basket hitch –seldom used in SSC application

» Choker: Most common used hitch for SSC applications

» Straight: Used with engineered lifting points

Sling Angle

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Sling Angle

Sling Angle

123

General Rigging Safety

» Never rest a load on a sling, or pinch a sling between the load and any adjacent surface.

» A sling should never be pulled from under a load while the load is resting on the sling.

» Keep loads balanced to prevent overloading.


» Slings should be stored off of the floor and out of the weather.

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» Keep out from under a raised loads.» Line of force» Barricades» Conduct all lifting operations in such a manner, that if

there were an equipment failure, no personnel would be injured.


» Components must match.

» Attachments must be properly installed

» You are only as strong as your weakest component

» Components must have a WLL at least equal to the product with which they are used.

125

Tag Lines

» Tag line placement

» Opposing lines

» Never wrap around your hand or body

» Body position

Electrical Hazards

» 20

» Demarcation Line

» Warning Line

» Spotter

» Video

126

Lift Mechanics• Evaluate the site

• Evaluate ground conditions

• Complete a lift plan

• Verify the training of the rigger

• Verify the training of the Signal Person

• Complete a pre-lift meeting

• Install all barricades

Lift Mechanics• Know weight of

load

• Know lifting capacity of machine performing lift

• Know capacities / limitations of all rigging components

• Know center of gravity for load

127

Lift Mechanics (Cont.)• Estimate sling angle

• Know WLL

• Estimate possibilities of shock loading

• Side Loading

• Calculate WLL at estimated angle

• Identify all sharp edgesBridle Sling

Lift Mechanics (Cont.)• Know unusual loading,

communication or environmental conditions

• Know wind speed and effect on load

• Know temperature and effect on rigging components

• Know all surfaces

• Identify all unstable objects

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• Choose sling

• Look at sling Identification plates

• Inspect for defects

• Rig load

• Verify WLL at actual sling angle

Lift Mechanics (Cont.)

Lift Mechanics (Cont.)• Attach tag line

• Verify all personnel are removed from danger area

• Lift load

• Control Load movement

• Lift into position

• Stop the lift immediately if you identify any problems

129

When Rigging Fails

When Rigging Fails

130

When Rigging Fails

When Rigging Fails

131

Rigging Failure

Rigging Failure

CRANE SUMMARY

Meetings:

1. Assembly Disassembly (A/D) “Crew instructions” meeting

2. Power Line Planning Meeting 3. Signal review meeting 4. Pre‐lift Personnel Platform (PP) meeting 5. Multi‐Crane lift meeting – written plan

required 6. DAS Critical lift – when triggers are met

Training

1. A/D Qualified Person 2. A/D Competent Person 3. Spotter training 4. Power Line training – all exposed 5. Signaling – 3rd party training with card 6. Fall Protection 7. Work Area Controls training 8. Rigger training – Qualified Person 9. Certified Crane Operator (CCO) – 2014 10. Operator – Competent Person Training 11. Lock out Tag out Training – operators

Controlling Contractor

1. Have “Ground Condition” duties – attain specific requirement from crane co. – verify locates are called in. – cross reference URD.

2. A/D Director can communicate directly to Controlling Contractor

3. Coordinated multiple cranes on‐site / campus

Engineer

1. Determines if “Host Structure” can handle jumping at each jump

2. When asked by qualified person 3. Designs PPs 4. Signs off on employer written crane

documents

Competent Person

1. A/D Director 2. Determines the effect of weather

conditions (makes the call) 3. Oversees re‐spooling 4. Has specific duties during:

a. Traveling with loads b. Trail Lifts for PP c. Proof Tests for PP

5. Makes unattended load determination 6. Operators must be Competent Person 7. All Signalers must be Competent

Persons 8. Makes wind and weather conditions call

for stop work

Qualified

1. A/D Director 2. Is the only person who can override a

stop work order 3. Riggers 4. Oversees PP set up 5. Only Qualified employees can operator

platforms that have controls 6. Determines the need for an engineer

regarding PP 7. Makes the Safety Latch determination

on the ball and hook

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DAS Required Handout for Signal Person Training

OSHA Standards – Part 1926 – Subpart CC – Cranes & Derricks in Construction - Signals

§ 1926.1419 Signals – general requirements. (a) A signal person must be provided in each of the following situations:

(1) The point of operation, meaning the load travel or the area near or at load placement, is not in full view of the operator.

(2) When the equipment is traveling, the view in the direction of travel is obstructed. (3) Due to site specific safety concerns, either the operator or the person handling the load

determines that it is necessary. (b) Types of signals. Signals to operators must be by hand, voice, audible, or new signals. (c) Hand signals.

(1) When using hand signals, the Standard Method must be used (see Appendix A of this subpart). Exception: Where use of the Standard Method for hand signals is infeasible, or where an operation or use of an attachment is not covered in the Standard Method, non-standard hand signals may be used in accordance with paragraph (c)(2) of this section.

(2) Non-standard hand signals. When using non-standard hand signals, the signal person, operator, and lift director (where there is one) must contact each other prior to the operation and agree on the non-standard hand signals that will be used.

(d) New signals. Signals other than hand, voice, or audible signals may be used where the employer demonstrates that:

(1) The new signals provide at least equally effective communication as voice, audible, or Standard Method hand signals, or

(2) The new signals comply with a national consensus standard that provides at least equally effective communication as voice, audible, or Standard Method hand signals.

(e) Suitability. The signals used (hand, voice, audible, or new), and means of transmitting the signals to the operator (such as direct line of sight, video, radio, etc.), must be appropriate for the site conditions.

(f) During operations requiring signals, the ability to transmit signals between the operator and signal person must be maintained. If that ability is interrupted at any time, the operator must safely stop operations requiring signals until it is reestablished and a proper signal is given and understood.

(g) If the operator becomes aware of a safety problem and needs to communicate with the signal person, the operator must safely stop operations. Operations must not resume until the operator and signal person agree that the problem has been resolved.

(h) Only one person may give signals to a crane/derrick at a time, except in circumstances covered by paragraph (j) of this section.

(i) [Reserved.] (j) Anyone who becomes aware of a safety problem must alert the operator or signal person by giving

the stop or emergency stop signal. (NOTE: § 1926.1417(y) requires the operator to obey a stop or emergency stop signal).

(k) All directions given to the operator by the signal person must be given from the operator’s direction perspective.

(l) [Reserved.] (m) Communication with multiple cranes/derricks. Where a signal person(s) is in communication with

more than one crane/derrick, a system must be used for identifying the crane/derrick each signal is for, as follows:

(1) for each signal, prior to giving the function/direction, the signal person must identify the crane/derrick the signal is for, or

(2) must use an equally effective method of identifying which crane/derrick the signal is for. § 1926.1420 Signals – radio, telephone or other electronic transmission of signals.

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(a) The device(s) used to transmit signals must be tested on site before beginning operations to ensure that the signal transmission is effective, clear, and reliable.

(b) Signal transmission must be through a dedicated channel, except: (1) Multiple cranes/derricks and one or more signal persons may share a dedicated channel for

the purpose of coordinating operations. (2) Where a crane is being operated on or adjacent to railroad tracks, and the actions of the

crane operator need to be coordinated with the movement of other equipment or trains on the same or adjacent tracks.

(c) The operator’s reception of signals must be by a hands-free system. § 1926.1421 Signals – voice signals – additional requirements. (a) Prior to beginning operations, the operator, signal person and lift director (if there is one), must

contact each other and agree on the voice signals that will be used. Once the voice signals are agreed upon, these workers need not meet again to discuss voice signals unless another worker is added or substituted, there is confusion about the voice signals, or a voice signal is to be changed.

(b) Each voice signal must contain the following three elements, given in the following order: function (such as hoist, boom, etc.), direction; distance and/or speed; function, stop command.

(c) The operator, signal person and lift director (if there is one), must be able to effectively communicate in the language used.

§ 1926.1422 Signals – hand signal chart. Hand signal charts must be either posted on the equipment or conspicuously posted in the vicinity of the hoisting operations. § 1926.1428 Signal person qualifications. (a) The employer of the signal person must ensure that each signal person meets the Qualification

Requirements (paragraph (c) of this section) prior to giving any signals. This requirement must be met by using either Option (1) or Option (2) of this section.

(1) Option (1) – Third party qualified evaluator. The signal person has documentation from a third party qualified evaluator (see Qualified Evaluator (third party), § 1926.1401 for definition) showing that the signal person meets the Qualification Requirements (see paragraph (c) of this section).

(2) Option (2) – Employer’s qualified evaluator. The employer’s qualified (see Qualified Evaluator (not a third party), § 1926.1401 for definition) evaluator assesses the individual and determines that the individual meets the Qualification Requirements (see paragraph (c) of this section) and provides documentation of that determination. An assessment by an employer’s qualified evaluator under this option is not portable – other employers are not permitted to use it to meet the requirements of this section.

(3) The employer must make the documentation for whichever option is used available at the site while the signal person is employed by the employer. The documentation must specify each type of signaling (e.g. hand signals, radio signals, etc.) for which the signal person meets the requirements of paragraph (c) of this section.

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(b) If subsequent actions by the signal person indicate that the individual does not meet the Qualification Requirements (see paragraph (c) of this section), the employer must not allow the individual to continue working as a signal person until re-training is provided and a re-assessment is made in accordance with paragraph (a) of this section that confirms that the individual meets the Qualification Requirements.

(c) Qualification Requirements. Each signal person must: (1) Know and understand the type of signals used. If hand signals are used, the signal person

must know and understand the Standard Method for hand signals. (2) Be competent in the application of the type of signals used. (3) Have a basic understanding of equipment operation and limitations, including the crane

dynamics involved in swinging and stopping loads and boom deflection from hoisting loads. (4) Know and understand the relevant requirements of § 1926.1419 through § 1926.1422 and §

1926.1428. (5) Demonstrate that he/she meets the requirements in paragraphs (c)(1) through (4) of this

section through an oral or written test, and through a practical test.

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DowAgroSciencesSignalPersonTest

SignalPersonTest

Instructor: Doug Condon Name:

Class: Hand Signaling Date:

Results:

Instructions

Please select the correct answer to the following questions:

PartI:HandSignals

1) Identify this signal

a. Hoist/Cable Up

b. Boom Up

c. Move Slowly


a. Travel

b. Retract Boom (telescoping)

c. Swing


a. Dog Everything

b. Stop

c. Move Slowly


a. Travel (one track)

b. Lower

c. Use Whipline (auxiliary hoist)

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a. Raise Boom

b. Travel One Track

c. Raise Boom & Lower Load


a. Dog Everything

b. Emergency Stop

c. Swing


a. Retract Boom (telescoping)

b. Lower Boom & Raise Load

c. Use Main Hoist


a. Travel Both Tracks

b. Extend Boom (telescoping)

c. Lower Boom


a. Hoist Cable Down

b. Lower Boom

c. Swing


a. Stop

b. Travel

c. Swing Left

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a. Travel Both Tracks

b. Emergency Stop

c. Dog Everything


a. Retract Boom (telescoping)

b. Lower Boom & Raise Load

c. Use Main Hoist


a. Travel

b. Travel (both tracks)

c. Move Slowly


a. Raise


c. Emergency Stop


a. Raise Boom & Lower Load

b. Stop

c. Extend Boom (telescoping)


a. Lower Boom

b. Travel

c. Use Whipline (auxiliary hoist)

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a. Lower

b. Lower Boom

c. Dog Everything


a. Use Main Hoist

b. Hoist

c. Stop


a. Cable Up Slow

b. Travel

c. Lower Boom


a. Hoist


c. Raise Boom

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PartII:SignalPersonResponsibilities

1) A signal person is responsible for evaluating the site conditions to:

a. Ensure the safety of the work area & site crew

b. Identify utilities and underground tanks

c. Identify proximity of excavations & trenches

d. All of the above

2) A signal person is responsible for ensuring which types of warning lines & barricades are in place:

a. Work area, warning line & swing radius

b. Demarcation line

c. Danger tape

3) A crane out of level can reduce the capacity how much?

a. 10%

b. 25%

c. 50%

4) What must you have to be a competent person?

a. Certificate on‐site

b. Complete training

c. Complete an exam and practical test

d. All of the above

5) High swing rate will:

a. Increase the load radius

b. Impose side loads

c. Increase production

d. a & b

e. All of the above

6) Duty cycle can reduce a crane’s capacity by:

a. 10%

b. 20%

c. 30%

d. 50%

7) A competent signal person must be able to identify:

a. All hazards

b. Drunk operators

c. Predictable hazards

d. Load weights

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8) If an operational aid required by the manufacturer is bad or missing I have:

a. 7 Days to fix it

b. 30 Days to fix it

c. 0 Days – I must lock and tagout the crane

d. 0 Days – I refuse to lift and inform the operator they must lock & tagout the crane

9) I must have a ______________ if the hand/voice signals change:

a. Lunch/Break

b. Meeting

c. Arm band

d. New operator

10) My signaling can cause:

a. Changes in leverage

b. Changes in center of gravity for the load

c. Inertia & impact loading

d. Centrifugal force

e. All of the above

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DowAgroSciences

RiggingSafetyClassTest

Instructor: Doug Condon Name:

Class: Rigging Date:

Results:

Instructions

Please select the correct answer to the following questions:

2) Rigging of personnel platforms must have:

a. A 5:1 safety factor

b. A 2:1 safety factor

c. A 10:1 safety factor

1) To be a rigger I must be:

a. A competent rigger

b. A qualified rigger

c. A supervisor

3) A load in motion is:

a. A static load

b. A dynamic load

c. A swinging load

4) Net load + __________ = gross load

a. Rigging

b. Wire rope

c. Block

d. All of the above

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5) Capacity is reduced by:

a. Base configuration

b. Quadrant

c. Load radius

d. Boom angle

e. All of the above

6) A 100,000 lbs crane with a length of 6’ from the center of gravity to tipping axis has how much leverage?

a. 600,000

b. 800,000

c. 60,000

7) How far must all loads stay away from power lines?

a. 5’

b. 10’

c. 20’

8) 6x19 IWRC RH OL has how many wires per strand?

a. 6

b. 18

c. 19

Figure 1‐1

9) Using Figure 1‐1, Calculate the % of efficiency using the D/d ratio if D=80” and d=2”

a. 1

b. 50%

c. 40

d. 95%

10) I must inspect all rigging equipment:

a. Daily

b. Frequently & regularly

c. Before each pick

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d. All of the above

Figure 2‐1

11) Using Figure 2‐1, Which wire rope clip configuration is correct?

a. Top

b. Middle

c. Bottom

12) All slings must have:

a. Manufacturer’s name and trademark

b. Red cords

c. Rated loads for type of hitches used

d. A & C

e. All of the above

13) I can use a damaged sling for incidental lifts

a. True

b. False

14) The radius of contact between the edge of a load and wire rope sling should be:

a. 4 lays

b. 2 lays

c. 1 lay

15) This hitch is the strongest:

a. Vertical

b. Choker

c. Basket

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Figure 3‐1

16) Using Figure 3‐1, Calculate the weight per leg:

a. 100,000 per leg

b. 50,000 per leg

c. 75,000 per leg

Figure 4‐1

17) In Figure 4‐1, Is this crane conducting a safe pick?

a. Yes

b. Yes, if I use a spotter

c. No

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18) In Figure 4‐1, What is the reduced capacity of this crane?

a. 200,000 lbs

b. 100,000 lbs

c. 100,000 lbs but not safe to lift

Figure 5‐1

19) Using Figure 5‐1, What sling size?

a. 50,000 lbs sling

b. 100,000 lbs sling

c. 200,000 lbs sling

d. 300,000 lbs sling

cranes in construction 1926.1400, qualified rigger intro, certified signal person intro

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