cp antepartum hemorrhage - dr. roni
DESCRIPTION
CP Antepartum Hemorrhage - Dr. RoniTRANSCRIPT
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ANTEPARTUM HEMORRHAGE
Yenny Saputra0710006
Preceptor :dr. Roni Rowawi, SpOG (K)
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CASE 1
A 40-year-old woman, 29 weeks pregnant, presented to the emergency room with painless vaginal bleeding . This is the patient's fourth pregnancy (G4 P3), and three prior births were by cesarean section.
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WHAT’S THE DIAGNOSIS??
Placenta previa
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WHAT’S THE PRESENTATION FOR PLACENTA PREVIA?? Sudden, painless, and profuse vaginal
bleeding in pregnancy during the second/third trimester (usually after 28 weeks)Thought to occur from placental
detachment due to thinning of lower uterine segment in preparation for labor and/or during labor
Often bright red blood First bleed
Usually not significant to cause homodynamic instability or threaten fetus
Rarely maternal death
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HOW MANY TYPES OF PP ARE THERE??
ClassificationComplete: Placenta completely
covers the osPartial: Placenta partially covers the
osMarginal: Placenta edge lies within
2 cm of the osLow lying: Placenta edge lies 2 to
3.5 cm from the os
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PLACENTA PREVIA
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WHAT’S THE RISK FACTORS OF PLACENTA PREVIA IN THIS CASE?
Multiparity Increased maternal agePrevious cesarean delivery
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WHAT ARE THE WORKUP YOU WOULD SUGGEST?? Evaluation
History and Physical Never do digital exam without knowing
placental placement! Could cause life-threatening hemorrhage
Most common imaging study used for diagnosis is ultrasound (ultrasonography)Most useful and inexpensiveTransvaginal provides almost 100% accuracy in
identification, transabdominal 95% Sterile speculum exam can be done to
evaluate for ruptured membrane
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ULTRASOUND Imaging method that uses high-frequency sound
waves to produce precise images of structures Cyclic sound pressure that is greater then the
upper limit of human hearing (~20 kilohertz) Images shown as thin flat sections of the body
Advancements include 3-D images and 4-D images with motion
Does not use ionizing radiation (x-ray) Main imaging study used throughout
pregnancy Little risk to mother or fetus
Doppler ultrasound is a special ultrasound technique that evaluates blood as it flows through a vessel
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CAN YOU SEE THE PLACENTA PREVIA?
placenta cervix
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DIAGNOSIS
More examples…
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DIAGNOSIS
And more…
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DIAGNOSIS
T2
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MANAGEMENT FOR PLACENTA PREVIA???
Women with significant vaginal bleeding are hospitalized for evaluation
Bleeding will usually resolve, but may return with the onset of labormaternal/fetal status unstable → delivery by c-
sectionMaternal/fetal status stable → expected management
Cesarean is the method of delivery for placenta previa This decision is not made until after 36 weeks because
often the placenta will migrate
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MANAGEMENT
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CASE 2
30-year-old woman, gravida 3, para 2 presented at 32 weeks' gestation with a history of dull aching pain in the abdomen radiating to her back. There was no history suggestive of tightening. There was no history of vaginal bleeding. Fetal movements were normal. Patient has a history of cocaine abuse.
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WHAT’S THE DIAGNOSIS??
Placental Abruption (Abruptio placentae )
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THE DEFINITION OF ABRUPTIO PLACENTAE
Placental Abruption is the separation of the placenta from the uterine wall before delivery
HOW MANY TYPES??Marginal separation Partial separationComplete separation with concealed hemorrhage
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THE CLASSIFICATION OF ABRUPTIO PLACENTAE
Class 0 is asymptomatic Diagnosis is made retrospectively by finding an organized blood clot or a depressed area on a delivered placenta
Class 1 is mild (48% cases)No vaginal bleeding to mild vaginal bleeding
Class 2 is moderate (27% cases)No vaginal bleeding to moderate vaginal bleeding
Class 3 is severe (24% cases)No vaginal bleeding to heavy vaginal bleeding
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PLACENTAL ABRUPTION
Visible bleeding Concealed bleeding
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RISK FACTORS OF ABRUPTION Chronic
hypertension Multiparity Preeclampsia Advanced
maternal age Previous
abruption Short umbilical
cord Sudden
decompression of an overdistended uterus
Thrombophilias Tobacco, cocaine, or
methamphetamine use
Trauma: blunt abdominal or sudden deceleration
Unexplained elevated maternal alpha fetoprotein level
Uterine fibroids
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PRESENTATION OF ABRUPTIO PLACENTAE
Women often present with the following:Painful vaginal bleeding
Bleeding may not be visibleAbdominal or back pain and uterine
tenderness Fetal distress
Non-reassuring fetal heart rateAbnormal uterine contractions
( hypertonic, high frequency) Idiopathic premature laborFetal death
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DIAGNOSIS
Can you see the abruption?
Abruption
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DIAGNOSIS
More examples….
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DIAGNOSIS
And more….
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DIAGNOSIS
MRI – abruption with incidental previa
T2 T1
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MANAGEMENTIf fetus is mature, homodynamic
stabilization is warranted with prompt delivery
If fetus is premature, may observe with close monitoring as long as no fetal/maternal distressCareful monitoring for uteroplacental
insufficiency is essentialMust rule out coagulopathy - Check PT/PTT,
platelet, fibrinogen, fibrin split productsDIC can occur as a result of abruption
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CONCLUSION PREVIA VS ABRUPTION
CharacteristicCharacteristic Previa Previa AbruptionAbruption
Amt. Blood lossAmt. Blood loss VariableVariable VariableVariable
DurationDuration Usu. 1-2 hrs.Usu. 1-2 hrs. Usu. ContinuousUsu. Continuous
Abdominal pain Abdominal pain NoneNone Usu. PresentUsu. Present
FHR PatternFHR Pattern NormalNormal Often AbnormalOften Abnormal
Coag. DefectsCoag. Defects RareRare DIC possible, but DIC possible, but infrequentinfrequent
Assoc. historyAssoc. history NoneNone See risk factorsSee risk factors
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REFERENCE
Fontaine P, Leeman L, Sakornbut E. Late Pregnancy Bleeding. American Family Physician 2005;75:8
Bleeding During Pregnancy. The American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologist; http://www.acog.org/
Blueprints Obstetric and Gynecology, 4th edition, Lippincott Williams and Wilkins
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of South Carolina (Mark Wild,MD)
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