cpa models asgnment 3

8/2/2019 CPA Models Asgnment 3

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Models of Comparative Public

Administration

USES OF MODELS:Models are used in studying public administration due to the following

reasons:

1. To study the social cultural political and economic factors that influence

comparative studies.

2. By using the concepts of models we characterized public administration as a

series of actions or behaviors that involved in meeting the changing

environmental demands.

3. To conceptualize administrative activity in a systematic way with particularattention to the goal of political system.

4. To deal implicitly or explicitly for effective operation of administrative system.

5. These are presented in such a way as to employ their general relevance for the

study of public administration.

From the above characteristics, it is clear the use of models is to organize information

and facts that constitute the entire study. Models are replacing our frame word of the

study up to some extents models are universal framework of analysis of similar

problems under study.

Now let’s study, the different models:

1. Weber’s Bureaucratic Model:

Max Weber’s model is the most popular model which suites for the ideal type

of bureaucracy, capable of attaining the highest degree of efficiency and most

rational form of administration his ideas are based on legal rational authorities

because of its technical superiority over others. He had integrated bureaucracy

into a larger scheme of the three ideal types of authority. It is legal in sense i.e.

it is based on style of authority, which is legitimated through legal processes. Itis rational in sense because it is controlled on the basis of knowledge. He was

firmly committed to the parliamentary democracy and was a supporter of

strong leadership. He expected the leaders to protect the mass against its own

irrationality and the individual against mob psychology.



Some characteristics of his model

1. Written rules and regulations should be there to control and fixed the

official jurisdictions

2. There should be a clear division of labor with authority and responsibility,

clearly designated, maximizing specializing and expertise.

3. The arrangement of positions in hierarchy of authority.

4. Officials should be appointed on the basis of qualification.

5. Work should be viewed as a vocation and full time occupation.

6. There should be uniformity and impersonality regardless of persons.

Criticism:

Highly developed model.

Broadly applicable conceptual scheme.

Provides clear and precise guidelines.

Such ideal type can never exist at all.

Doesn’t explain dynamic empirical situation.

It abandons moral arguments of legitimacy entirely.

Weber defined his rational form of administration with the term bureaucracy.

Humans can't be rational perfectly.

Traditional values are not rational.

Market operates on choices, one can’t choose rationally because when we

choose we don’t know what is it and if it can be cheapest with lowest prices.

Model was based on capitalist society so other economic systems are totally

ignored. It can’t be applied to economies based on other economic system.

2. Down’s Model:



Anthony Downs explained the life cycle of bureaus by specifying the four ways

in which bureaus are created. He refers to the routinisation of charisma as one

of the type of bureau_ genesis. According to him

1. Bureaucracy is the result of common consequences if routinisation of

charisma.

2. Creation of bureaucracy is by social groups for the performance of specific

functions.

3. Bureaus is due to the splitting of the existing ones

4. Bureaus are a result of entrepreneurship of few zealots.

Dawn’s model’s central hypothesis is that bureaucrats are motivated by self

interest. He emphasized on the importance of career interests as determinantsof administrative process. He states in his theory of law of counter control,

”The greater the effort made by top level official top control the behavior of

subordinate officials, the greater the efforts made by those subordinates to

evade or counter act such control

Criticism:

Useful in comparing the origin of civil bureaucracies.

Useful in comparison of employees’ behavior.

3.Rigg’s Ecological Model:

Riggs developed a model which can be used in cross cultural analysis. He was

primarily concerned with conceptualizing on the interaction between

administrative system and the environment. His main focus was developing

institutional societies. He was most prominent model builder by developing

prismatic sala model. He also gave a series of overlapping and inter related

models extending Sutton’s two ideal models of Agraria and Industria to

illustrate the relationship between societal structures and whole cultures. He

set forth his major model in a lengthy way entitled Agraria and Industria

towards a typology of public administration. He argued that the system like

Agraria and Industria could be constructed at various transitional stages

between the two with similar categories illustrating the interdependence of

Administrative Systems and societies. His imperial research was mainly in

south Asia after examining various societies, he observed that in some

societies the political structure fulfill only one function, whereas in other

societies political structures fulfill several functions. He argues that we can



imagine a purely hypothetical society in which single structure would perform

all the functions necessary for the survival. “Let us call it a fuse model as well

as a white light fused.” According to him there are three types of societies:

a. The fused society:

Here there is no specialization of rules.

b. Refractive Society:

Here is a high level of structural differentiation.

c. The Prismatic Society:

In prismatic society, there is a high degree of formalism, discrepancies

between norms and realties, overlapping and heterogeneity exists. In such

societies there is a big gap that exists between the formally prescribed

norms and effectively practiced actions.

Criticism :

Valuable in understanding the pathology of public administration as may be

useful for diagnosis of administrative malfunctions.

It focuses/ applicable on all types of societies/economies- highly developed.

Lacks dynamic qualities- he has not analyzed the process of refraction from a

development perspective.

Didn’t work out implications fully on public administration.

Too broad and abstract. Cultural factors like economic, social and political are

difficult to follow.

Ignores certain variables. Unique circumstances of each country have profound

effects on administrative behavior.

The primary focus is social factors. Many other important factors are ignored.

Established unique vocabulary (Jargons) that has no application to other

models.

He views transition process of non-western societies keeping in view the

transition process of western societies which is improper and dangerous.

4. Dorsey’s Information Energy model:



Dorsey’s present the equilibrium theory of model building depending upon the

inputs and outputs as the basis of analysis. He argued that it is useful in the

analysis of social and political system in general as well as for a better

understanding of administrative system. His model is generally known as

information energy-model. His model is based on the synthesis of concepts of

general system theory of communication and cybernetics and of energy andenergy conversion. His model conceptualizes individuals, groups, organizations

and societies as complete information, energy converter. As we know energy is

the ability to effect some change in form, time of space in physical relationships,

i.e. to do some work and energy conversion is conversely is the manifestation of

this capacity or the process of effecting such changes. So information can be

viewed as energy in certain forms of configurations.

A system converts input such as demands and intelligent through various

conversion processes of screening, selecting and channelizing into outputs so high

levels of information of input storage and processing permits a high energy

output. An administrative system produces output in various forms such asregulation of services for subsystems and systems forming parts of its

environment.

He presented some general hypothesis which help to explain the administrative

problems of developing countries. In terms of non availability of surplus

information and energy, his basic hypothesis is that,

“A society’s degree of development is a measure of information and energy

surplus.”

Criticism:

This model has complex variables

This model is problematic in operations so scholars haven’t used it.

It failed in explaining the bureaucratic changes.

5. The Developmental Model: The developmental model is based on the idea that which has its origin in the

desire of wealthier countries to aid poorer countries and more especially in the

obvious needs of the newly emerging national states to transform their colonial

bureaucracies into more responsible instruments of social change

Developmental administration is totally different from administrative

development. Developmental administration is related to goal oriented



administrative system. As per Edward Wander, The concept of development

administration refers to the process of guiding an organization towards the

achievement of progressive political, economic and social objectives that are

authoritatively determined in one manner or another.

The concept of development administration has two important

dimensions

1. It is concerned with the process through which a public administrative

system directs socio-economic and political change in society.

2. It studies the dynamics of change within the administrative system. The

system enhances its capability to with stand undesirable change coming

from the environment and to direct desired change.

So development administration has come to mean the study and practice of

induced socio-economic change in the developing countries. The image is

transformational, directive and cross cultural.

In the field of development administration two swings came in perspectives

have occurred during the last three decades.

1. Pragmatic values and goal orientation

2. Social and economical orientation.

Criticism:

Cross cultural study is possible by help of this model.

Socio-economic change in the developing countries could be studied and

practiced.

cpa models asgnment 3

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