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Contemporary Engineering Sciences, Vol. 11, 2018, no. 84, 4147 - 4158
HIKARI Ltd, www.m-hikari.com
https://doi.org/10.12988/ces.2018.87334
Coverage Evaluation for Recreational and Cultural
Facilities through Accessibility in Pitalito,
Colombia
Diego A. Escobar and Jorge A. Montoya
Universidad Nacional de Colombia – Sede Manizales,
Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Departamento de Ingeniería
Civil. Cra 27 # 64-60, Manizales 170004, Colombia
Jorge A. Galindo
Universidad Nacional de Colombia – Sede Manizales
Facultad de Ingeniería y Arquitectura, Escuela de Arquitectura y Urbanismo
Cra 27 # 64-60, Manizales 170004, Colombia
Copyright © 2018 Diego A. Escobar, Jorge A. Montoya and Jorge A. Galindo. This article is
distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use,
distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Abstract
The promotion and development of cultural and recreational activities, facilitates
the integral formation of youth and society in general, indirectly guaranteeing the
reduction of health problems, citizen behavior, security, among others. For this
reason, it is proposed to perform the coverage evaluation through accessibility of
the set of cultural and recreational facilities in the municipality of Pitalito, Huila, in
order to promote their use and growth, and activities for the population
development. The research methodology addressed considers the use of digital
elements (software), in order to perform more accurate calculations and easy
interpretation from geostatistical models.
Keywords: Accessibility, recreation, culture, coverage, geostatistics
1. Introduction
The cultural and recreational elements, as nodes of primary activity [6], facilitate
4148 Diego A. Escobar et al.
the growth and integral development of the citizen, compromising values and
primordial strategies for the strengthening of a society. For this reason, it is essential
to ensure optimal distribution and accessibility of equipment throughout a
municipality, guaranteeing access to each population center without risk of social
exclusion. Taking this into account, it is proposed to evaluate the condition of
accessibility to cultural and recreational facilities of the municipality of Pitalito,
Huila, in order to determine the impact on the population and leave precedents in
the future formulation of new strategies for their empowerment. The municipality
of Pitalito is located towards the Colombian south western region, in the vicinity of
the department of Huila; on the point of origin of the central and eastern mountain
ranges with geographic coordinates 1 ° 51'14 "N - 76 ° 03'05" O [1] (figure 1). It
has an estimated population of 133 205 inhabitants at 2018 [5] on a total area of
666 km2, as well as an average temperature and altitude of 19 ° C and 1318 m.a.s.l
respectively [1]. Within the different cultural and recreational activities of the
municipality, flaws in both sectors are perceived, not achieving an identity of
artistic production, in addition to focusing the activities on competitive and
formative matters and not on the promotion of physical activity [2].
Figure 1. Geographic location of the municipality of Pitalito.
Some cultural activities that take place within the municipality: Andean Music
Festival, Integration Beauty Contest, Dance Departmental Encounter, Laboyano
Cultural Festival, Traditional Music Encounter. In recreation and sports there is a
great variety of sports, however, there is strong encouragement for the incorporation
of citizenship in sports such as football and indoor football, mainly, which cover
more than 40% of the total users of the registered disciplines [2]. Among the
different competitions and recreational and sports activities are: Intercollegiate
Games, Communal Games, Special Olympics, among others. It is then necessary,
taking into account the above, to carry out an objective evaluation of the condition
Coverage evaluation for recreational and cultural facilities 4149
of the recreational and cultural facilities of the municipality; however, there is a
need to address the issue of accessibility before carrying out the study, in order to
guarantee a correct interpretation of results and the formulation of new
interventions.
Accessibility as such, links the ease of movement of users to an activity or point of
interest, taking as reference the different centers of activity or services offered by
the city, in addition to the possible modes of transport to be used [17]. Currently
there are many definitions of the term [10, 14, 21], however, all start with the same
basis established by Hansen in 1959 "The potential of opportunities for interaction"
[8]. Some variations of accessibility make it possible to carry out studies depending
on each requirement, within these measures there are relative accessibility,
comprehensive accessibility, global average accessibility [7, 9, 21]; for our case
study we will focus on the comprehensive average accessibility which relates the
ease of movement from the different nodes of the network to a specific one. Some
applications of accessibility from various existing fields of science: sustainable
development [6, 12], public transport [18, 19], sustainability [4, 6], demography
[11], social cohesion and exclusion [3, 13], among others.
2 Methodology
The elements and sequences used in the present investigation consider the
fundamental characteristics for the preparation of the evaluation through
accessibility, based on the collection of information and as a final element the
coverage evaluation. Figure 2 shows the developed methodological sequence.
Figure 2. Methodological sequence addressed.
2.1 Collection and decantation of information
As a fundamental pillar for the preparation of the research, the collection of existing
information in the physical and virtual databases related to recreation, culture and
4150 Diego A. Escobar et al.
infrastructure of the municipality of Pitalito is made, after which a decanting of the
obtained information is done with the intention of avoiding the use of incorrect data
for the investigation.
2.2 Structuring of the road network and georeferencing of cultural and
recreational facilities in 2015
Once the required data has been decanted, the road network of the municipality is
structured, starting from the base established for 2015, in which the different
physical and operational components are considered [15]; likewise, existing
recreational and cultural facilities are incorporated, taking into account the spatial
coordinates of each one of them (figure 3).
Figure 3. Road network and equipment set for 2015.
Within the georreferenced facilities are: Coliseum of Fairs, Sports Covered
Coliseum, Manzanares Recreational Park, Sports Fields, La Pradera Social Hall and
the Olympic Village. It is important to keep in mind that through digitalization, road
networks are broken down into 2 characteristic elements for the correct
interpretation of information (see Figure 4) [15]; nodes: Points representative of
intersections or road ends; and arcs: Representative line for the road segments.
2.3 Accessibility and coverage calculation for the 2015 structure.
After building the road network and incorporating the facilities, the accessibility
and coverage evaluation is made, where the elements of the ArcMap tool are
included under conditional circumstances necessary for the evaluation. Each
conditional fulfills a specific function within the extension Network Analyst - New
Closets Facilities. [16]. Facility; Node on the road network to which a trip is
intended; Incident: Node on the road network from which a trip is intended; and
Rute: Set of links on which the trip is made.
Coverage evaluation for recreational and cultural facilities 4151
Figure 4. Decomposition of the road network in its essential elements.
After incorporating the elements to the tool, the calculation code is executed with
which the travel time vector is obtained, where the displacement cost values from
an incident to one of the facilities are stored. Within this calculation code is the
Dijkstra algorithm, which evaluates the possible paths for the completion of the
trip, selecting the lowest cost route [20, 22]. Subsequently, the geospatial
coordinates of each facility are linked to which the trip is made and thus enter a new
extension, Geostatical Wizard, with which the accessibility curves are constructed.
Finally, the information obtained from accessibility is crossed with the
sociodemographic composition of the municipality through polygon, and by means
of Microsoft Excel, construct the respective coverage graphs.
2.4 Formulation and execution of analysis for the year 2031
Once the calculations have been made and the necessary results have been obtained
for the evaluation, we proceed to observe and determine the possible road
interventions and equipment to improve the conditions of accessibility and
population coverage (see figure 5), considering the population expansion (150 532
inhabitants) projected to the year of study [5]. After linking the new information,
the respective geostatistical tools mentioned are executed and the graphs of
accessibility and coverage necessary for the study are constructed.
4152 Diego A. Escobar et al.
Figure 5. Road network and equipment set to the year 2031.
2.5 Savings gradient calculation
As a last methodological sequence, we proceed to construct the savings gradient in
order to evaluate accessibility from another perspective; with it, the travel time
obtained for each year of study is considered and by means of the equation 1, the
percentage of savings is determined. Then, the results obtained are linked to the
tools and extensions already mentioned and with them the construction of curves
and graphs of savings percentage.
𝑆𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑝𝑒𝑟.𝑥 (%) = (𝑡. 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑥(𝑎𝑐𝑡) − 𝑡. 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑥(𝑓𝑢𝑡)
𝑡. 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒𝑥(𝑎𝑐𝑡)) ∗ 100
(1)
3 Results and discussion
3.1. Accessibility and coverage for the year 2015
The results of the evaluation of accessibility to cultural and recreational centers in
the municipality of Pitalito, end in a high coverage towards the eastern part of the
map (figure 6); the observed variation is established at intervals of 0.5 minutes, with
a localized maximum of 16 minutes at the western end of the municipality. This
way, it is possible to confirm the need to incorporate facilities of this type on the
western zone, improving the access conditions to the resident population and
locating them on the sector with the highest network density, since towards the
westernmost end it is composed of the industrial sector and does not require high
priority attention. Additionally, the coverage chart (figure 7) is shown by area and
population generated by cultural and recreational facilities in the municipality; an
Coverage evaluation for recreational and cultural facilities 4153
early growth of the variables is evident, requiring a travel time of less than 5 minutes
to cover 70% of each variable, which refers to a good distribution of the equipment.
The small discrepancy in coverage of both graphs can be assumed by the population
density in the south west boundary of the map, which consumes more time to access
this sector despite the fact that the area coverage continues to increase.
Figure 6. Territorial accessibility for cultural and recreational facilities by 2015.
Figure 7. Coverage by population and area towards cultural and recreational
facilities by 2015.
3.2 Accessibility and coverage for the year 2031
After the incorporation of equipment and restructuring of the road network to the
year 2031, it was possible to obtain as a result of accessibility, figure 8, in this we
can see the access behavior at intervals of 2.5 minutes for the municipality.
4154 Diego A. Escobar et al.
Figure 8. Territorial accessibility for cultural and recreational facilities by 2031.
A localized maximum of 15 minutes is observed towards the south western part of
the map; similarly, the industrial sector is eliminated, in order to minimize
calculation costs and obtain coverage at the urban level. It is possible to observe the
behavior in the accessibility generated by road interventions and the incorporation
of equipment, decreasing in some sectors the travel time in relation to the year 2015,
likewise, conserves the central part as the sector with the best access of the
municipality. The variation in coverage with respect to the year 2015, presents
significant changes, largely due to the incorporation of the population to the year
2031, as well as the modification in area due to the expansion of the urban
perimeter. The requirements in time for the same percentage of coverage with
respect to 2015 (70%), need a minimum of 8 minutes; the growth of the curves
compared to the previous scenario is more moderate, however, the separation
between curves appears close to the origin and is sustained until reaching 100%
(Figure 9).
3.3 Savings Gradient
Figure 10 shows, in a different way, the impact generated by road interventions and
the incorporation of cultural and recreational facilities in the municipality; it is
noted that about 70% of the map does not perceive savings, however, it is possible
to improve the condition of access and coverage to the eastern part, with up to 88%
savings compared to the current situation where it presented difficulties.
Additionally, in Figure 11, the percentage of savings perceived by area and
population is shown, where around 40% in both variables perceives up to 10%
savings, which represents a strong impact considering the population growth by
2031, in the same way the behavior of the ogives allows to observe a considerable
up to 50% savings, even though the level of population coverage and area decreases.
Coverage evaluation for recreational and cultural facilities 4155
Figure 9. Coverage by population and area towards cultural and recreational
facilities by 2031.
Figure 10. Savings gradient for cultural and recreational facilities in the
municipality of Pitalito.
4. Conclusions
The evaluation in accessibility to the recreational and cultural centers in the
municipality of Pitalito, Huila, evidences negligence on the part of the municipal
administration towards the western sector of the city, which incurs in a possible
exclusion of the citizenship to the year 2015, in the same way, the road network
limits the possibility of access from this sector to the nearest facilities.
4156 Diego A. Escobar et al.
Figure 11. Perceived savings percentile of for population and area towards
cultural and recreational facilities in the municipality of Pitalito.
The level of general coverage by population shows that despite not providing access
to the resident population of the western sector, it manages to cover the largest
proportion of citizens with a total of 70% in a travel time of less than 5 minutes,
which is significantly low.
After the implementation of road interventions and linking of new equipment, the
level of access for citizens did not have a significant impact at the global level,
however, the western sector with deficiencies by 2015 achieved significant
improvement.
It is logical that the behavior in population coverage by the year 2031 present
increases in travel time, since the larger the population, the greater the saturation of
the road network, which requires a slightly longer travel time to achieve to cover
the same population percentage to the year 2015; for this reason it can be argued
that accessibility to the year 2031 presents important gains.
Acknowledgements. The authors express their gratitude to the engineers Diego
Fernando García Flores, Santiago Cardona, as well as to the members of the
sustainable mobility research group of the National University of Colombia –
Manizales headquarters.
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Received: August 3, 2018; Published: September 25, 2018