craig olson- status of z-pinch fusion

8/3/2019 Craig Olson- Status of Z-Pinch Fusion

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Status of Z-Pinch Fusion

Capsule compression Z-Pinch Power Plant Chamber Repetitive Driver

experiments on Z LTD Technology

Sandia is a multiprogram laboratory operated by Sandia Corporation, a Lockheed Martin Company,for the United States Department of Energy under contract DE-AC04-94AL85000.

Fusion Power Associates Annual Meeting

and Symposium

Washington, DC

November 19-21, 2003

Craig Olson

Sandia National Laboratories

Albuquerque, NM 87185


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The long-range goal of Z-Pinch IFE is to produce aneconomically-attractive power plant using high-yieldz-pinch-driven targets ( 3 GJ) at low rep-rate ( 0.1 Hz)

Z-Pinch IFE DEMO (ZP-3, the first study) used 12 chambers,each with 3 GJ at 0.1 Hz, to produce 1000 MWe


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Z-Pinch IFE DEMO

Z-Pinch ETF(ETF Phase 2) $1B

Z-Pinch IRE $150M (TPC)+op/year

Z-Pinch IFE PoP $10M /year

Z-Pinch High YieldZ-Pinch Ignition

High Yield Facility(ETF Phase 1)

Laserindirect-drive

Ignition

2038

2024

2018

2012

2008

2004

1999

FI

ZR

Z

NIF

Year Single-shot, NNSA/DP Repetitive for IFE, OFES/VOIFE

Z-Pinch IFEtargetdesign $2M /year

Z-Pinch IFEtarget fab.,

power planttechnologies

$2M /year

Z-Pinch IFEtargetdesign $5M /year

Z-Pinch IFEtarget fab.,power planttechnologies

$5M /year

Z-Pinch IFE CE $400k /year(SNL LDRD +)

Z-Pinch IFE Road Map


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Z-Pinch IFE Matrix of Possibilities(choose one from each category)

Z-Pinch Driver: ______________

Marx generator/ magnetic switching linear transformer driver

water line technology (RHEPP technology) (LTD technology)

RTL (Recyclable Transmission Line): _____

Flibe/electrical coating immiscible material

(e. g., low activation ferritic steel)

Target: _ double-pinch dynamic hohlraum fast ignition

Chamber: ____

dry-wall wetted-wall thick-liquid wall solid/voids(e. g., Flibe foam)


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Z-Pinch Driver


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0

50

100

150

200

0 0.5 1 1.5

Po

wer(TW)

Z

Time( s)

x rays~1.8 MJ

Marx

11.4 MJ

water

vacuum Electrical to x-ray energyConversion efficiency > 15%

Pulsed-power provides compact, efficienttime compression and power amplification


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0.001

0.01

0.1

1

10

1 10

Energy(MJ

/cm)

Current (MA)

Z-pinches offer the promise of a cost-effectiveenergy-rich source of x-rays for IFE

Supermite

Proto II

Saturn

Z

Ek = 3Lp 0

4I02

ZR

ZR will be within a factor of 2-3 in current(4-9 in energy) of a High Yield driver.

High Yield Facility


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(1 MA)

(10 MA)

( 60 MA)

( 90 MA)


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RTL

(Recyclable Transmission Line)


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Z-pinch power plant chamber uses an RTL (Recyclable TransmissionLine) to provide the standoff between the driver and the target

INSULATOR STACK(connects to driver)FLIBEJETS

10-20 TorrInert Gas

RTL

Z-PINCHTARGET

Yield and Rep-Rate: few GJ every 3-10 seconds per chamber (0.1 Hz - 0.3 Hz)

Thick liquid wall chamber: only one opening (at top) for driver; nominal pressure (10-20 Torr)

RTL entrance hole is only 1% of the chamber surface area (for R = 5 m, r = 1 m)

Flibe absorbs neutron energy, breeds tritium, shields structural wall from neutrons

Eliminates problems of final optic, pointing and tracking N beams, high speed target injection

Requires development of RTL


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RTL replacement requires only modestacceleration for IFE

L = 0.5 a t2 , or a ~ 1/t2 Acceleration is 104 less than forIFE target injection for ions or lasers

1

10

0.01 0.1 1 10

Length(m)

Time (s)

1,0

00

g

10

0g

10

g1

g

0.1

g

0.0

1gri

fleb

ull

et

C

ar(

0-

60

mph

in

10s

)

Pro

meth

eu

s-L

O

SIR

IS,

SOM

BR

ERO

,

Pro

meth

eu

s-H

IFE

targ

etin

jection

forio

ns

and

las

ers

IFE

RTL

repla

cem

ent

forrep-rate

dzp

inc

hes

10

4 g

(~ 10 Hz) (~ 0.1 Hz)


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Status of RTL Research

RTL electrical turn-on Saturn experiments at 10 MA (2000)

tin, Al, stainless-steel all show negligible losses

RTL low-mass and Saturn experiments at 10 MA (2001)

electrical conductivity 20 mylar; 50 , 100 , 250 steelRTL mass could be as low as 2 kg

RTL mass 50 kg has low resistive lossesRTL structural Calculations (U. Wisconsin) (2002)

full-scale RTL ( 50 kg) of 25 mill steel ok for 10-20 TorrRTL manufacturing Allowed RTL budget is a few $ for 3 GJ

Flibe casting ( $0.70/RTL)ferritic steel stamping ( $1.20-3.95/RTL)

Current RTL research

structural integrityshrapnel formation

RTL manufacturing/cost

vacuum connections

activation/waste stream analysis

shock disruption to fluid walls

foam Flibe


13/31

RTL FINITE ELEMENT MODEL constructed in ANSYSto perform structural analysis

R = 50 cm

r = 5 cm

L = 200 cm

25 mil steel

disc 10 cm lip

Fusion Technology Institute

University of Wisconsin, Madison

RTL Structural


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Targets


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Z-pinch-driven-hohlraums have similar topology tolaser-driven-hohlraums, but larger scale-size

Double ended hohlraum

Laser SourceCones

NIF Scale

5.5 mm10 mm

35 mmDynamic hohlraum

6 mm


17/31

The baseline DEH capsule yields 380 MJ withan ignition margin similar to a NIF capsule

Peak drive temperatureIn-flight aspect ratio

Implosion velocityConvergence ratioTotal RT growth factor

Peak densityTotal rr

Driver energyAbsorbed energy

YieldBurnup fraction

223 eV37

2.9 x 107 cm/s36420750 g/cm3

3.15 g/cm2

16 MJ1.12 MJ380 MJ31%

Capsule Performance Parameters

0.240 cm radius0.259 cm radius

0.218 cm radius

DT gas(0.3 mg/cm3)

solid DT

solid Be

J.H. Hammer, et al., Phys Plasmas6, 2129


18/31

Summary Double-ended hohlraum ICF status

Simulation codes and analytic modeling have been validated by measurementsof time-dependent z-pinch x-ray production, z-pinch hohlraum temperatures, andcapsule hohlraum temperatures

A reproducible, single power feed, double z-pinch radiation source with excellentpower balance has been developed for ICF capsule implosion studies

The Z-Beamlet Laser (ZBL) is routinely used as an x-ray backlighter at x-rayenergies up to 6.75 keV

Achieved capsule convergence ratios of 14-20

Capsule symmetry (P2 and P4) in double-pinch hohlraums on Z can besystematically controlled with demonstrated time-integrated symmetry of 3%

Optimum hohlraums on Z should produce time-integrated radiation symmetry of 1% for 5 mm diameter capsules and absorbed energies of 25 kJ

P4 shimming shots are scheduled in collaboration with LLNL and LBL HIFprogram


19/31

Double-Ended Hohlraum Concept Publications

0.0

2.0

4.0

6.0

8.0

10.0

0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

Radius(mm)

Cuneo, Vesey, Porter et al., Phys. Plas. 8, 2257 (2001)

Cuneo, Vesey, Hammer et al., Laser Particle Beams, 19, 481 (2001)

Hohlraum energetics

Foam ball radiation symmetry

Double pinch performance

Hanson, Vesey, Cuneo et al., Phys. Plas. 9, 2173 (2002)

Cuneo, Vesey, Porter et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 88, 215004 (2002)

Symmetric capsule implosions

Symmetry control

Bennett, Cuneo, Vesey et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 89, 245002 (2002)

Bennett, Vesey, Cuneo et al., Phys. Plasmas, 10, 3717 (2003)

Vesey, Cuneo, Bennett et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 90, 035005 (2003)

Vesey, Bennett, Cuneo et al., Phys. Plasmas 10, 1854 (2003)

Diagnostics

Sinars, Cuneo, Bennett et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum., 74, 2202 (2003)

Sinars, Bennett, Wenger, et al., Appl. Opt., 19, 4059, (2003)

Stygar, Ives, Fehl, Cuneo et al., accepted for publication in Phys. Rev. E

Cuneo, Chandler, Lebedev et al., in preparation for Phys. Plasmas

Waisman, Cuneo, Stygar et al., in preparation for Phys. Plasmas

Concept

Hammer, Tabak, Wilks, et. al., Phys. Plasmas, 6, 2129(1999)

Pinch physics


20/31

The initial dynamic hohlraum high yield integratedtarget design produces a 527 MJ yield at 54 MA

Peak drive temperatureIn-flight aspect ratio

Implosion velocityConvergence ratioDT KE @ ignition

Peak densityTotal rr

Driver energyAbsorbed energy

YieldBurnup fraction

350 eV48

3.3 x 107 cm/s2750%444 g/cm3

2.14 g/cm2

12 MJ2.3 MJ527 MJ34%

Capsule Performance Parameters

0.275 cm radius

0.249 cm radius

DT gas(0.5 mg/cm3)

0.253 cm radius

solid DT

solid Be

Be+3% Cu

J.S. Lash et al., Inertial Fusion Sciences & Apps 99, p583

0.225 cm radius


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Summary Dynamic Hohlraum ICF status

The primary radiation source is a thin radiating shock in the foam converter Shock timing and capsule implosions in good agreement with rad-MHD

modeling

Demonstrated >200 eV x-ray drive temperatures in dynamic hohlraums on Z

Imploded thin shell surrogate capsules absorbing 20-40 kJ of thermal x-rays(NIF-sized capsules)

Measured Te~1 keV, n

e~1x1023 from Ar K-shell spectra from imploded capsules

Measured 2.61.3x1010 thermonuclear D-D neutrons from ICF capsulesabsorbing >20 kJ

Symmetry measurements of capsule core x-rays made through thin walleddynamic hohlraums (a/b~0.6, CR~6)

Capsule x-ray emission history (PCDs) in good agreement with simulations

Capsule implosion time reproducible to 160 ps


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Dynamic Hohlraum Concept Publications

Concept V.P Smirnoff, et al., Plasma Phys. Controlled Fusion 33, 1697, (1991) M. K. Matzen, Phys. Plasmas 4, 1519 (1997) J.H. Brownell, et al., Phys Plasmas 5, 2071, (1998) D.L. Peterson, et al., Phys Plasma 6 (1999) J.S. Lash, et al., Proceedings of Inertial Fusion Sci. App. 1999, (Elsevier,

Paris 2000), Vol. I, p 583

Energetics T. W. L. Sanford, et al., Phys. Rev. Lett., 5511 (1999) T.J. Nash, et al, Phys Plasmas 6, 2023 (1999) R.J. Leeper, et al., Nucl. Fusion 39, 1283 (1999) J.J. MacFarlane, et al., Rev. Sci. Instrum. 70, No. 1, p.1, (1999) S. A. Slutz, et al., Phys. Plasmas 8, 1673 (2001) T. W. L. Sanford, et al., Phys. Plasmas 9, No. 8, p. 3573 (2002) T.J. Nash, et al., , Rev. Sci. Instrum. 74, 2211 (2003)

ICF capsule implosions and neutron production S. A. Slutz, et al., Phys Plasmas 10, No. 5, p. 1875 (2003) J.E. Bailey, et al., Physical Review Letters 89, No. 095004 (2002) 56

J.E. Bailey, et al., LANL preprint server, physics/0306039 ICF ignition scaling

T.A. Mehlhorn, et al., Plasma Phys Controlled Fusion to be published,2003


23/31

Code calculations and analytic scaling predict

z-pinch driver requirements for IFE DEMO

Double-PinchHohlraum

Dynamic Hohlraumcurrent /x-rays

Eabs / yield

2 x 62-68 MA

2 x (16-19) MJ

1.3 2.6 MJ

400 4000 MJ

54 95 MA

12-37 MJ

2.4 7.2 MJ

530 4400 MJ

J. Hammer, M. Tabak, R. Vesey, S. Slutz, J. De Groot

current /x-raysEabs / yield

Based on these results, an IFE target for DEMO will require:double-pinch hohlraum dynamic hohlraum

36 MJ of x-rays (2x66MA) 30 MJ of x-rays (86 MA)

3000 MJ yield 3000 MJ yield(G = 83) (G = 100)


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Chambers/Power Plant


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Z-Pinch IFE and Heavy Ion IFE use thick liquid wallsZ-Pinches use simple waterfalls with a pressure requirement of 10-20Torr

Major drivers: ______________________________________________Laser Heavy ion Z-pinch (KrF, DPSSL) (inductionlinac) (pulsed power)

GeV, kA MV, MA

Targets:_____________________________________ _______________ Direct-drive Indirect-drive Fast Igniter option(major driver + PW laser)

Chambers:__________________________________________________

Dry-wall Wetted-wall Thick-liquid wall Solid/voids

Thick liquid walls essentially alleviate the first wall problem,

and can lead to a faster development path


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Steel RTL Remanufacture Process

Rolling Mill

Vacuum Buffer (storage)

Cryogenic Buffer

Ingots Sheet

Stamping

Slag to Trace Metal Recoveryand Waste Management

Waste

Flux Agents

Scrap

To Waste Gas Treatment

Electric Arc

Furnace

Target Capsules

Flibe with Impurities

Flibe RecyleProcesses

Solids recoveredfrom Flibe

Formed RTL Halves

Waste

Purified Flibe

90,000 RTL

= 250 m 3

= 2000 tonnes

Waste

RTL remains


27/31

Z-IFE DEMO produces 1000 MWe

ZP-3 (the first study) used 12

chambers, each with 3 GJ at 0.1 Hz

Z-Pinch power plant studies: G. Rochau, et al. : ZP-3

J. De Groot, et al.: Z-Pinch Fast Ignition Power Plant

DEMO parameters:

yield/pulse: 3 GJdriver x-rays/pulse (86 MA) 30 MJ

energy recovery factor: 80%

thermal recovery/pulse: 2.4 GJ

time between pulses/chamber: 3 seconds

thermal power/unit 0.8 GWtthermal conversion efficiency 45 %

electrical output/unit 0.36 GWe

number of units 3

total plant power output 1.0 GWe

Major cost elements:LTD z-pinch drivers (3) $900 M

RTL factory $500 M

Target factory $350 M

Balance of Plant $900 M

Total Cost $2.65 G


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Z-Pinch IFE near-term plans


29/31

Z-IFE PoP is a set of four experiments (shown here)

plus IFE target studies plus IFE Power Plant studies

RTL experiments

issues: shape, inductance, mass, electrical/structural, manufacture, costpower flow: limits, optimal configuration, convolute locationchamber/interface issues: vacuum/electrical, debris removal, shielding

RTL experiment test on Z

Repetitive driver- LTD (Linear Transformer Driver) experiment

1 MA, 1 MV, 100 ns, 0.1 Hz driver design/construction/testingLTD is very compact (pioneered in Tomsk, Russia) no oil, no water

LTD technology is modular, scalable, easily rep-ratable

1 MA, 100 kV cell is being developed this year (SNL/Tomsk)

Shock mitigation scaled experiments

3 GJ yield is larger than conventional IFE yields of 0.4-0.7 GJcoolant streams, or solids/voids, may be placed as close to target as desired

shock experiments with explosives and water hydraulic flows

validate code capabilities for modeling full driver scale yields

Full RTL cycle @ 0.1 Hz experiment

integrated experiment (LTD, RTLs, z-pinch loads, 0.1 Hz)demonstrate RTL/z-pinch insertion, vacuum/electrical connections, firing of z-pinch,

removal of remnant, repeat of cycle

z-pinches have 5 kJ x-ray output per shot

$4M for Z-Pinch IFE for FY04 is in House-Senate Conference Agreement

Cost: $14M/year for 3-5 years, $5M for FY04 to start


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HEDP with Z


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High current pulsed power acceleratorsdrive many different load configurations

Z-pinch x-ray source

Hohlraum source(Planckian)

K-shell source(Non-Planckian)

ICF

-Ignition & high yield

- Inertial Fusion Energy

Weapon physics

Shock physics

Basic science

Radiation effects

Weapon effects

IFE chamber materials

Basic science

High Z Low to mid Z

High Current

Magnetic pressure

IsentropicCompression

Experiments (ICE)

Flyer Plates

Basic science

ICF/WP

IFE

ICE/Flyer PlatesRES

High Current Laser

craig olson- status of z-pinch fusion

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