CPU (CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT)

ESMA I ILŞ 2006514010

INTROdUCTION

W hat is the CP U? CP U components. CP U function Branching Instructions Clock pulses F ixed-P oint and F loating-P oint Numbers M easur ing CP U speed P rocessor brand \ manufacturers E ar ly computers The transistor The integareted circuit

WhAT IS ThE CPU?

• The Central P rocessing Unit (CP U) is the brain of the computer . W ithout the CP U, you have no computer .

CPU COMPONENTS

• Core • M ath Co-processor (A L U)• I nstruction sets / M icrocode • M ultimedia extensions • R egisters • F lags • P ipel ining • Cache

CPU fUNCTION

• A CP U is simi lar to a calculator , only much more powerful . The main function of the CP U is to per form ar i thmetic and logical operations on data tak en from memory or on information entered through some device, such as a k eyboard.

BRANChING INSTRUCTIONS

• These branches are ei ther unconditional or conditional . A n unconditional branch always jumps to a new, out of order instruction stream. A conditional branch tests the result of a previous operation to see i f the branch should be tak en.

CLOCk PULSES

• The CP U is dr iven by one or more repeti tive clock circui ts that send a constant stream of pulses throughout the CP U’s circui try.

fIxEd-POINT ANd fLOATING-POINT NUMBERS

• M ost CP Us handle two different k inds of numbers: fixed-point and floating-point numbers.

MEASURING CPU SPEEd

• The main measurement quoted by manufacturers as a supposed indication of processing speed, i s the clock speed of the chip measured in her tz.

PROCESSOR BRANd/ MANUfACTURERS

• A mer ican M icro D evices (A M D )

• I ntel • M otorola • Cyr ix

22,000,0001999-2000AMD K7 Athlon7th Generation

27,400,00018,900,0009,300,000

--28,000,000

1999Mobile Pentium IIMobile CeleronPentium IIIAMD K6-3Pentium III CuMine

Improved 6th Generation

5,500,0008,800,0007,500,0009,300,000

1995199719971998

Pentium ProAMD K6Pentium IIAMD K6-2

6th Generation

4,500,0006,000,0006,000,000

199719971998

Pentium MMXIBM/Cyrix 6x86MXIDT WinChip2 3D

Improved 5th Generation

3,100,000----

3,500,000

1993-95199619961997

PentiumCyrix 6x86AMD K5IDT WinChip C6

5th Generation

1,200,0001990-9280486SX, 80486DX, 80486DX2 and 80486DX44th Generation

275,0001987-8880386SX and 80386DX3rd Generation

134,0001984802862nd Generation

29,0001978-818086 and 80881st Generation

Number of TransistorsYearCPU'sPC

EARLy COMPUTERS

• I n the fi r st computers, CP Us were made of vacuum tubes and electr ic relays rather than microscopic transistors on computer chips

ThE TRANSISTOR

• A solution to the problems posed by vacuum tubes came in 1948, when A mer ican physicists J ohn B ardeen, W alter B rattain, and W il l iam Shock ley fi r st demonstrated a revolutionary new electronic switching and amplifying device cal led the transistors.

ThE INTEGRATEd CIRCUIT

• D evelopment of the computer chip star ted in 1958 when J ack K i lby of Texas I nstruments demonstrated that i t was possible to integrate the var ious components of a CP U onto a single piece of si l icon.

REfERENCES

•www.geocities.comcfleriintro.comwww.geocities.comcfleriintro.com•www.webinstituteforteachers.org~ dmooreIntroBasicWebDesigncpu.comwww.webinstituteforteachers.org~ dmooreIntroBasicWebDesigncpu.com•www.encarta.msn.comencyclopedia_761556091Central_Processing_unitwww.encarta.msn.comencyclopedia_761556091Central_Processing_unit•www.inetdaemon.comtutorialscomputershardwarecpuindex.comwww.inetdaemon.comtutorialscomputershardwarecpuindex.com•www.elektrotekno.comwww.elektrotekno.com•www.wikipedia.comwww.wikipedia.com•www.fotosearch.comwww.fotosearch.com•www.computerhope.comwww.computerhope.com•www.howstuffwork.comwww.howstuffwork.com