cps110: intro to processes landon cox. os complexity lines of code xp: 40 million linux 2.6: 6...

CPS110: Intro to processes

Landon Cox

OS Complexity Lines of code

XP: 40 million Linux 2.6: 6 million (mostly driver code)

Sources of complexity Multiple instruction streams (processes) Multiple interrupt sources (I/O, timers, faults)

How can we keep everything straight?

Dealing with complexity Program decomposition

Functions OO: Classes, types

int main () { cout << “input: ”; cin >> input; output = sqrt (input); output = pow (output,3); cout << output << endl;}

int main () { getInput (); computeResult (); printOutput ();}void getInput () { cout << “input: ”; cin >> input;}void computerResult () { output = sqrt (input); output = pow (output,3);}void printOutput () { cout << output << endl;}

Intro to processes Decompose activities into separate

tasks Allow them to run in parallel “Independently” (what does this mean?) “without dependencies” …

Key OS abstraction: processes Run independently of each other Don’t have to know about others

Intro to processes Remember, for any area of OS, ask

What interface does the hardware provide? What interface does the OS provide?

What is physical reality? Single computer (CPU + memory) Execute instructions from many programs

What does an application see? Each app thinks it has its own CPU + memory

Hardware, OS interfaces

Hardware

OSApplications

Memory CPU

CPU, Mem

Job 1CPU, Mem

Job 2CPU, Mem

Job 3

What is a process? Informal

A program in execution Running code + things it can read/write Process ≠ program

Formal ≥ 1 threads in their own address space (soon threads will share an address space)

Course administration Project 0 due soon (+), groups due today (+)

Post questions to the blackboard message board Once I have your group + you have your CS account,

you can submit Project 1 will be out next Wednesday

Will be due in about a month Discussion sections

F 2:50 – 4:05 Any other questions?

Parts of a process Thread

Sequence of executing instructions Active: does things

Address space Data the process uses as it runs Passive: acted upon by threads

Identity, security context, open resources, etc…

Play analogy Process is like a play

performance Program is like the play’s scriptThreads

Address space

What are the threads?

What is the address space?

What is in the address space?

Program code Instructions, also called “text”

Data segment Global variables, static variables Heap (where “new” memory comes from)

Stack Where local variables are stored

Review of the stack Each stack frame contains a

function’s Local variables Parameters Return address Saved values of calling function’s

registers The stack enables recursion

const1=1const2=0main

Example stack

tmp=1RA=0x804838cA

RA=0x8048361B

const=0RA=0x8048354C

tmp=0RA=0x8048347A

0xffffffff

0x0

Memoryvoid C () { A (0);}

void B () { C ();}

void A (int tmp){ if (tmp) B ();}

int main () { A (1); return 0;}

0x8048347

0x8048354

0x8048361

0x804838c

Code Stack

…

SP

SP

SP

SP

SP

const1=3const2=0main

The stack and recursion

bnd=3RA=0x804838cA

bnd=2RA=0x8048361A

bnd=1RA=0x8048361A

bnd=0RA=0x8048361A

0xfffffff

0x0

Memory

void A (int bnd){ if (bnd) A (bnd-1);}

int main () { A (3); return 0;}

0x8048361

0x804838c

Code Stack

…

SP

SP

SP

SP

SP

How can recursion go wrong?Can overflow the stack …Keep adding frame after frame

wrd[3]wrd[2]wrd[1]wrd[0]

const2=0

main

The stack and buffer overflows

b= 0x00234RA=0x804838ccap

0xfffffff

0x0

Memoryvoid cap (char* b){ for (int i=0; b[i]!=‘\0’; i++) b[i]+=32;}int main(char*arg) { char wrd[4]; strcpy(arg, wrd); cap (wrd); return 0;}

0x8048361

0x804838c

Code Stack

…SP

SP

0x00234What can go wrong?Can overflow wrd variable …Overwrite cap’s RA

What is missing? What process state isn’t in the

address space? Registers Program counter (PC) General purpose registers

Review 104 for more details

Multiple threads in an addr space

Several actors on a single set Sometimes they interact (speak,

dance) Sometimes they are apart

(different scenes)

Private vs global thread state

What state is private to each thread? PC (where actor is in his/her script) Stack, SP (actor’s mindset)

What state is shared? Global variables, heap (props on set) Code (like lines of a play)

Looking ahead: concurrency

Concurrency Having multiple threads active at one

time Thread is the unit of concurrency

Primary topics How threads cooperate on a single task How multiple threads can share the CPU

Subject of Project 1

Looking ahead: address spaces

Address space Unit of “state partitioning”

Primary topics Many addr spaces sharing physical

memory Efficiency Safety (protection)

Subject of Project 2

Thread independence Ideal decomposition of tasks:

Tasks are completely independent Remember our earlier definition of independence

Is such a pure abstraction really feasible? Word saves a pdf, starts acroread, which reads the

pdf? Running mp3 player, while compiling 110 project?

Sharing creates dependencies Software resource (file, address space) Hardware resource (CPU, monitor, keyboard)

True thread independence

What would pure independence actually look like? (system with no shared software, hardware resources)

Multiple computer systems Each running non-interacting programs Technically still share the power grid …

“Pure” independence is infeasible Tension between software dependencies,“features”

Key question: is the thread abstraction still useful? Easier to have one thread with multiple responsibilities?

Consider a web server One processor (say) Multiple disks Tasks

Receives multiple, simultaneous requests

Reads web pages from disk Returns on-disk files to requester

Web server (single thread)

Option 1: could handle requests serially

Easy to program, but painfully slow (why?)

Client 1 Client 2WSR1 arrivesReceive R1

R2 arrivesDisk request 1a

1a completesR1 completesReceive R2

Web server (event-driven) Option 2: use asynchronous I/O Fast, but hard to program (why?)

Client 1 DiskWSR1 arrivesReceive R1

Disk request 1a

1a completes

R1 completes

Receive R2

Client 2

R2 arrives

Finish 1a

Start 1a

Web server (multi-threaded)

Option 3: assign one thread per request

Where is each request’s state stored?

Client 1 Client 2WS1

R1 arrivesReceive R1

R2 arrivesDisk request 1a

1a completesR1 completes

Receive R2

WS2

Threads are useful It cannot provide total independence

But it is still a useful abstraction! Threads make concurrent programming easier

Thread system manages sharing the CPU (unlike in event-driven case)

Apps can encapsulate task state w/i a thread (e.g. web request state)

Where are threads used? When a resource is slow, don’t want to wait on

it Windowing system

One thread per window, waiting for window input What is slow?

Human input, mouse, keyboard Network file/web/DB server

One thread per incoming request What is slow?

Network, disk, remote user (e.g. ATM bank customer)

Where are threads used? When a resource is slow, don’t want to wait on

it Operating system kernel

One thread waits for keyboard input One thread waits for mouse input One thread writes to the display One thread writes to the printer One thread receives data from the network card One thread per disk … Just about everything except the CPU is slow

Cooperating threads Assume each thread has its own CPU

We will relax this assumption later

CPUs run at unpredictable speeds Source of non-determinism

Memory

CPUThread A

CPUThread B

CPUThread C

Non-determinism and ordering

Time

Thread A

Thread B

Thread C

Global orderingWhy do we care about the global ordering? Might have dependencies between events Different orderings can produce different resultsWhy is this ordering unpredictable? Can’t predict how fast processors will run

Non-determinism example 1

Thread A: cout << “ABC”; Thread B: cout << “123”; Possible outputs?

“A1BC23”, “ABC123”, … Impossible outputs? Why?

“321CBA”, “B12C3A”, … What is shared between threads?

Screen, maybe the output buffer


y=10; Thread A: int x = y+1; Thread B: y = y*2; Possible results?

A goes first: x = 11 and y = 20 B goes first: y = 20 and x = 21

What is shared between threads? Variable y


x=0; Thread A: x = 1; Thread B: x = 2; Possible results?

B goes first: x = 1 A goes first: x = 2

Is x = 3 possible?

Example 3, continued What if “x = <int>;” is implemented as

x := x & 0 x := x | <int>

Consider this schedule Thread A: x := x & 0 Thread B: x := x & 0 Thread B: x := x | 1 Thread A: x := x | 2

Atomic operations Must know what operations are atomic

before we can reason about cooperation Atomic

Indivisible Happens without interruption

Between start and end of atomic action No events from other threads can occur

Review of examples Print example (ABC, 123)

What did we assume was atomic? What if “print” is atomic? What if printing a char was not

atomic? Arithmetic example (x=y+1, y=y*2)

What did we assume was atomic?

Atomicity in practice On most machines

Memory assignment/reference is atomic E.g.: a=1, a=b

Many other instructions are not atomic E.g.: double-precision floating point store (often involves two memory operations)

Virtual/physical interfaces

Hardware

OSApplications

If you don’t have atomic operations, you can’t make one.

Another example Two threads (A and B)

A tries to increment i B tries to decrement i

Thread A: i = o; while (i < 10){ i++; } print “A done.”

Thread B: i = o; while (i > -10){ i--; } print “B done.”

Example continued Who wins? Does someone have to win?



Example continued Will it go on forever if both threads

Start at about the same time And execute at exactly the same speed? Yes, if each C statement is atomic.



Example continued What if i++/i-- are not atomic?

tmp := i+1 i := tmp (tmp is private to A and B)

Example continued Non-atomic i++/i--

If A starts ½ statement ahead, B can win How?

Thread A: tmpA := i + 1 // tmpA == 1Thread B: tmpB := i - 1 // tmpB == -1Thread A: i := tmpA // i == 1Thread B: i := tmpB // i == -1

Example continued Non-atomic i++/i--

If A starts ½ statement ahead, B can win How? Do you need to worry about this?

Yes!!! No matter how unlikely

Debugging non-determinism

Requires worst-case reasoning Eliminate all ways for program to break

Debugging is hard Can’t test all possible interleavings Bugs may only happen sometimes

Heisenbug Re-running program may make the bug

disappear Doesn’t mean it isn’t still there!

Constraining concurrency Synchronization

Controlling thread interleavings Some events are independent

No shared state Relative order of these events don’t matter

Other events are dependent Output of one can be input to another Their order can affect program results

Goals of synchronization1. All interleavings must give correct result

Correct concurrent program Works no matter how fast threads run

Important for your projects!2. Constrain program as little as possible

Why? Constraints slow program down Constraints create complexity

Conclusion Next class: more cooperation

“How do actors interact on stage?” After next week

Should be able to start Project 1 Review C++/STL this weekend Remember to send me your

groups!

cps110: intro to processes landon cox. os complexity lines of code xp: 40 million linux 2.6: 6...

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