COWBOYPANTHEON

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JING ZHANGM.ARCH

TEXAS A&M UNIVERSITYCHAIR: MARCEL ERMINY

CO-CHAIR: PETER T.LANGMEMBER: CAROL J.LAFAYETTE

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B y 1 8 4 9 " c o w b o y " h a d d e v e l o p e d i t s m o d e r n sense as an adult cattle handler of the American Weset. Variations on the word "cowboy" appeared later. "Cowhand" appeared in 1852, and "cowpoke" in 1881, originally restricted to the indiv iduals who prodded cattle with long poles to load them onto railroad cars for shipping. " C o w b o y " i s a t e r m common throughout the west and particularly in the Great Plains and Rocky Mountains, "Buckaroo" is used primarily in the Great Basin and California, and "cowpuncher" mostly in Texas and sur rounding states.

1849

In 1598, Don Juan de Onate sent an expedition across the Rio Grande River into N e w M e x i c o, b r i n g i n g along 7000 head of cattle. F r o m t h i s b e g i n i n g , v a q u e r o s o f m e s t i z o h e r i t a g e d r o v e c a t t l e f r o m N e w M e x i c o a n d later Texas to Mexico City. Mexican traditions spread both South and Nor th, inf luencing equestr ian traditions from Argentina to Canada.

1598

G e n e r a l B e r n a r d o d e Gálvez was fighting the Brit ish along the Texas coast and needed supplies to feed his Army. So he s e n t Fr a n c i s c o G a r c i a with a message for Texas Governor Domingo Cabello authorizing a round up and cattle drive.

1779"Cowboy" appeared in the English language.

1725In 1858, the firm of Russell, M a j o r s a n d W a d d e l l utilized about 40,000 oxen. Longhorns were trained by the thousands for work oxen. Herds of longhorns were driven to Chicago, and at least one herd was driven all the way to New York.

1858Texans drove cattle into the Confederacy for the use of the Confederate Army. In October, 1862 a Union naval patrol on the southern Mississippi River captured 1,500 head of Longhorns which had been destined for Confederate military posts in Louisiana. The permanent loss of the main catt le supply after 1863 was a serious blow to the Confederate Army.

1863

Philip Danforth Armour opened a meat packing plant in Chicago known as Armour and Company, and with the expansion of the meat packing industry, the demand for beef increased significantly.

The first large scale effort to drive cattle from Texas to the nearest railhead for shipment to Chicago. The other data showed that cowboys drove 260,000 head from Texas to Kansans, Missouri, and Iowa.By 1866, cattle could be sold to northern markets for as much as $40 per head, making it potentially p r o f i t a b l e f o r c a t t l e , particularly from Texas, to be herded long distances to market.

1866

Jesse Chisholm died of food poisoning in March 4th, 1868. Even though t h e C h i s h o l m T r a i l i s known for its use during the cattle drive era, Jesse wasn’t a cattleman, but a frontier trader. He had a g r e a t k n o w l e d g e o f the southwest that was valuable in trailblazing.

Cattle herd and cowboy, circa 1902.

1902

Red River is a 1948 Western film directed by Howard Hawks, giving a fictional account of the first cattle drive from Texas to Kansas along the Chisholm Trail. The movie starred John Wayne and Montgomery C l i f t . L i k e m a n y s u c h films, Red River tended to exaggerate the dangers and disasters of cattle driving.

At 10 years of age, H.P. Cook was truly a "cow-boy" when he took his first trail drive north from Texas to Kansas -- and it was as a working cowboy, at that. He told his story at age 76 to Charles R. Fuller as part of the Federal Writers' Project, 1936-1940. The entire interview can be found at the Library of Congress.

1936-1940"Goodnight-Loving Trail" - a song by country artist U t a h P h i l l i p s i n 1 9 9 7 Album "The Telling Takes M e H o m e ," o n P h i l o records.

1997

"On the Goodnight Trail, on the Loving Trail, Our Old Woman's lonesome tonight. Your French harp blows like the low bawling calf. It's a wonder the wind don't tear off your skin. Get in there and blow out the light."

T h e A m e r i c a n Revolutionary War - The first organized cattle drive in Texas was a result of the American Revolution.

1775-1783

The California Gold Rush - The gold boom in California in the 1850s created a demand for beef and provided people with the cash to pay for it. Thus, though most catt le were obtained locally or from Mexico, very long drives were attempted.

1848-1855

American Civil War - With the a r r i va l o f ra i l ro a d s a n d a n increased demand for beef in the wake of the American Civil War, older traditions combined with the need to drive cattle from the ranches where they were raised to the nearest realheads, often hundreds of miles away.

1861-1865

C a t t l e d r i v e s w e r e a m a j o r economic activity in the American w e s t , p a r t i c u l a r l y between 1866 and 1886, when 20 mi l l ion catt le were herded from Texas to railheads in Kansas for shipments to stockyards in Chicago and points east. The long distances covered, the need for periodic rests by r i d e r s a n d a n i m a l s , and the establ ishment of ra i lheads led to the d e v e l o p m e n t o f " c o w towns" across the American West. Because of extensive treatment of cattle drives in f ic t ion and f i lm, the c o w b o y b e c a m e t h e worldwide iconic image of the American. Cattle drives still occur in the American west and in Australia.

1866-1886

B e g i n n i n g i n t h e 1 9 2 0 s a n d continuing to the p r e s e n t d a y , W e s t e r n movies popularized the c o w b o y l i f e s t y l e b u t a lso formed pers istent stereotypes, both positive a n d n e g at i ve. I n s o m e cases, the cowboy and the violent gunslinger are often associated with one another.

T h e c o w b o y h a s d e e p historic roots t r a c i n g b a c k to Spain and the earliest European settlers o f t h e Am e r i c a s . O ve r the centuries, differences in terrain, c l imate and the influence of cattle-handling traditions from multiple cultures created several distinct styles of equipment, clothing and animal handling.

1920-

T h e f i r s t E u r o p e a n explorers to discover the canyon were members of the Coronado expedition, who visited the canyon in 1541. Apache Indians lived in Palo Duro at the time, but they were later displaced by Comanche and Kiowa tribes, who had the advantage of owning horses brought over by the Spanish . They had contact with traders in nearby New Mexico, called Comancheros.

1541

T h e l a n d r e m a i n e d u n d e r American Indian control until a military expedition led by Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie was sent in 1874 to remove the Indians to reservations in Oklahoma.

1874

The Battle of Palo Duro Canyon. Many of the Indians fled leaving behind their possessions and headed for the open plains. Few warriors remained sniping at the soldiers but by nightfall, the canyon belonged to Mackenzie and the villages were destroyed.

1875

Charles Goodnight established the JA R anch in Palo Duro Canyon. Over the next half century, the canyon remained in private hands, but was an increasingly popular tourist spot for local residents.

1876

Civilian Conservation Corps (CCC) began to build roads, cabins and trails in Palo Duro Canyon.

1930

Park opened July 4,1934. The upper section of the canyon was purchased by the State of Texas and turned into the Palo Duro Canyon State Park.

1934

COWBOY HISTORY & PALO DURO CANYON HISTORY TIMELINE

COWBOY HISTORY

PALO DURO CANYON HISTORY

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