Cover Design by: Arnold A. Villar Printed & Produced by: PHIVOLCS Publication Copyright: DOST – PHIVOLCS 2003

Two volcanoes, Kanlaon

and Mayon showed signs of unrest in 2003 prompting PHIVOLCS to raise their Alert Level status. Both volcanoes produced ash explosions al-though no damage was in-flicted on the surrounding set-tlements. A major earthquake with magnitude 6.2 occurred at Masbate and caused dam-age to structures in the prov-ince.

Kanlaon Volcano in

Negros Island exhibited epi-sodes of unrest throughout the year. The initial activity started on 20-22 January 2003 with increase in the number of volcanic earth-quakes. This activity was short-lived that by 23 January, the earthquake count dropped to zero level. However, on 7 March, Kanlaon began exhib-iting small phreatic explosions characterized by emission of steam with minor ash content. This was again followed by another explosion that pro-duced a grayish steam col-umn on 17 March, which sug-gested that Kanlaon has en-tered a low-level episode of unrest. Because of this, the Alert Level was raised from 0 to 1 and the public was re-minded not to venture inside the 4-km Permanent Danger Zone. The mild unrest

continued for months that a total of forty-six (46) minor ash ejections occurred from 7 March to 23 July 2003. These explosions were characterized by steam emission with minor amounts of ash that rose from 100 to 1,500 meters above the active crater. The Alert Level status remained until the end of the year as vol-canic earthquakes conti-nued to occasionally occur which still signify the possibility of sudden steam and ash explo-sions.

The 2003 activity of Mayon

began on 30 January when a brief episode of volcanic tremor occurred. This event was followed by a small steam ejection in the after-noon of 31 January. No marked increase in the vol-cano’s activity was observed until an explosion again oc-curred from the crater on 17 March 2003. The explosion produced an ash and steam column that rose to about one kilometer above the summit. Alert Level 1 was raised on the same day to remind the public of ongoing activity and to reiterate the restriction of entry into the 6-km Permanent Danger Zone around the vol-cano. Three more episodes of ash explosions occurred on 05 April and 06 & 14 May.

The ash ejection on 05 April rose to 1.5 km and deposited traces of ash in the downwind areas near the crater. On 7 October, a faint crater glow, which can be seen only with the use of a telescope or night vision camera, was observed. On 09 October, sulfur dioxide emission rates rose to 2,386 tonnes per day (t/d) from the previous measurement on 01 October of 1,616 t/d. Because of these observations, PHIVOLCS raised the vol-cano’s status to Alert Level 2 on 11 October 2003. This alert status, which indicates that the activity is of magmatic origin that could eventually lead to an eruption, was hoisted throughout the re-mainder of the year.

A relatively strong earth-

quake, with magnitude of 6.2, struck the southern part of Masbate Island on February 15, 2003. The epicenter of the earthquake was about 28 km southeast of Masbate City. It was felt at Intensity VII in the Masbate towns of Dima-salang, Palanas and Uson, In-tensity VI in Batuan and Cataingan, Masbate, Intensity V in Masbate City, Irosin in Sorsogon and Legaspi City, Intensity IV in Palo, Leyte, Naga City and Roxas City, In-tensity III in Cebu, Intensity II in Anini-y, Antique and Inten-sity I in Lezo, Aklan. A Quick Response Team (QRT) was deployed to Masbate Island on 18 February to evaluate the extent of the earthquake-

induced related damage in the province. The earthquake was associated with an 18-km long ground rupture onland, which transected several barangays of Dimasalang, Palanas and Cataingan. The team verified the reported ground rupture, conducted intensity survey, disseminated correct informa-tion regarding the event and installed additional seismo-graphs to monitor the after-shocks of the M 6.2 earth-quake. Some school build-ings, roads, bridges and river flood control structures sus-tained damages estimated to be about nine million pesos. A comprehensive QRT Report of Investigation with recom-mendations to the local gov-ernment of Masbate was submitted by PHIVOLCS to the Province of Masbate after the 10-day investigation.

For the year, the Philip-

pines’ 34-station network re-corded a total of 8,915 earth-quakes, for an average of 24 earthquakes recorded per day. The parameters (epicen-ter, magnitude and depth) of 1,001 detected earthquakes were determined.

While Mayon and Kanlaon

were spewing ash, and a magnitude 6.2 earthquake with minimal but significant damage occurred in Masbate, PHIVOLCS was also busy in-stalling new observation sta-tions under the project “Im-provement of Earthquake and Volcano Monitoring Network

of the Philippines” under a grant-aid of the Japan Interna-tional Cooperation Agency (JICA). The said JICA project is now in its Phase II of im-plementation. For volcano monitoring, it involves installa-tion of radio telemetered seismic monitoring system in 8 active volcanoes. In addi-tion to the regularly monitored 6 active volcanoes (Pinatubo, Taal, Mayon, Bulusan, Kanlaon and Hibok-Hibok), new seismic stations were in-stalled in Mt. Parker in South Cotabato and Mt. Matutum in Saranggani.

For earthquake monitor-

ing, the JICA Phase II in-volves the establishment of remote seismic stations whose data will be transmitted to the Data Receiving Center at the Main Office in very near real-time using satellite com-munication. This type of setup is the most efficient method to conduct seismic monitoring since it will allow PHIVOLCS to implement its mandate of issuing earth-quake information at a much faster time thereby enabling the Institute to serve the pub-lic better. At the same time, it allows PHIVOLCS to upgrade its instrumentation setup to levels at par with more devel-oped countries minus the ex-pensive manpower and oper-ating and maintenance costs required for this kind of en-deavor. In addition, broad-band seismographs were also established in several

manned seismic stations. To ensure continuity of providing basic S & T services should the PHIVOLCS main office operation be disrupted in the future, a mirror station has been established in the Ta-gaytay seismic station. This will house all equipment and software required to record and process earthquake data during such emergency.

PHIVOLCS implemented

12 internally-funded and 9 ex-ternally-funded and collabora-tive research projects. In its information dissemination campaign, PHIVOLCS ac-tively organized 6 seminar-workshops and trainings for teachers, local government and barangay officials in Metro Manila, Infanta, Batan-gas City, Lingayen and Ba-colod City.

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The year 2003 was a very busy and

fruitful year for PHIVOLCS. Timely volcano alerts were hoisted over Kanlaon in Negros and Mayon Volcano in Albay. Both volca-noes produced ash explosions although no damage was inflicted partly because of dili-gent monitoring and enhanced awareness to avoid the danger areas. While Mayon and Kanlaon were spewing ash, PHIVOLCS was also busy outfitting new radio-telemetered seismic stations in 8 active volcanoes. In addition to the regularly monitored 6 active volcanoes, new seismic stations were em-placed at Mt. Parker in South Cotabato and Mt. Matutum in Saranggani as part of the improvement of earthquake and volcano monitoring system (Phase II) project as-sisted by JICA.

Volcanic Activities

Mayon Volcano

The 2003 activity of Mayon began on

30 January when a brief episode of volcanic tremor occurred. This event was followed by a small steam ejection in the afternoon of 31 January. No marked increase in the vol-cano’s activity was observed until an explo-sion again occurred on 17 March 2003. The explosion produced an ash and steam col-umn that rose to about one kilometer above the summit (Figure 1). This event was re-corded as a high-frequency type seismic signal signifying a sudden release of pres-sure. No significant increase in the vol-cano’s seismicity level was noted prior to the explosion although the sulfur dioxide emis-sion rate was measured at 890 tonnes per day – a value above the normal level. Alert Level 1 was raised on the same day to re-mind the public of ongoing activity and reit-erated the 6-km Permanent Danger Zone around the volcano.

Three more episodes of ash explosions

occurred on 5 April and 6 & 14 May. The ash ejection on 5 April rose to 1.5 km. On the other hand, the 14 May event was very

brief and small, the ash column rose only to less than 100 m. above the crater rim. Only trace ash deposits were observed along downwind areas NW & SW of the crater.

On 7 October, faint crater glow seen

only with telescope or night vision camera was observed (Figure 2). The glow was per-sistent and appeared to be sourced from lava deposits inside the crater. Sulfur Diox-ide emission rates on 9 October rose to 2,386 tonnes per day (t/d) from the previous measurement of 1,616 t/d of 1 October (Figure 3). As a result of these observations, PHIVOLCS raised the volcano’s status to Alert Level 2 on 11 October 2003.

Electronic tiltmeter readings at both

Buang Junction (elevation 250 m and 7.5 km NNW of crater) and Mayon Rest House (elevation. 790 m) showed slow and mild in-flationary trends. Seismic activity was slightly above normal. However, volcanic earthquakes and tremors rarely occurred towards the yearend.

Kanlaon Volcano

On 7 March 2003, a mild ash and

steam emission occurred at Kanlaon. The steam clouds rose up to 1,000 meters above its summit (Figure 4). Traces of ash were observed at Cabagnaan located 5.5 kilome-ters south of the crater. PHIVOLCS issued an advisory the following day notifying the public of the volcano’s growing unrest. An-other small ash ejection followed on 17 March 2003. These developments prompted the raising of the alert status of Kanlaon Volcano to Level 1. After a brief lull, a minor ash explosion again occurred on 23 May. This was followed by a series of mild explosions in June and July (Table 1). Some of these ash explosions produced

VVoollccaannoo MMoonniittoorriinngg Fig. 1. January 2001 ash explosion at Mayon Vol-cano. A similar event oc-curred last 17 March 2003

Fig. 2. Mayon Volcano’s crater glow in March 2003 as taken by a night vision camera

Fig. 3. 2003 Sulfur Dioxide Emission Rate, Mayon Volcano

Table 1. Kanlaon Volcano’s Activities in 2003 Chronology of Events

DATE TIME HEIGHT (m) OBSERVATIONS ACTION

TAKEN/REMARKS 07 March 2003

1250H – 1300H 500 - 1000 Mild ash ejection; drift: SW; traces of ash at Cabagnaan

Advisory issued on 08 March 2003

17 March 2003

0400H – 0600H 300 Ash ejection; drift: SE Traces of ash at Cabagnaan

Advisory issued (0800H) Alert Level 1 raised (1400H)

23 May 2003 1351H – 1405H 300 – 500 Dirty white steam 01 June 2003 0846H – 0858H 500 Dirty white steam drifting SE-NW 03 June 2003 1002H - 1015H 500 – 700 Dirty white steam drifting NW 04 June 2003 0515H – 0600H 300 – 700 Dirty white steam drifting NW 07 June 2003 0519H – 0530H 500 – 1000 Ash ejection; drift SE 08 June 2003 0601H – 0605H

0637H – 0645H 500 – 1000 Ash ejection; drift: SE;

traces of ash at Canlaon City proper, Upper Mananawin, Masu-log, Linothangan, Alebabay & Lu-cap

Alert Level 1 reiterated

09 June 2003 0604H – 0605H 0637H – 0645H 0843H – 0854H

500 – 1000 Dirty white steam drifting SE

10 June 2003 0607H – 0612H 0705H – 0710H 1421H – 1435

500 – 1000 Dirty white steam drifting SE

11 June 2003 0551H – 0600H 1000 Dirty white steam drifting SSE 1804H – 1825H 500 – 1000 Dirty white steam drifting SE 12 June 2003 0730H, 0750H,

0900H, 1754H – 1805H 2109H – 2130H

500 – 1000 Dirty white steam drifting SE

13 June 2003 0519H – 0530H 500 – 1000 Ash ejection; drift: SE 0647H – 0756H 500 Ash ejection; drift: SSE, ESE;

traces of ash SW of Canlaon Vol-cano, Masulog (8 km from the crater), Biaknabatao (7 km), Ca-bagnaan (11 km), Old Fabrica (6 km), Upper Mansalanao (7 km) & Sag-ang (10 km)

Alert Level 1 reiterated

0733H – 0740H 0751H – 0758H

100 – 150 Ash ejection; drift: SE

14 June 2003 0601H – 0607 300 Dirty white steam drifting SSE 17 June 2003 0820H – 0835H

1115H – 1130H 100 – 200 Ash ejection; drift: NNE

18 June 2003 0701H – 0712H 0743H 1420H – 1430H

100 – 200 100 – 400

Ash ejection; drift: NE; reflected as LFVQ (SX) with 4 mm MDA

01 July 2003 0641H – 0650H 100 - 150 Dirty white steam drifting SW 03 July 2003* 1543H – 1548H 700 - 1000 Dirty white steam drifting SE-SW 1549H – 1557H 500 - 700 Dirty white steam drifting SW 04 July 2003* 0515H – 0522H 700 – 900 Ash ejection; drift: NW 10 July 2003 1735H – 1748H 1000 Ash ejection; drift: SW-NE, NW 11 July 2003 0620H – 0624H

0658H – 0705H 1000 –1300 600 - 800

Dirty white steam drifting SW

13 July 2003 0555H – 0604H 1300-1500 Ash ejection; drift: NW, SW 0613H – 0650H 600 - 800 Ash ejection: drift: NW 14 July 2003 0506H – 0510H

0615H – 0622H 800 – 1100 600 - 800

Ash ejection; drift: SW

19 July 2003 0803H – 0810H 500 - 800 Dirty white steam drifting SE & NE

20 July 2003 1515H – 1525H 800 - 1000 Ash ejection; drifting SE & NE 1526H – 1540H 500 - 700 Ash ejection; drifting SE & NE 23 July 2003 1418H - 1425 600 - 800 Ash ejection; drift: NW & SE *Moderate dirty white steam rising 700-900 m & drifting NW was observed from 1513H (03 July) – 0520H (04 July) at Cabagnaan station.

vertical ash-laden steam columns as high as 1,500 meters above the volcano’s summit. The volcano’s latest explosion on 23 July also produced a similar-sized ash column. This event was followed by a decline in the volcano’s activity.

Seismic activity remained slightly

above normal, dominated by low frequency-type earthquakes. An increase in the daily occurrence of volcanic earthquake counts was noticed from mid January to July 2003. Epicenters of some high frequency type events were located near the active crater and occurred from shallow depths to 18 kilometers. From June to July, an increase in the number of recorded low frequency-type volcanic earthquakes and low fre-quency short duration tremor dominated the seismic activity of the volcano. This marked increase coincided with the episodes of phreatic explosions from 01 June to 23 July 2003. After the 23 July ash explosion, seis-mic and steaming activities returned to low levels.

In summary, forty-six (46) minor ash

ejections occurred in 2003. These explo-sions were characterized by steam emission with minor amounts of ash that rose from 100 to 1,500 meters above the active crater. The prevailing wind dispersed traces of ash mainly to the southwest and southeast sec-tors and settled predominantly over the mid-dle and upper slopes of the volcano. Only traces of ashes were observed at Kanlaon City proper, Masulog, Upper Mananawin, Alibabay, Lucap, Biak-na-bato, Cabacungan, Sitio Old Fabrica, Cabagnaan, Upper Mansalanao, Sag-ang, Guinpanaan, Manghagnoy, Guintubdan, and Linothangan (Figure 5).

Throughout the end of the year, the

alert status of Kanlaon Volcano remained at Level 1. Although seismic activity had de-clined to low levels since October, low fre-quency volcanic earthquakes occasionally occurred which signify the possibility of sud-den explosions.

Pinatubo Volcano

Pinatubo Volcano was quiet throughout

2003. Volcanic earthquakes rarely occurred and steaming was not observed. Also, no significant lahar flow event was also de-tected or reported.

Bulusan Volcano

Bulusan Volcano remained quiet during

the entire 2003. Steaming activity varied from wispy to weak and temperature read-ings of hotsprings were within baseline level. Seismic activity was also unremarkable as no significant volcanic earthquake occurred and very low seismicity prevailed.

Taal Volcano

Taal Volcano was quiet and normal all

throughout the year. Monitoring data indi-cated that Taal Volcano’s level of activity remained low. These were shown by low levels of local seismicity and stable thermal values of the Main Crater Lake and Mount Tabaro Eruption Site. Other monitored pa-rameters also did not show any significant changes.

Temperatures from the Main Crater

Lake were constantly within the baseline level, usually from 29 to 300C. The color of the Crater Lake did not change indicating the absence of agitation at the lake’s floor or turnover. Only minor bubbling was ob-served along the northern shore. Thermal activity at the 1999 reactivated vent, located at the NE sector of the Main Crater Lake, was unremarkable as only very weak steam emission was observed. Thermal values ob-tained from ground probe holes #1 to #6 at Mt Tabaro eruption site were also within the usual values measured during quiet and normal periods (260C to 300C).

Hibok-Hibok Volcano Hibok-Hibok Volcano in Camiguin Is-

land, Northern Mindanao was also very quiet. As in previous years, the volcano ob-servatory seismograph rarely detected vol-canic earthquakes. No unusual volcano-related activity was also observed or re-ported. Steam emission at the volcano's up-per southeast slope and at Kanangkaan Lava Flow was generally weak to nil.

Fig. 4. Ash explosion at Kanlaon Volcano on 07 March 2003. The ash column rose to as high as 1000 m above the summit.

Fig. 5. Extent of areas affected by ashfalls from Kanlaon Volcano in June 2003

For the year 2003, the 34-station

seismic network of PHIVOLCS recorded a total of 8,915 earthquakes for an average of 24 earthquakes recorded per day.

The year also marked the installation of

remote seismic stations and provision of broadband sensors in selected manned-seismic stations as part of the JICA assisted project.

Seismicity for 2003 and Significant Earthquakes

The network recorded a total of 8,915

earthquakes for an average of 24 earth-quakes recorded per day. The parameters (epicenter,magnitude and depth) of ap-proximately 11% of this number were de-termined. Figure 6 shows the seismicity of the Philippines for the year 2003 as deter-mined by the PHIVOLCS seismic network. 147 earthquake bulletins were also issued to the public. The three strongest earthquakes (with magnitude 6 and above) for 2003 oc-curred in Masbate, southwest Cotabato and Samar.

M 6.2 Masbate Earthquake, 15 Febru-ary 2003

A magnitude (Ms) 6.2 earthquake

struck the southern part of Masbate Island on February 15. It was associated with a 18-km long ground rupture onland. The epicen-ter was about 27 km SE of Masbate, Mas-bate. It was felt at Intensity VII in the Mas-bate town of Dimasalang, Intensity VI in the towns of Masbate, Intensity V in Irosin, Sor-sogon and Legaspi City, Intensity IV in Palo, Naga, Intensity III in Cebu, Intensity II in An-ini-y, Antique and Intensity I in Lezo, Aklan. The Office of Civil Defense (OCD) estimated damage cost of about nine million pesos (see inset report on Masbate QRT).

M 6.8 Earthquake SW Cotabato, 26 May 2003

The biggest earthquake in terms of size

for the year was on May 26. This event had a surface magnitude (Ms) of 6.8 and its epi-central location was at about 114 km SW of Cotabato City. Its depth was 562 km and hence, was felt only at a maximum of Inten-sity III in the town of Sulu in Jolo province.

M 6.6 Can-Avid Eastern Samar, 19 November 2003

The second biggest earthquake hap-

pened on November 19. This damaged the town of Can-Avid in Eastern Samar. Its epi-center was about 69 km NE of Borongan, Samar. Its depth was shallow-seated at 45 km. Its magnitude (Ms) was 6.6. It was also felt at Intensity VII in Can-Avid, Samar, In-tensity VI in Borongan, Samar, Intensity V in Catbalogan and Calbayog, also in Samar is-land, Intensity IV in Catarman, Samar and in Palo, Leyte, Intensity II in Legaspi and Lapu-lapu Cities. According to the OCD, one per-son died and 17 others were injured. OCD also estimated its damage cost to be about 23 million pesos.

A Ms 6.2 earthquake struck Masbate

province at 7:01 PM of 15 Feburary 2003. The earthquake was located offshore at Magcaraguit Island (12.2N, 123.8E), ap-proximately 28 km east of Masbate City with depth of 28 kilometers. The quake was felt all over the island of Masbate including the nearby provinces of Bicol, Leyte, Panay, Cebu, Negros and Romblon.

With the initial report of damages sub-

mitted by Masbate Seismic Station, a Quick Response Team (QRT) was deployed to Masbate Island on 18 February to evaluate the extent of earthquake-related damages in the province. The team verified and mapped the reported ground rupture, conducted in-tensity survey, disseminated correct infor-mation regarding the event and installed ad-ditional seismographs to monitor after-shocks of the Ms 6.2 earthquake.

The earthquake was associated with

an 18-km long ground rupture onland, which transected several barangays of

Dimasalang, Palanas and Cataingan. Some school buildings, roads, bridges and river flood control structures sustained damages estimated to be about nine million pesos.

A comprehensive QRT Report of Inves-

tigation was submitted by the team to the Province of Masbate after the 10-day inves-tigation.

Some of the recommendations in the

report are the following:

• Detailed mapping of the whole Febru-ary 2003 ground rupture and continu-ous measurements of the horizontal and vertical displacements to monitor possible post earthquake deformation;

• Installation of permanent benchmarks along the Masbate Segment where fu-ture movement will be measured more extensively;

• Encourage the local populace to mark the location of the ground rupture as a reminder of the active fault location and

prevent future inhabitants in con-structing houses within the 5m- buffer zone from the active fault or from the deformation caused by the ground rupture;

• More intensive information cam-paign in Masbate Island to allay fears of future large magnitude earthquakes;

• Establish links with local baran-gay officials in noting time and date of felt earthquakes in their localities;

• Immediate and thorough study on the structural soundness of all structures, both engineered and non-engineered, by the con-cerned authorities;

• Active participation of the Disas-ter Coordinating Councils from all levels in terms of disaster pre-paredness prior to large events and rapid damage assessment after a large magnitude earth-

quake similar to the 15 February 2003; • Identification of evacuation sites and

evacuation routes so that local inhabi-tants would know where to go in case of major earthquakes or whenever the need arises that they have to evacuate their residence.

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Displaced coconut tree found in Bgy. Matug-naw, Palanas (above photo, looking SE). Also manifested along the ground rupture in this area were mole tracks (below photo) Fig. 6. 2003 seimicity and signicant earthquakes

MMaassbbaattee EEaarrtthhqquuaakkee QQRRTT IInnvveessttiiggaattiioonn

Epicenter of the main shock

PHIVOLCS-JICA – Project on the Improvement of the Earthquake and Volcano Monitoring Net-work of the Philippines (PHASE II)

The Phase II of the JICA-supported project “Improvement of the Earthquake and

Volcano Monitoring Network of the Philippines” continued this year. This project aims to upgrade the seismic and volcano monitoring network of the Philippines. Unlike Phase I, which concentrated on the improvement of the regional seismic network, Phase II includes a major augmentation of the country’s volcano monitoring systems.

Earthquake Monitoring

This project directly benefits the seismic monitoring network as it will increase

significantly the number of seismic stations within one year’s time. From 1990 to 2000, the number of manned station rose only from 12 to 34. With the JICA Phase II project, the total number would almost double from 34 to 64. Aside from this, no ad-ditional manpower would be needed as the new seismic stations will be unmanned and data will be sent out automatically via satellite communications. To ensure safety of the instruments, memoranda of agreement between PHIVOLCS and the appropriate lot owners were prepared and finalized in the early part of the year. By end of 2003, 26 remote stations had been installed and had started to transmit seis-mic data to the Data Receiving Center (DRC) of the Main Office. The JICA project also established additional broadband stations. By end of 2003, new broadband in-struments had been established in seven, manned seismic stations (Pasuquin, Tag-bilaran, Puerto Princesa, Bislig, Palo, Cagayan de Oro and Roxas City). Several trainings were held in various aspects of seismology, data processing, management and analysis and in instrumentation operation and maintenance. More importantly, to ensure that PHIVOLCS will continue to deliver its mandates to the public even if the Main Office building is damaged by any disaster in the future, a mirror station was developed at Tagaytay Seismic Station that shall contain seismic equipment and software similar to the setup at the Data Receiving Center.

Volcano Monitoring

Project Phase IIA was highlighted by the delivery of a package comprised by

thirty sets of 3-component short-period seismometers, 10 electronic tiltmeters and 10 dual-frequency GPS receivers. Included in this project phase was the outfitting of one seismic observation point each for the active volcanoes Mt. Parker and Mt. Matutum in Mindanao. However, the major activity for Phase IIB was the establishment of a basic three-seismic station monitoring system for Taal, Pinatubo, Mayon, Bulusan, Kanlaon and Hibok-Hibok. Each new monitoring network is complemented by a com-plete data acquisition, reduction and processing system in the respective volcano ob-servatories. Among the many new features of this sophisticated volcano data proc-essing system is the employment of spread spectrum radio-telemetry effectively con-figured as a wireless Local Area Network. Each volcano observatory has modern computer facilities designed to be reliable, automated, energy-saving and environ-mentally-friendly.

Operation and Maintenance of the Digital Seismic Telemetry Network of Metro Manila

Metro Manila, as the country's premier

political and economic capital, is also prone to earthquake hazards. At present, the population of Metro Manila is 10 million and this continues to rise. An active fault, the Valley Fault System (VFS), cuts it in an al-most northerly fashion. Other earthquake source zones that caused past damages surround the metropolis, too. Thus, a radio-telemetered seismic network in Metro Ma-nila was established in 1992 and is being maintained by PHIVOLCS. With this teleme-tered network for Metro Manila, it is hoped that PHIVOLCS will be able to detect possi-ble foreshocks that may originate from any of the nearby earthquake source zones around Metro Manila. Hopefully, before any of these earthquake source zones especially the VFS move in the future, the stations will be able to detect these foreshocks and PHIVOLCS can use this information to give sound advise and warning to the public. The remote stations are located at Norzaga-ray, Bulacan, Mt. Natib, Puerto Azul, Los Banos with a central receiving station at the Main Office. For the year, the network data were also used in the parameter determina-tion to augment the data of the national seismic network.

Operation and maintenance of Com-prehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBTO) Auxilliary Station

For the year 2003, PHIVOLCS oper-

ated and maintained the 2 seismic stations and 1 radio-relayed station for the Compre-hensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBTO) to which the Philippines is a signatory. The Tagaytay Seismic Station maintains the STS-2 broad-band seismograph and a VSAT antenna from CTBTO.

JICA Phase II volcano moni-toring system at Kanlaon Volcano

JICA Phase II seismic moni-toring system at El Nido, Palawan

PHIVOLCS continued to provide ser-

vice to the public by continuing with its seismic data management. For 2003, 147 earthquake bulletins and 89 volcano bulle-tins were issued. A total of 32 request lec-tures were attended to by PHIVOLCS tech-nical personnel.

Seismic Data Processing and Man-agement and Volcano and Earth-quake Hazards Assessment

PHIVOLCS continued with its man-

agement and processing of seismic data with the following aims: (1) determine earth-quake parameters (epicenter, depth and magnitude) using data from the Philippine seismic network; (2) maintain an updated earthquake catalog; (3) attend to earthquake data requests and maintain seismic data ex-change with international seismological insti-tutions. This acitivity ensures the systematic and efficient processing and management of the data generated by the PHIVOLCS seis-mic monitoring network. The processed data are stored in a systematically formatted earthquake catalog for easy sorting and re-trieval by future users.

For 2003, PHIVOLCS attended to 134

data requests. Ninety one percent (91%) of the data requests were for seismicity maps and catalogs while 19% were for certifica-tions of earthquake occurrences. In terms of clientele, 52% came from the private companies, 25% were from students and 23% were from government agencies (Fig-ure 7). The project also produced a hard-bound compilation of earthquake data which includes phase readings, earthquake loca-tions and solutions, seismicity maps and fo-cal mechanism solutions for the Philippines. A CD-ROM of seismic waveforms has also been compiled for use of future researchers.

In addition, PHIVOLCS also attended

to 148 requests for earthquake catalogue and maps, as well as 24 earthquake

occurrence certifications. Furthermore, a to-tal of 301 certifications related to lahar and active faults were issued.

Promotion of Geologic Hazards Awareness and Preparedness

The year 2003 is another active year

for the promotion of hazards awareness and preparedness. PHIVOLCS continued with its thrust and mandates on public education through various activities that include the organization of one internally-funded semi-nar-workshop for teachers, production of six (6) new printed materials and reprinting of various previously produced PHIVOLCS materials. In addition, four new sets of ex-hibits about earthquakes and volcanoes were put up.

Lectures/ Film showing on Disaster Pre-paredness

The PHIVOLCS main office hosted 114

in-house lectures, attended by a total of 7,484 students and teachers from various schools in and outside Metro Manila. In ad-dition, PHIVOLCS Staff from the main office attended to 22 requests for lectures on vol-cano and earthquake preparedness. Mean-while, 187 requests for lectures were at-tended to by our personnel from various field stations (Table 2).

Seminars/Trainings/ Workshops on Dis-aster Preparedness: Seminar-Workshop for Teachers

A Seminar-Workshop for School

Teachers: Understanding Natural Hazards was held at the PHIVOLCS Receiving Room on May 22-23, 2003. Twenty eight (28) high school teachers from Metro Manila and one science teacher from Pangasinan partici-pated in the seminar-workshop. The work-shop was organized to (1) help strengthen the role of teachers in the promotion of dis-aster awareness, preparedness and mitiga-tion among students, (2) familiarize partici-pants on the concepts of natural hazards, disaster, disaster awareness, preparedness and mitigation; (3) familiarize the partici-pants with basic underlying concepts and theories about geologic and meteorologic hazards; and (4) to develop strategies and ways of teaching natural hazards (Figure 8).

Exhibits For the year 2003, the following exhib-

its were put up:

1. National Science and Technology Week Exhibit (NSTW) (Philippine Trade Training Center, 14-18 July)

2. Permanent Exhibit at the Masbate Sta-tion (Figure 9)

3. Mini-exhibit at Palo, Leyte Station 4. Davao-DOST Exhibit

The exhibit group refurbished the dis-

play set at Taal Volcano Buco Station and participated in NSTW Fair Exhibit for Min-danao Cluster (October 2003). In addition, PHIVOLCS attended to six (6) requests to borrow our mobile exhibit set for school sci-ence fairs and other institutions or agencies such as United Nations Development Pro-gramme among others.

Publications The PHIVOLCS Publication group pro-

duced and printed the following new materi-als: (1) Taal Volcano Flyer (500 copies); (2) Earthquake! What to do before, during and after an earthquake flyer (5,000 copies); (3) Safeguard Life and Investments by Under-standing Geologic Hazards (5,000 copies); (4) Kanlaon Profile (500 copies); (5) Moni-toring Philippine Active Volcanoes: Kanlaon Volcano (500 copies) and (6) Volcanic Haz-ards at Kanlaon Volcano (500 copies). The production of information materials for Kanlaon was supported by the Grant from National Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) (Figure 10).

Aside from these, the following materi-

als were reprinted: (1) Earthquake and Earthquake Hazards (3,000 copies); (2) PHIVOLCS Flyer (3,000 copies); (3) Philip-pines’ Six most active Volcanoes (2,000 copies). As a regular undertaking, the publi-cation group also produced the PHIVOLCS Annual Report 2003 (50 copies) and PHIVOLCS Observer Volume 14 no. 1 (300 copies), Vol 14 no. 2 is for final printing. In addition the PHIVOLCS publication group was tapped to produce the Program and Abstracts Volume for the Geological Society of the Philippines (GSP) GEOCON 2003. PHIVOLCS also provided technical support for this activity.

Library Services and documentation and reproduction of information materials

The PHIVOLCS S&T Library continued

to provide information needs to various re-searches. In the year 2003, the library enter-tained 505 researchers. Only subscriptions to two international journals on volcanology and seismology were made. To enrich the databank of the Institute, books and journals were catalogued and database of the library collection was encoded.

For the year, PHIVOLCS attended to

346 requests mostly from students who are doing projects for their school, for duplica-tion of significant photographs on earth-quake impacts and volcanic eruptions, and video features on volcanoes and earth-quakes.

SS&&TT SSeerrvviicceess Table 2. PHIVOLCS LECTURES FOR 2003

Regions Field Stations

No. of lectures

at-tended/S

tation

Total no. of lec-

tures/Region

National Capital Region Main Office, UP Campus Diliman Q.C. 136 136

Region I Ilocos Pasuquin Seismic Station Santa Seismic Station

12 2 14

Region II Cagayan Valley Callao Seismic Station Basco Seismic Station

1 0 1

CAR Cordillera Administrative Region Baguio Seismic Station 23 23 Region III Central Luzon Palayan Seismic Station 7 7

Region IV Southern Tagalog

Guinyangan Seismic Station Lucban Seismic Station

Puerto Princesa Seismic Station Tagaytay Seismic Station

Puerto Galera Seismic Station

4 3 0 4 1

12

Region V Bicol Masbate Seismic Station 12 12

Region VI Western Visayas Antique Seismic Station Kalibo Seismic Station Roxas Seismic Station

13 3 9

25

Region VII Central Visayas Lapu-Lapu Seismic Station

Sibulan Seismic Station Tagbilaran Seismic Station

1 0 5

6

Region VIII Eastern Visayas Palo Seismic Station 11 11

Region IX Western Mindanao Dipolog Seismic Station Zamboanga Seismic Station

4 7 11

Region X Northern Mindanao Davao City Seismic Station Cagayan Seismic Station

27 18 45

Region XI Southern Mindanao General Santos City Seismic Station 10 10 Region XII Central Mindanao Kidapawan Seismic Station 5 5

Region XIII Caraga Bislig Seismic Station Surigao Seismic Station

0 5 5

ARMM Autonomous Region of Muslim Mindanao Cotabato Seismic Station 0 0

TOTAL 323 323

Fig. 7. Distribution of SOEPD clientele for 2003.

Fig. 8. Teachers’ seminar on Natural Hazards.

Fig. 9. PHIVOLCS exhibit at Masbate Station

GIS Laboratory Development and Maintenance for Disaster Mitigation Applications

Under this program, the project, “Mod-

eling Lake Breakout Using TOPSAR DEM: a case study of Parker Crater Lake” was pro-posed for the PCASTRD- Project. Full im-plementation of the project is expected in 2004.

The collaboration with the Hawaii Insti-

tute of Geophysics and Planetology (HIGP), University of Hawaii at Manoa resulted to the acquisition of available satellite data from HIGP in July and November and utili-zation of these data for various research in-volvement at PHIVOLCS. Some areas were pre-processed using ENVI and cartographi-cally enhanced using Adobe Photoshop. Printouts of image files were made and ana-lyzed. The data was archived in CDs. Like-wise, an assessment of the usefulness of the satellite data provided by HIGP was ini-tiated in 2003. It is hoped that the satellite data will be useful for volcano- and earth-quake-related activities planned for 2004.

Development and Operation of Man-agement Information System

The Management Information System

Group (MIS Group) was formally reorgan-ized this year. The improvement of the PHIVOLCS web site was the priority activity of the group. The website was designed ac-cording to the specifications of DOST for all DOST-attached agencies. The first upload-ing of improved web site was done in the middle of the year. The web site address is www.phivolcs.dost.gov.ph and it contains much useful information about felt earth-quakes, Philippine volcanoes, programs and outputs of the Institute.

The Internet protocol (IP) addresses of

the computers of the institute were changed to private IP’s because of the installation of a proxy server. Instead of all the client com-puters accessing the Internet together, the proxy server will act as’storage’ of frequently accessed web sites, so that it will not be necessary for the client computers to con-nect to the real origin servers. Since it is more time consuming to connect to the real servers, the presence of a proxy server will

improve much of the speed of Internet ac-cess. A proxy server is defined as a server that sits between a client application, such as a web browser, and a real server. It inter-cepts all requests to the real server to see if it can fulfill the requests itself. If not, it for-wards the request to the real server.

As a replacement of dial up Internet

connection, the Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) was used. The DSL is cheaper, more reliable and faster. This service no longer required expensive equipment or a second phone line. The DSL is "always on" service that provide instant access and do not re-quire a connection to be established for each session. This gives greater reliability and flexibility, and has led to the ease of Internet connection sharing by office net-work. This DSL connection will act as a back up in case the PREGINET connection is down. In order for the DSL to be shared to many computers, a DSL proxy server was configured.

INTERNALLY-FUNDED RESEARCH PROJECTS

For the year 2003, PHIVOLCS carried

out 12 internally-funded research projects on volcano, earthquakes and disaster miti-gation.

Gas Geochemistry studies on volca-noes

The frequency of measurements of S02

emission rate using Correlation Spectrome-ter or COSPEC was intensified at Mayon Volcano after its status was assessed to be at Alert Level 1 on 17 March 2003. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) flux output increased to 890 tonnes per day (t/d). Since then SO2 emis-sion rate further increased and persistently remained at high levels with values of up to more than 3,000 t/d in May. Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) flux output showed values of >2,000 t/d until early December then decreased to 636 t/d by 29 December 2003.

Studies on water wells and springs around Mayon Volcano

PHIVOLCS continued with its regular

monitoring of water wells around Mayon. The water level and/or flow rate of reference wells and water springs located around Mayon Volcano were periodically measured, but data revealed no considerable relation-ship between the on-going volcanic activity to the ground water.

Spot Seismic Monitoring at unmoni-tored active and inactive volcanoes

The project was focused on seismic

monitoring of active volcanoes showing signs of unusual activity. Outputs are in the form of Reports of Investigation and Data Reduction Reports. Because of the activities manifested by both Kanlaon and Mayon, for year 2003, project activities were centered on the seismic monitoring at Kanlaon and Mayon volcanoes. The seismic activities of

both volcanoes were closely monitored and evaluated all throughout the year.

Ground Deformation Studies of Ac-tive Volcanoes

Ground deformation studies were

mainly centered on Mayon Volcano. Elec-tronic tiltmeters and precise level instru-ments were used to monitor a growing un-rest. The electronic tiltmeter located at the northwest upper slope (Buang) and at MHRO reported mild and slow changes in ground tilts, probably related to new magma intrusion. Precise leveling survey also indi-cated slight inflation. However, precise level-ing survey conducted from 03 - 14 Decem-ber indicated slight deflationary trend based on previous reading.

Hazards Mapping of Active Volca-noes in the Philippines

The long-term objective of the program

is to generate hazard maps for all the active volcanoes in the Philippines. For 2003, the two main output of the program were: 1) generation of GIS-based database for Taal with proper input of the existing hazards in the event of an eruption, and 2) the revision of the hazard map of Parker Volcano.

The Taal database project produced

four preliminary maps showing the elements at risks and lifeline data (Figs. 11 a-d). Once completed, the database will facilitate quick identification and assessment of risks in-volved around Taal and vicinity. It will also be used in disaster mitigation and manage-ment planning down to the barangay level.

The geospatial data and statistical in-

formation used were gathered from munici-pal and provincial governments of Cavite and Batangas. Graphical and tabular data were processed using ArcInfo and MapInfo software to form a GIS relational database system. Final revision of the existing hazard map for Parker Volcano will be completed in 2004 because field verification was not pos-

sible due to peace and order situation in Mindanao.

A spot survey of the geologic condition,

examination of the water chemistry and in-terviews were made to determine the cause of hot water discharge in some wells at Barangay Tabon, Talim Island located inside the Laguna caldera. QRT investigation was also conducted to determine the nature and possible cause of the observed damages to some of the school buildings at Balon Ele-mentary School, Balon Anito, Mariveles, Bataan. Technical paper in the form of ROI were written for the QRT investigations.

Identification and Characterization of Active and Potentially Active Volca-noes in the Philippines

On the long-term, the program aims to

generate volcano-geologic maps, not only for active volcanoes in the Philippines but also for the 22 potentially active volcanoes in the Philippines. Eleven geologic maps out of the 22 active volcanoes and 9 out of the 22 potentially active volcanoes have been generated since the start of the program. For 2003, Suiro (Biliran) and Banahaw vol-canoes were selected as the focus of activi-ties since preliminary mapping activities were conducted in 2002.

The revision of the geologic map of

Banahaw Volcano was completed in 2003 (Fig. 12). This map was based on topog-raphic map and SAR image interpretations, review of published literatures and field in-vestigation. The map generated shall be the basis for future mapping activities including sampling, and for initial hazard assessment in the event of any volcanic unrest in the fu-ture. The field mapping activities for Suiro (Biliran) was cancelled due to budgetary constraints that prompted streamlining and prioritization of projects to be carried out.

In spite of the restrictions posed by the

scarcity of financial resources and the peace and order situation in the field areas se-lected for 2003, accomplishments were still generated. A preliminary deposit map of Kitanglad Volcano was generated using 1:50,000 topographic map and SAR images in response to the current seismic swarms being recorded in Cagayan de Oro which

RR&&DD PPrroojjeeccttss

PHILIPPINE INSTITUTE OF

a

b c

d e f

Fig. 10. Various flyers produced by PHIVOLCS in 2003 include (a) Taal Volcano Profile; (b) Safeguarding Life and Investments by Understanding Geologic Hazards; (c) Kanlaon Profile; (d) Monitoring Philippine Active Volcanoes: Kanlaon Volcano; (e) Volcanic Hazards at Kanlaon Volcano and (f) Earthquake! Don’t Panic… You must know What to do BEFORE, DURING and AFTER an earthquake.

was related to movement along the Ca-banglasan Fault. With the potential for trig-gering volcanic unrest of the nearby Kitang-lad Volcano, a potentially active volcano, there was a need to identify volcanic haz-ards and possible extent of these hazards.

National Lahar Mapping Program

In the past, death, destruction of struc-

tures, and disruption of lifelines resulted from major lahar events during and after major eruptions of some of the active vol-canoes in the Philippines. Moreover, with rainfall occurring in varying degrees throughout the year, low- to large-magnitude lahars are expected to pose threat to com-munities adjacent to affected river channels

during each eruptive activity. Identification and assessment of lahar-prone areas done through detailed field mapping can graphi-cally be represented by lahar and flood haz-ards maps. These hazards maps "...strives to present severe but reasonable predictions [of areas that may be affected] for planning purposes" (Pierson and others, 1992).

Lahars at Pinatubo and Mayon brought

about by the recent eruptions in 1991 and 2000-2001, respectively, resulted in devas-tations. These events were generally trig-gered mainly by intense rainfall brought by monsoon rains and passing typhoons. To this day, the PHIVOLCS lahar team is com-pelled to conduct investigations and reas-sessment of the threat of lahar occurrences and flooding in these volcanoes.

Field surveys were conducted in June

and December 2003 at selected river sys-tems draining from Pinatubo Volcano in or-der to reassess lahar and related hydrologic hazards with the intention of revising the lahar and flood hazards maps. Three river systems were investigated namely Pasig-Potrero, Sacobia-Bamban, and Sto-Tomas-Marella. One of the most significant geo-morphic change noted along the Pasig-Potrero River was the migration of the apex of the alluvial fan 5 km downstream as reck-oned from the June 2003 field survey. This information is important in assessing the rate and degree of stabilization of the river’s gradient. No significant changes were ob-served along the Sacobia and Sto. Tomas-Marella river systems except of continuing heavy siltation along the river channels. Ad-ditional investigations will be conducted along the Bucao River during the 1st quarter of 2004 in order to finalize reassessment and revision of the lahar anf flood hazards maps, as well as to conduct more detailed mapping of the deposits from the crater lake breakout.

Another important research in 2003

was the evaluation of lahar hazards on two adjacent but hydrologically distinct water-sheds in Mayon Volcano. The research was aimed at understanding how lahars at Mayon can be initiated and where they are likely to flow by studying two adjacent river channels, Mabinit-New Bonga and Buyuan. The conclusion drawn was that erosion of source sediments (mainly pyroclastic flow deposits) is faster in Buyuan due to the fol-lowing conditions, as validated by evidence in the field: 1) variability in depositional con-ditions (e.g. emplacement of eruptive prod-ucts) played a significant role in the process and rates of initiation; 2) Buyuan has steeper slope (both pyroclastic flow surface and active channel) than Mabinit-New Bonga; 3) the Mabinit pyroclastic deposits had poorer sorting and greater mean grain size than those at Buyuan; and 4) the de-posits at Mabinit had faster infiltration rates than in Buyuan. The results of the research could be crucial information for the evalua-tion of short- and long-term lahar hazards and risks of areas adjacent to Mayon. In the future, the same factors tested for the study could be applied to the other river channels at Mayon or in other volcanoes. Further infil-

Fig. 11. Elements at risks maps of Taal Volcano

Fig. 12. Banahao geological map

tration tests and period geodetic surveys along these two channels could be done in order to validate the results of the study.

Coordination and continuing dialogue

with local government units (LGUs), and non-government organization (NGOs) were also an important function of the program. A dialogue with Bacolor municipal officials and businessmen on the current and projected lahar hazard status of Bacolor, Pampanga was conducted upon the invitation of the Mayor.

Seismic Hazards Identification Pro-gram

The program is aimed at identifying

and evaluating earthquake-related hazards. Two projects were conducted for 2003, mapping and assessment of liquefaction hazards and tsunami hazards mapping and assessment. The main objectives of the liq-uefaction project include: 1) identifying the direct and potentially damaging conse-quences of earthquakes on the ground, par-ticularly those due to liquefaction, and gen-erate a digital liquefaction hazard map for the Philippines; 2) establishment of a data-base of borehole and water-well information that will be used to map the distribution of various soil cover and their geotechnical characteristics; and 3) summary report of the results.

Important accomplishments for the pro-

ject are: 1) preliminary Liquefaction hazard map for General Santos City, including digi-tal geologic map; 2) digitized geologic maps of Cebu City, Laoag City, Davao City, Cota-bato City for REDAS; 3) digitized strati-graphic logs of MMEIRS borehole and inter-pretation of depositional environment.

For the tsunami hazards mapping and

assessment, the main accomplishments for 2003 were: 1) an update of the tsunami hazard map for Eastern Mindanao, 2) tech-nical paper on the Davao del Sur Tsunami of 1991 that was revised for publication, 3) technical paper entitled Tsunami Simulation that was accepted for publication in a refe-reed journal, the Journal of the Geological Society of the Philppines, 4) production and distribution of tsunami posters at various field stations for information dissemination,

and 5) as resource persons in various local and international fora.

Hazard Mapping of Active Faults

The main objective of this program is to

delineate the active fault systems in the country. The main output will be an updated active faults map of the Philippines with cor-responding paleoseismic database.

For 2003, the activities undertaken in-

cluded: 1) mapping of the Philippine Fault Zone (PFZ) (central Luzon/Masbate), 2) pa-leoseismic study for the Valley Fault System (VFS), 3) preparation of technical papers showcasing results of the mapping done, and 4) participation in local and international conferences. The new mapping data gener-ated for the PFZ in central Luzon and Mas-bate will be incorporated in the existing ac-tive faults map of the Philippines while the new set of dates for the VFS will help im-prove our understanding of the behavior of this active fault. All of these data are valu-able in seismic hazards and risk assess-ment efforts of the Institute. On the other hand, participation in local and international conferences and similar venues enable re-searchers to interact with other geoscientists and promote international collaborative pro-jects.

As part of the PHIVOLCS-Kyoto Uni-

versity Collaborative Project on Mapping of the Philippine Fault Zone in Luzon Island, Philippines, airphoto interpretation and field mapping were conducted in August and De-cember 2003. One of the significant output was the mapping and documention of previ-ously unrecognized evidence for the fault extensions between the Digdig and San Jose Faults and between the San Jose and San Manuel Faults. Two trenching sites were identified, 1) north and south of Rizal, Nueva Ecija along the Digdig Fault and 2) southern extension of the San Jose Fault.

Mapping of the on land extension of the

Philippine Fault Zone in Masbate island was documented and completed in 2003.

Under the VFS Mapping Project, exter-

nal funding of the C14 processing of 10 samples from the trenching site along the West Valley Fault in Rodriguez, Rizal was

successfully negotiated, thus saving PHIVOLCS more than P300,000 in fund cost. A technical report is currently in pro-gress and will be completed in 2004.

Program for the Conservation of Cul-tural Heritage Sites

This project is a collaborative project

between PHIVOLCS and the National Cul-tural Center for the Arts (NCCA). The pro-ject aims to evaluate the seismic hazards of the four UNESCO heritage sites in the Phil-ippines (San Agustin Church, Paoay Church, Santa Maria Churchand Miag-ao Church) as well as of the 26 Philippine colo-nial churches in the country. Aside from the site evaluation, the project also taps PHIVOLCS to conduct ambient vibration of these structures to evaluate integrity of these valuable and sometimes, fragile struc-tures. For 2003, a strong motion instrument was installed at San Agustin Church and a review of historical earthquakes that af-fected these structures was conducted.

Seismic Hazard and Risk Assess-ment of Laoag City

The project “Seismic Hazard and Risk

Assessment of Laoag City” is a collaborative project between the University of Hongkong (UHK), Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) and PHIVOLCS. This project aims to conduct seismic hazard and risk assess-ment of Laoag City. Laoag City was se-lected as it is one of the more seismically active regions in northern Luzon, has been affected by damaging earthquakes several times in the past, and it is proximal to sev-eral active earthquake source zones. To study possible site response, three strong motion accelerographs were installed at Laoag Elementary School, Barangay Zam-boanga and in the Ilocos Norte Water Dis-trict office. The stations recorded 17 events, five of which had felt intensities.

Geotechnical boring were also con-

ducted for seven sites in the city to know the thickness of sediments necessary for con-ducting site response and liquefaction stud-ies.

Tsunami Hazards Awareness and Preparedness

The project aims to determine the level

of awareness on earthquake-related haz-ards of key officials as well as residents of identified tsunami vulnerable areas in Metro Manila. For the year, collection of available socio-economic information was under-taken and a key informant survey was con-ducted at the coastal areas of Las Pinas, Paranaque and Pasay. A total of 10 key in-formants, mostly social welfare officers, city engineers and health officers were inter-viewed using a prepared set of question-naires. All the disaster coordinating councils revealed that typhoons and floods are the primary hazards that they are more familiar with in terms of experience because of its more common occurrence in their area. Al-though earthquake hazards are included in the their actions plans and preparedness measures, the awareness of residents and official,ls need to be determined. Detailed survey will be conducted in year 2004.

EXTERNALLY-FUNDED and COLLABORATIVE RESEARCH

PROJECTS

PHIVOLCS-Indiana University-UNAVCO Taal Global Positioning System

The GPS monitoring network at Taal is

a continuing collaborative project between PHIVOLCS, Indiana University and UNAVCO. There are 12 GPS stations on Taal Volcano Island and a master GPS sta-tion in Tagaytay. This fruitful collaboration has already generated one major research publication on the magma dynamics and ground deformation published last October in the Journal of Geophysical Research.

Establishment of a Rapid Earthquake Damage Assessment of the Philip-pines (REDAS)

A DOST-GIA project called “Establish-

ment of a Rapid Earthquake Damage As-sessment System” (REDAS) continued to be implemented. REDAS aims to develop a system that can give rapid estimate of the

possible seismic hazards and the severity of the impacts to population, buildings, life-lines, road networks and other elements at risks, which is highly needed to generate necessary information for guiding civil de-fense officials and disaster managers in making quick, timely and reliable decisions for deploying rescue and relief operations. The second objective is the minimization of seismic risk by convincing land use planners, policy makers and city planners to consider hazards in their planning and development efforts. The provision of this simple and easy to use simulation tool will give them a deeper understanding and ap-preciation of the earthquake hazards and risks and will thus motivate them to prepare and do more serious planning and intensive formulation of effective disaster prevention policies such as serious land use regulation,

strict enforcement of the building code and retrofitting of critical structures. To realize the above objectives, the simulation tool should be developed in such a way that it will be simple and easy to use. For this year, the modeling of four seismic hazards were continued as well as the building up of the risk database was conducted. Figure 13 shows REDAS ground shaking results for a July 16, 1990 scenario earthquake.

PCASTRD-funded Project: “Estab-lishment of a GPS Ground control Network and a Continuous Base Ref-erence Station for Monitoring Ground Deformation at Mayon Volcano

As part of an effort to establish state-of-

the-art monitoring capabilities for Mayon, a

Fig. 13. REDAS ground shaking results for a July 16, 1990 earthquake scenario.

Grants-In-Aid (GIA) project is presently under implementation by PHIVOLCS. The project is entitled “Establishment of a GPS Ground control Network and a Continuous Base Reference Station for Monitoring Ground Deformation at Mayon Volcano, Philippines” and is funded by the Philippine Council for Advanced Science and Technol-ogy R&D, Department of Science and Tech-nology (DOST). The project mainly supplies logistical support for setting up GPS stations and requisite data retrieval. Equipment for the project already exists in PHIVOLCS, courtesy of the JICA-PHIVOLCS project. The objective is to surround Mayon with a dense network of GPS receivers to accu-rately detect ground deformation which may accompany volcanic unrest. Traditional geodetic methods, mainly by manual meas-urements are painstaking and tedious. The use of GPS provides a distinct advantage by providing three-dimensional (X-Y-Heights) positions of predetermined points with great precision and accuracy. Each site need not be in line of sight of each other which pro-vides flexibility in layout of the stations. At present, the network layout is nearly com-plete and 9 of about 11 stations are already logging position data. Temporal changes in position of these predetermined points around the volcano, in combination with other geodetic and geophysical data should provide scientists with a better picture of what is happening beneath the volcano. This information shall be used to make im-proved assessments of the ongoing Mayon unrest. A downstream benefit to the com-munity from this project is to provide local governments accurate ground control points for their municipal/city planning. In addition, with one station to be made permanent, re-searchers will be able to make differential GPS corrections by accessing the PHIVOLCS GPS reference data. This data should be useful to researchers involved in mapping and remote sensing.

Collective Strengthening of Commu-nity Awareness for Natural Disasters (CSCAND)

The project Crustal Stress and Com-

munity Awareness Network (CSCAN) is a collaborative project between PHIVOLCS, selected local government units and the United Nations Development Programme

(UNDP). The project has twofold aims: one is to study possible correlation between variations in crustal stress values and occur-rences of earthquake. This aim is consid-ered to be in the research stage. The sec-ond aim is to tap community participation in earthquake observation. To achieve the first aim, PHIVOLCS and the Chinese scientists from the United Nations Global Programme for the Integration of Public Administration for the Science of Disasters (UNGP-IPASD) installed in ten communities in Luzon Island in 2000 a crustal stress monitoring setup consisting of sensors and recorders (PHIVOLCS Annual Report, 2000). Instead of scientists doing the daily crustal stress readings, local volunteers were tapped and trained on how to conduct the readings themselves. They were also taught how to relate possible changes in their environment with occurrence of earthquakes. The first two years of the project, from 2000 to 2002, was concentrated on imparting the crustal stress technology, specifically how earth-quake parameters are determined from the crustal stress data, through the holding of a series of technology transfer workshops among PHIVOLCS and local volunteer ob-servers by the Chinese scientists.

This year, the CSCAN has evolved into

a new phase through a project called “Col-lective Strengthening of Community for Natural Disasters (CSCAND)”. The main development is that CSCAND is now in-volved in harnessing community awareness for all kinds of natural disasters. To institu-tionalize this, the National Disaster Coordi-nating Council (NDCC) made CSCAND a subcommittee of the Preparedness Commit-tee of the NDCC through order no. 25 dated September 30, 2003. Under the newly-evolved CSCAND, PHIVOLCS continued the operation and maintenance of the crustal stress network. Data were sent by local volunteers and continuously analyzed. For the community awareness part, a series of community awareness activities were conducted. The first was the production of a movie/TV plug on earthquake preparedness inside a crowded place such as a shopping mall. The aim is to create a public education module that will inform mallgoers on the proper steps to take once earthquake shak-ing occurs. Since the purpose of a typical Filipino family or group of friends when they visit a mall is to eat, shop or watch a movie,

the proper response to earthquake shaking while in a grocery, fast food and movie houses had to be addressed by this module. The project thought of a TV/movie plug to accomplish this task. The script was conceptualized by the PHIVOLCS staff and this went through a series of editing together with the Philippine Information Agency (PIA). Film shooting was done using the earthquake simulator located inside the PHIVOLCS compound. The simulator was designed to look like the background of the three scenarios presented in the plug. The TV/movie plug was shown for several months for more than 220 movie houses na-tionwide and in three government TV chan-nels.

The CSCAND project also conducted

four earthquake awareness and prepared-ness workshops for schools in the National Capital Region (NCR) and three CSCAN communities. The target audience for the NCR consisted of school superintendents and disaster action officers of the Depart-ment of Education school superintendents from the NCR. Unlike other earthquake preparedness workshops, the workshop for the DepEd school superintendents was conducted to encourage them to conduct earthquake drills more regularly by teaching them how simple and doable the procedure actually is (Figure 14). The venue of the workshop and which was also the target of the earthquake drill was the Bago Bantay Elementary School in Bago Bantay, Quezon City.

Three other community awareness

workshops were held in three CSCAN sites: Batangas City, Lingayen, Pangasinan and Infanta, Quezon. The target audience consisted of city/municipal officials, disaster coordinating council members, barangay of-ficials and local school heads. The work-shops were designed in such a way that it will both give information lectures about earthquakes but at the same time, teach them simple steps on how to observe their environment for possible changes before earthquakes, how to identify hazardous places in the their communities and identify possible solutions through an embedded ac-tivity called “town watching activity” (Figure 15). For Batangas City, volcano-related top-ics especially related to Taal Volcano were included in the lecture list. Activities that will

replicate these workshops were among the most suggested follow up activities. Table 3 shows the seminars conducted on the CSCAND project.

Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Pro-ject on the Development of Earth-quake and Tsunami Mitigation Tech-nologies and Their Integration in the Asia-Pacific Region (EdM-EqTAP)

The project “Development of Earth-

quake and Tsunami Mitigation Technologies and Their Integration in the Asia-Pacific Re-gion (EqTAP) is being implemented through a collaborative project with the Earthquake Disaster Mitigation Research Center (EdM), a research center of the National Research Institute for Earth Science and Disaster Pre-vention (NIED) of Japan. The main aim of EqTAP is to develop disaster reduction technologies for the Asia-Pacific regions and to integrate them into “Master Plan for Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Mitigation appropriate to the Asia-Pacific Region”. EdM has chosen Metro Manila as a case study for using EqTAP technologies in a project aptly called the Metro Manila Case Study (MMCS). Since Metro Manila is a large area, three cities have so far been the focus of EqTAP studies. These are Manila, Marikina and Muntinlupa.

Fig. 14. Mr. Narag demon-strates to the student the proper way of protecting herself during an earth-quake. This is called the “duck and cover” tech-nique.

Fig. 15. Participants of the Earthquake Awareness Seminar-Workshop for Local and Barangay Officials of Lingayen are shown assessing one of the buildings during the town watching exercise.

Table 3. Seminars conducted on the CSCAND project

Title of Seminar Location, Date Number of Participants

Earthquake Awareness Seminar-Workshop for Local and Barangay Officials of Infanta

Villa Elena Resort, In-fanta Quezon, September 17-18, 2003

86 - Barangay leaders, city disaster co-ordinating council members (CDCC) and school heads

Earthquake and Volcano Awareness Seminar-Workshop for Local and Barangay Officials of Batangas City

National Teachers Con-ference Center, Batan-gas City, October 27-28, 2003

168 - Barangay leaders, city disaster co-ordinating council members (CDCC) and school heads

Earthquake Awareness Seminar-Workshop for Local and Barangay Officials of Lingayen

Gulf Restaurant at Bod-jie’s. Lingayen, Pangasi-nan November 17-18, 2003

99 - Barangay leaders, city disaster co-ordinating council members (CDCC) and school heads

Preparing our School Children for Earthquake: Workshop

Bago Bantay Elementary School, Quezon City No-vember 25, 2003

134 - superintendents and officials in the NCR region

Seismic Vulnerability of Manila Studies conducted in Manila are seis-

mic vulnerability using remote sensing, mi-crotremor observations of Intramuros and San Agustin Church, ground motion model-ing near active faults, seismic vulnerability of school buildings and development of digital strong motion database in Metro Manila. Since, risk management framework being adopted by EqTAP follows a procedure that necessitates the need to communicate and consult with stakeholders of a given area, two workshops were held in March and Sep-tember 2003 that aimed to inform and con-sult with local government officials, school teachers and other important stakeholders of the city of Manila about the studies being done for making their city safe from the negative effects of future earthquakes. The workshops also gathered from them other studies they think are important and culled suggestions on how these results can be better be used by the city and its various stakeholders. Figure 16 shows the partici-pants of the September 9, 2003 workshop.

Development of a Space-Time GIS sys-tem for the city of Makati.

Another EqTAP study is the develop-

ment of a Space-Time GIS system for the city of Makati. This study aims to develop a GIS system that adds time as an added component in its analysis. The software called DIMSIS, which was developed by the Kakumoto Laboratory of EdM, can be used to conduct seismic hazard and risk assess-ment. The software will include risk element data available at different time period thereby providing the fourth element to the GIS system. In 2003, Makati cadastral maps were digitized and made available to the GIS system. Building footprints using QuickBird remote sensing technology will also be included soon after. Aside from PHIVOLCS, the city government of Makati and the Office of Civil Defense are provided the software and similar sets of data.

Marikina Risk Perception Study

In the middle of year 2002, a collabora-

tive study entitled “Risk Perception Study on Earthquake Hazards Among Marikina City Residents” was initiated by the EDM-EqTAP, UP Department of Geography-UP

(UP Geography) and PHIVOLCS. The

first draft of survey questionnaire was fin-ished and presented in September 2002 during the EDM-EqTAP meeting held at the Mandarin Hotel, Makati.

As initial activity prior to the survey, a

workshop for the student-enumerators was conducted on 10-11 April 2003 at PHIVOLCS in order to orient the 20 student enumerators to the objectives of the project, its expected outcomes, as well as give im-portant points on how to administer the questionnaire to get the desirable results. Coordination by the UP Geography with lo-cal government and barangay officials helped in the conduct of the survey. The ac-tual survey was conducted starting May until June 2003 with 1,000 target samples from 12 chosen barangays in Marikina. The re-sponses from the 1,000 samples were im-mediately encoded by enumerators as soon as each were completed. A group from the Philippine counterparts composed of 2 from PHIVOLCS and 2 from the Department of Geography-UP visited the EDM office at Kobe, Japan on 22-30 June to discuss the data analysis with EDM-EqTAP counter-parts.

Earthquake Impact Reduction Study of Metro Manila (MMEIRS)

The Earthquake Impact Reduction

Study of Metro Manila (MMEIRS) is a JICA-supported development study that aims to formulate a master plan for earthquake im-pact reduction of Metro Manila and to carry out technology transfer to Philippine counterpart personnel of PHIVOLCS and

the Metro Manila Development Author-

ity (MMDA). MMDA is the co-implementor of this project. PHIVOLCS participated ac-tively in various activities of this project spe-cifically in the development of the ground shaking model, site response study, dam-age assessment, GIS-development and community-based disaster management ef-forts.

Most of the activities of the Community

Based Disaster Management (CBDM) under the MMEIRS project, performed during the last quarter of 2003, focused mainly on measures undertaken by participants that would develop or enhance their capability for earthquake disaster management plan-ning. These activities consisted of the fol-lowing: 1) General assembly; 2) Community watching and resource mapping; and 3) Disaster imagination game (DIG). The CBDM component of the JICA-MMEIRS project is being implemented in three study areas, namely: Barangay 741 (Manila City); Nofuente Compound at Barangay Cupang (Muntinlupa City); and Barangay Ugong (Pasig City) (Figure 17).

Raising the Earthquake Awareness and Preparedness of Residents of Multi-storey mass housing residents

A collaborative project with the National

Housing Authority (NHA) was initiated this year that aims to increase the level of earthquake awareness and preparedness of residents of multi-storey mass housing pro-jects in the National Capital Region. The project will conduct seismic hazard evaluation, risk perception survey and finally

implement activities such as earthquake drill that could raise earthquake awareness and ensure that these residents will respond ap-propriately when earthquakes occur. Proper action when earthquakes occur may save lives. Figure 18 shows one of the multi-storey mass housing buildings being planned to be studied and taught proper earthquake response. To formalize the col-laborative undertaking, a Memorandum of Agreement was signed between PHIVOLCS and NHA.

Strong Motion Accelerograph Net-work in Metro Manila (MM-STAR)

This project “Operation of a Strong Motion Accelerograph Network in Metro Manila (MM-STAR)” aims to generate a strong ground motion database by operating a network of digital accelerographs in Metro Manila. The output can be used for realistic ground motion hazard modeling/simulation. The results can serve as inputs to proper planning and development of an earthquake safe Metro Manila. The database will also be made available to researchers doing earthquake engineering-related studies. Metro Manila is an interesting study area because it is underlain by differing lithologic units. Records show that places underlain by differing lithologies and varying thickness of soft deposits have had varying levels of earthquake damages in the past. Historical damages to Metro Manila have shown that

some areas are more frequently damaged that other places. In order to obtain the in-herent characteristics of these frequently damaged sites and compare them with more stable areas, 12 instruments were installed and have been operating in the metropolis for the last five years in cooperation with the Tokyo Institute of Technology (TITECH). Fifty-four waveform data from 15 earthquake

events were recorded by the 12-station net-work for the year. This is the highest number of data gathered during the net-work’s six year operation which started in 1998. This brings the total number of earth-quake events to 55 and the number of waveform records to 159.

NDCC-CALAMITY FUND-sponsored activities for Kanlaon and Mayon Volcanoes and Masbate

Frequent ash explosions in Mayon Vol-

cano starting January 2003 prompted PHIVOLCS to intensify monitoring activities, and deploy more instruments and experts. These activities were quickly followed by a magnitude 6.2 earthquake in Masbate. To augment its limited operational budget, PHIVOLCS sought the assistance of the Na-tional Disaster Coordinating Council (NDCC) for a calamity fund to finance not only the required expenditure to properly monitor the volcanic situation and issue timely warning to the concerned public in Mayon and Kanlaon but also the cost of the needed documentation and public awareness cam-paign. The project could be subdivided into smaller activities as presented below:

Fig. 16. EDM-EqTAP Stakeholders Workshop participants (photo by P Reniva)

Fig. 17. Ms. Lynn Melosantos of PHIVOLCS lectured community participants at Nofuente Compound at Bry. Cupang, Muntinlupa City

Fig. 18. This multi-storey mass housing project in Mandaluyong City was being planned as one of the buildings where a project on determining the level of awareness and preparedness of residents of multi-storey mass housing projects can be conducted.

Kanlaon and Mayon Volcanoes Seismic network augmentation, ground deformation studies and other monitor-ing activities at Kanlaon Volcano

Before Kanlaon’s unrest, there were

only three seismographs monitoring the seismic activity. These are Kanlaon Volcano Observatory, Cabagnaan and Guintubdan stations. Ground deformation monitoring in-cludes measuring tilt using an electronic tiltmeter and GPS for accurate position of control points to be monitored. To better understand the nature of unrest and explo-sions, additional seismographs and tiltme-ters are needed so that appropriate alert level can be emphasized and proper warn-ings can be issued.

Increasing seismic activity observed at

Kanlaon beginning January 2003 and the ash explosion it exhibited starting 7 March 2003 had obliged PHIVOLCS to rapidly conduct repair and maintenance works of Kanlaon’s existing seismic network. Site ne-gotiations were facilitated and the three spread spectrum radio-telemetry seismic monitoring stations were installed, with the aim of using the new set up in monitoring Kanlaon’s ongoing unrest. The La Calota City College “Power House” building was repaired and used to temporarily serve as Kanlaon Volcano’s receiving and processing station until the new Kanlaon Volcano Ob-servatory will be constructed. In addition, appropriate sites for installing the electronic tiltmeters were selected.

Seismic network augmentation, ground deformation studies and other monitor-ing activities at Mayon Volcano

Before the 2003 unrest, Mayon is moni-

tored by a small network of seismometers and two tiltmeters installed to help deter-mine occurrences of magmatic intrusions (Figure 19a-b). The said monitoring configu-ration involved sensors that are installed at fairly low elevations, thus the lower detec-tion sensitivity. To optimize the monitoring network at Mayon, two digital seismic te-lemetry were installed at (a) Upper Masa-rawag (W, elevation 415 m ASL) and (b) Upper Mayon Resthouse (NW, elevation 1500 m ASL). In addition, the following pre-cise levelling benchmarks were recon-

structed: (a) Buang precise leveling line, (b) Lidong precise leveling line; and (c) Anoling precise leveling line.

Risk Assessment for Mayon Volcano

Data were collected from the municipal

and provincial government of Albay. Spatial and statistical data were extracted mostly from the socio-economic profile of each mu-nicipality. Most of the data are in paper form, although some GIS files were also gathered from the Provincial Planning and develop-ment Office and Legaspi City Planning and Development Office. Included in the output of the project are digital file of available haz-ard maps/boundaries and tables of socio-economic profile/data, including municipality and barangay boundary maps and lifeline data.

Ashfall characterization for Kanlaon and Mayon Volcanoes

As part of the campaign to characterize

the volcanic products and better understand the eruptions from Mayon and Kanlaon Vol-canoes, materials for ash sampling were prepared. Pans wherein ash can be col-lected in case of future eruptions from Kanlaon and Mayon Volcanoes were dis-tributed around the two volcanoes in Octo-ber. Most of the pans were given to baran-gay captains or councilors around the area. They were also given sample bags

and were oriented on how to collect the ash from the pans.

Forum on Kanlaon Volcano

A one-day forum-seminar sponsored

by the National Disaster Coordinating Coun-cil, was organized and conducted by PHIVOLCS on October 15, 2003 at Kun-dutel Hotel, Bacolod City (Figure 20). Sixty five (65) participants mostly disaster action officers, barangay officials, social workers, police officers, from La Castellana, Canlaon City, San Carlos City, La Carlota, Moises Padilla, Bago City, Murcia, Hinigaran, Pon-tevedra, Bacolod City, provincial disaster of-ficers from Negros Occidental and Oriental, representatives from various NGOs, in-cluding PHIVOLCS Staff attended the fo-rum. The forum was organized in order to have a venue for PHIVOLCS to present and highlight the recent studies on Kanlaon Vol-cano that are deemed necessary in updating the Provincial and Municipal Disaster Plan, and to help the local disaster planners in the concerned municipalities within the hazard zone to enhance its respective disaster plans in order to take the necessary action on specific issues and concerns on disaster management.

Different concerns of local officials

were raised during the open forum, and some of the major issues identified were as follows: (1) The need to reactivate the

Municipal/City Disaster Coordinating Coun-cil; (2) The need to make the MDCC/CDCC proactive in updating their current plans and encourage the key actors to participate in various disaster-related seminars/trainings; (3) Continued public information campaigns to be carried out by PHIVOLCS so that the public is always aware of PHIVOLCS moni-toring activities and updated status of the volcano; and (4) Continued provincial-level support to the undertakings of identified vul-nerable and affected municipalities down to barangay level in order to develop a sound and effective disaster preparedness plan or strengthen the existing plans.

Participants of the forum consisted of

disaster action officers, social workers, po-lice officers and local officials in the provin-cial, municipal/city and barangay levels. Representatives from non-government or-ganizations also attended. Eleven PHIVOLCS staff and technical personnel were present led by the Director, Dr. Renato U. Solidum.

During the forum, the following informa-

tion materials were distributed to the partici-pants: (1) Kanlaon Profile Flyer; (2) Monitor-ing Philippine Volcanoes: A general view of Surveillance technique and (3) Volcanic Hazards at Kanlaon Volcano.

Masbate Activities

Detailed Fault Mapping and Trenching

The 15 February 2003 Earthquake

along the Masbate Segment of the PFZ

opened an opportunity for PHIVOLCS to undertake a detailed field mapping when the event produced a ground rupture of at least 20 kilometers long. The mapping activity re-sulted to (1) detailed map of the Masbate segment of the Philippine Fault Zone (PFZ); (2) updated the active faults map of the Phil-ippines and (3) updated paleoseismic data-base of active faults.

GPS campaign at Masbate

Under the Calamity Fund Program, the

Masbate Global Positioning System (GPS) Project was undertaken in 2003. The project was aimed at estimating the post-seismic slip rate of the PFZ Masbate segment. The GPS campaign was conducted in October 2003. Processing of data is still ongoing and will be completed in 2004 with correspond-ing technical report. Another GPS campaign in relation to the PHIVOLCS-Kyoto Univer-sity Collaborative Project was conducted in November 2003.

Another important focal area for the ac-

tive faults program was the estimation of the slip rate of the Philippine Fault in the Visayas Region, including characterization of the mechanical behaviour of the fault and understanding deformational mechanisms associated with the fault. Three GPS net-works were installed in the Central Philip-pines, with the objective of analyzing the kinematics of the Philippine Fault in this re-gion, namely (1) the Masbate network, in-stalled in the transfer zone between the Phil-ippine Fault and the Sibuyan Sea Fault, (2)

the Leyte network, and (3) the smaller Ton-gonan network, which covers the transfer zone where the Philippine Fault separates into three individual sub-parallel faults. These networks were repeatedly measured between 1991 and 2002: 5 times for Mas-bate, 6 times for Leyte and 7 times for Ton-gonan.

In Masbate, displacement vectors

showed that the Philippine Fault in Masbate has an average slip rate of 2.3 + 0.2 cm/yr measured in 11 years. The fault on this re-gion has an intermediate mechanical behav-ior, with a part of its movement absorbed through creeping (≈ 60%) and a part ab-sorbed during 6-magnitude earthquakes (≈ 40%), whose recurrence is from 15-20 years. This intermediate behavior character-izes a transition zone between the creeping zone in Leyte in the south and the locked zone in Bondoc Peninsula and Ragay Gulf in the north, whose movement is released only during large seismic events (Ms> 7). The GPS results also revealed the existence of a rigid or semi-rigid block SW of Masbate Island. It appears also that the Sibuyan Sea Fault is active and has a slip rate of 2.3 + 0.2 cm/yr. A 2.5+ 0.6 cm/yr has also been calculated in the Legazpi Lineament.

In North of Leyte, results showed that

the bulk of the 3.6 + 0.2 cm/yr slip rate (10 years) is absorbed just along the fault. This movement is essentially through creep-ing since no important seismic activity was recorded during the GPS campaigns.

On the other hand, the results in Ton-

gonan network showed that the movement in this transfer zone is partitioned along the 3 branches sub-parallel to the Philippine Fault. In 10 years of measurement, 20% is absorbed by the SW branch (0.7 + 0.2 cm/yr) and 30% along the NE branch (1.2 + 0.2 cm/yr). The remaining 50% is absorbed by the external eastern branch (2.0 + 0.5 cm/yr), measured in 5 years. One of the most important results in this study showed that what appears to be a creeping move-ment in Leyte, if viewed in a more detailed scale in Tongonan, is only a succession of periods in which the Philippine Fault in this region is either blocked or slipping with vary-ing displacement rates.

Fig. 19 a. EDM instrument at LHO Fig. 19 b. Electronic tilt station at Lower Anoling

Fig. 20. Participants on the Forum on Kanlaon Volcano held at Kundutel Hotel, Bacolod City, 15 October 2003.

PHIVOLCS continued to provide oppor-

tunities for its personnel to attend foreign and local seminars and trainings to meet the demand for technical expertise and keep abreast of latest development in the field of volcanology and seismology. Tables 4 and 5 are the list of trainings and seminars availed of by PHIVOLCS officials and staff for the year 2003. Tables 6 and 7 are the listings of PHIVOLCS personnel with advanced de-grees, while Table 8 are those who are pur-suing advanced degrees.

In line with PHIVOLCS’ program to

develop and strengthen its human re-sources, two (2) in-house activities were conducted for main office personnel. First, was a series of Values Orientation Work-shop (VOW) held on March 12-14,

March 19-21, March 26-29 and April 2-4. This activity was undertaken in coordination with the Civil Service Commission (CSC).

Second, was a Gender Sensitivity

Training (GST) which was held last August 27-28, and was attended by 29 personnel including the GAD focal point. All the divi-sions were equally represented.

The VOW is a program designed by

CSC which focuses on developing, enhanc-ing and reinforcing the values of an individ-ual. This program gives an opportunity for the employees to review their values and how these values could blend with those of others to reach common goals and aspirations. It was hoped that through the program, the participants will have the

chance to undergo a process of self-examination, self visualization and analysis of realities and truths.

On the otherhand, the GST was under-

taken 1) To raise the level of awareness of the participants on gender issues and con-cerns and be able to address them accord-ingly, 2) For the participants to know and understand the different manifestations of gender inequalities and to understand the GAD program of the government, and 3) To train the participants to become gender sen-sitive planners in formulating the Institute’s project, programs and activities (PPAs). The training is a basic step that will serve as a vehicle to a systematic force to effect the gender mainstreaming in the Institute. The next step will be GAD planning and proper budgeting that will totally promote gender equality with its laws and legal policies in the workplace, family, religion and in our daily lives.

HHuummaann RReessoouurrcceess

Table 4. Foreign Trainings 2003

Title Of Activity Name of Participant/s Venue Duration

Training on Management of Seismological and Volcanologi-cal Observation System of the Republic of the Philippines

Rudy A. Lacson, Jr. Alejandro A. Martinez Florenette B. Garcia Evelyn B. Serenado Ramil B. Atando Jose Eucel L. Talisic Allan R. Labayog Myra P. Dolina

Japan

Jan 7 to March 21

Joint research work with Japanese Scientist in the NIED Bartolome C. Bautista Miki, Japan Jan. 26- Feb. 16

International Symposium on Mitigation of Earthquake and Tsunami Hazards in Western Pacific Region Bartolome C. Bautista Japan March 15-17

Study & Management of Geological Risks Raymond Patrick R Maximo Switzerland April 28 to June 19

CSAV International Course in Volcano Hazards Monitoring Maricel P. Lendio Hawaii, USA June 9 to July 18

International Training Course on Total Disaster Risk Man-agement Ernesto G. Corpuz Japan June 10-13

Training of data analysis methodology and usage of data software.

Sheila I. Insauriga Regina B. Quiambao Kobe, Japan June 22-30

XXIII General Assembly of the International Union for Geod-esy and Geophysics. (IUGG)

Bartolome C. Bautista Ma. Leonila P. Bautista Rhommel N. Grutas Ishmael C. Narag Baby Jane T. Punongbayan Raymond Patrick R. Maximo

Japan June 30 to July 11

Table 4. Continued…

Title Of Activity Name of Participant/s Venue Duration

Remote Sensing Workshop and the Cities on Volcanoes III (CVO3) Conference.

Arturo S. Daag Jessie A. Daligdig Kathleen L. Papiona Rowena B. Quiambao Julianita S. Rañola Benjamin H. Santos

Hawaii, USA July 11-18

Outreach and Education Workshop and the Cities on Volcanoes III (COV3) Conference

Renato U. Solidum, Jr. Hawaii, USA July 13-19

Workshop on Development of Vulnerability Assessment Methods Applicable to the Asian Pacific Region Ma. Leonila P. Bautiesta Hawaii, USA July 27- Aug. 2

Sea Floor Geodesy Tsunami Hazards Mitigation Program Glenda M. Besana Nagoya, Japan July 27 – Aug. 2

GTC on Seismology Joan C. Salcedo Tokyo, Japan Aug. 26 – July 18

Workshop on Strategy of Volcanic Disaster Mitigation Renato U. Solidum, Jr. Tsukuba, Japan Sept.. 24-27

Third East Asia Cluster Cities Meeting Renato U. Solidum, Jr. Kobe, Japan Oct. 6-7

Second Int’l Conference on Early Warning (EWC III) Norman M. Tungol Bonn, Germany Oct. 16-18

JICA Counterpart Training Program on Seismology (Seismic Data Processing) Vilma C. Hernandez Japan Oct. 14, 2003 –

March 13, 2004

International Training Program for Seismic Design of Struc-tures Angelito G. Lanuza Taipei, Taiwan Oct. 13-17

30th Remote Sensing of Environment Ronaldoa A. Arboleda Ma. Lynn P. Melosantos Ma. Hannah T. Mirabueno

Honolulu, Hawaii Nov. 10-14

2nd International Training Course on Earthquake Disaster and Disaster Mitigation for Developing Countries Rhommel N. Grutas Beijing, China Nov. 3-15

24th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing and 2003 Interna-tional Symposium on Remote Sensing Rowena B. Quiambao Busan, North Korea Nov. 2-8

6th Multi-Lateral Workshop on Development of Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Technologies and their Integration for the Asia Pacific Region

Renato U. Solidum, Jr. Bartolome C. Bautista Ma. Leonila P. Bautista Angelito G. Lanuza Ishmael C. Narag Ma. Mylene M. Villegas

Ise-Kashikojima, Japan Dec. 1-2

Third International Workshop on Seismic Risk Management for Countries of the Asia Pacific Region Bartolome C. Bautista Bangkok, Thailand Dec. 7-8

Meeting on Future Activities of the Working Group on Sub-duction Zones located in the developing Counties Raymond R. Maximo San Francisco, California Dec. 8-12

Table 5. Local Trainings 2003

Title of Activity Name of Participants Venue Duration

EMSEV Workshop for Initiating Seismic & Volcanic Electromagnetic Monitoring in Asian Countries

Emmanuel G. Ramos Nanette V.A. Melosantos Bartolome C. Bautista Ma. Leonila P.Bautista Baby Jane T. Punongbayan Esmeralda L. Banganan Myleen E. Carlos Janila B. Deocampo Mechor P. Lasala Ishmael C. Narag Edmund F. Olaveria Henremagne C. Penarubia Joan C. Salcedo Dante S. Soneja Maricel R. Lendio Allan R. Loza Alejandro F. Ramos

Julio P. Sabit Teodorico A.Sandoval Edgardo U. Villacorte Rene A. Arante Arturo S. Daag Dindo V. Javier Paolo D. Reniva Celestino S. Saquilon Arnold A. Villar Mylene M. Villegas Glenda M. Besana Jessie A. Daligdig Ma. Lynn P. Melosantos Ma. Hannah T. Mirabueno Renato U. Solidum, Jr. Norman M. Tungol

PHIVOLCS Auditorium Jan. 13-17

Potential and Application of Microwave Re-mote Sensing Benjamin H. Santos PhilRice Munoz,

Nueva,Ecija February 3-7

Information System Strategic Plan Anabelle F. Ringor DOST, Bicutan, Taguig March 4-7

EdM-EqTAP Stakeholders' for an Earthquake-Safe City of Manila.

Ma. Leonila P. Bautista* Bartolome C. Bautista Norman M. Tungol Mylene M. Villegas Arturo S. Daag Ishmael C. Narag

Sheila I. Insauriga Ma Lyn P. Melosantos Esmeralda L.Banganan Joan C. Salcedo Regina B. Quiambao Paolo Reniva Renato U. Solidum, Jr.

Manila Pavilion Hotel, Ma-nila March 5

EdM-EqTAP Metro Manila Case Study Work-shop

Ma. Leonila P. Bautista Bartolome C. Bautista Norman M. Tungol Mylene M. Villegas Glenda Besana* Jessie Daligdig*

Sheila I. Insauriga Angelito Lanuza Ishmael C. Narag Baby Jane Punongbayan Rolly Rimando Renato U. Solidum, Jr.

Makati Shangri-la Hotel, Makati City March 7

Computerization in records management Rosalia U. Santos DOST Bicutan, Taguig. March 13-14

Making E-Procurement Work for good Gov-ernance

Charlita L. Mariano Edgardo S. Balbuena

Manila Galeria Manila April 28

PREGINET 1st network/system Administra-tion Luzon Leg

Arnold A. Villar Edgardo S. Balbuena

College of Sci. U.P.Diliman, Q.C.

May 12-16

Local Community Level Disaster Risk Man-agement Courses Glenda M.Besana City Garden Hotel, Makati March 17-18

Supervisory Development Course 2: Powerful Coaching Technique

Bartolome C. Bautista Norman M. Tungol Mylene M. Villegas

MIRDC, Bicutan June 3-4

Government Website Development Work-shop Dante S. Soneja NCC Bldg. Diliman, Q.C. July 30

Kick-Off Activity Community-Based disaster Management JICA-MMEIRS

Renato U. Solidum, Jr. Ma. Leonila P. Bautista Mylene M. Villegas Sheila Insauriga

Regina B. Quiambao Dindo V. Javier Paolo Reniva Rey Javier

Manila Pavillion August 5

Table 5 continued…

Title of Activity Name of Participants Venue Duration

Workshop on the Development and Integra-tion of a Module on the Protection of Human Rights of Children During Emergencies – UNICEF-NDCC-OCD

Ma. Mylene Villegas Celestino Saquilon

Angels Hill Retreat House, Tagaytay August 19-21

Earthquake Impact Reduction Study for Metro Manila (MMEIRS) 2nd Workshop

Ma. Leonila P. Bautista* Glenda Besana* Jessie Daligdig* Bartolome Bautista Norman Tungol Mylene Villegas Janila DeOcampo Narciso Diongzon Myla Panol Ishmael Narag Angelito Lanuza Baby Jane Punongbayan Esmeralda Banganan

Erlinton Olavere Robert Tiglao Imelda Guanio Ma. Lynn Melosantos Julianita Rañolal Ma. Hanna Mirabueno Arturo Daag Sheila Insauriga Regina Quiambao Celestino Saquilon Rolly Rimando Paolo Reniva Renato U. Solidum, Jr.

EDSA Plaza Shan-gri-la Hotel, Manda-luyong City

August 26

Gender Sensitivity Training

Mylene M. Villegas Regina B. Quiambao Ma. Isabel T. Abigania] Benjamin H.Santos Maricel R. Lendio Janila B. Deocampo Ishmael C. Narag Corazon D. Abadilla Ma. Rosmarie J.Bautista Narciso F. Diongzon Sheila I. Insauriga Leah M. Pinca Baby Jane T Punongbayan Reynaldo Macaspac Vilma C. Hernandez

Ma. Lynn P. Melosantos Renato J. Garduque Rolly E. Rimando Lowella A. De Guzman Dindo V. Javier Celestino S. Saquilon Edgardo U. Villacorte Esfeca Del T. Mundo Nora R. Campita Shirley I. Masangkay Geraldine A. Gelido Manolo L. Gelido Eleanor E. Manuel Myla D. Panol Marilou V. Del Rosario

PHIVOLCS, Q.C. Aug. 27-28

EDM-EqTAP Stakeholders’ Workshop for Earthquake-Safe City of Manila: Learning About Hazard and Elements at Risks in my Community

Mylene M. Martinez Ma. Leonila P. Bautista Angelito G. Lanuza Ishmael C. Narag Arturo S. Daag Ma. Lynn P. Melosantos Esmeralda L. Banganan Bartolome C. Bautista Raymond R. Maximo Regina B. Quiambao Janila B. Deocampo

Imelda V. Guanio Kathleen L. Papiona Sheila I. Insauriga Renato A. Arante Melcario D. Pagtalunan Paolo D. Reniva Celestino S. Saquilon Narciso F. Diongzon Myla D. Panol Renato U. Solidum, Jr.

Manila Pavillon Ho-tel, Manila Sept. 09

Earthquake Awareness Workshop for Local & Barangay Officials of Infanta

Bartolome C. Bautista Ma. Leonila P. Bautista* Ma. Mylene M. Villegas Teresito C. Bacolcol Ishmael C. Narag

Ester B. Garrido Felomina F. Cayabyab Dindo V. Javier Myleen E.Carlos Rhommel N. Grutas

Villa Elena Beach Resort, Infanta, Qu-ezon

Sept. 17-18

Instructional Briefing on the preparation of the GSIS Electronic Remittance

Ma. Rosemarie J. Bautista Marlon R. Lumanog

Teatro ng GSIS, Pasay City Sept. 18

Seminar on the Implementing Rules and Regulation of R.A. 9184-Government Pro-curement Reform Act

Charlita L. Mariano Edgardo S. Balbuena

NIA Convention Hall, EDSA, Q.C. Sept. 29

2003 Philippine ESRI-GSIS Conference Julianita S. Ranola Benjamin H. Santos

Manila Galeria Suites Oct. 15

5th Cooperation on the Exchange of Informa-tion on Science & Technology in South East Asia

Leah M. Pinca FNRI Training Room, FNRI Bldg., Bicutan, MM

Oct. 16-17

Table 5 continued…

Title of Activity Name of Participants Venue Duration

Earthquake and Volcano Awareness Semi-nar-Workshop for Local & Barangay Officials of Batangas City

Bartolome C. Bautista Ma. Mylene M. Villegas Ma. Leonila P. Bautista Julio P.Sabit Norman M. Tungol Ishmael C. Narag Ma. Lynn P. Melosantos Ester B. Garrido

Myla D. Panol Arnold A. Villar Felomina F. Cayabyab Madonna L. Ramos Dindo V. Javier Rhommel N. Grutas Myleen E. Carlos

Teachers’ Confer-ence Hall, Batangas City

Oct. 28-29

Sample Preparation by Fusion for Analysis by XRF, ICP and AAS

Nora R. Campita Ma. Hannah T. Mirabueno Raymond Patrick R.Maximo

Galeria Suites, Orti-gas, Pasig City Oct. 21

Training Course for Finance and Property Of-ficers

Alfredito D. Aguilar Charlita L. Mariano

DOST Exec. Lounge, Bicutan, MM

Nov. 11

Success and Motivation Training-Workshop Ma. Rosemarie J. Bautista Lowella A. De Guzman

DOST Exec. Lounge, Bicutan, MM

Nov. 14

Earthquake Awareness Workshop for Local and School Officials of Lingayen

Ma. Mylene M. Villegas Ma. Leonila P. Bautista Ishmael C. Narag Angelito G. Lanuza Baby Jane T. Punongbayan

Myla D. Panol Arnold A. Villar Felomina F. Cayabyab Angelito C. De Guzman Myleen E. Carlos

Gulf Restaurant, Lingayen, Pangasi-nan

Nov. 19-20

1st National Congress on Lakes (LakeCon 2003)

Norman M. Tungol Ma. Hannah T. Mirabueno Ma. Isabel T. Abigania

Dev’t Academy of the Phils., Tagaytay City

Nov. 25-26

2003 Geological Convention (GEOCON ’03)

Ma. Isabel T. Abigania Renato A. Arante Teresito C. Bacolcol Jessie A. Daligdig Ma. Hannah Mirebueno Melcario Pagtalunan Myla D. Panol

Kathleen L. Paniona Baby Jane Punongbayan Regina B. Quiambao Emmanuel G. Ramos Norman M. Tungol Arnold Villar Ma. Mylene Villegas Renato U. Solidum, Jr.

Bureau of Soils Con-vention Hall, Quezon City

Dec. 08-10

Consultation on Guidelines and Tools for Sus-tainability in Community-based Disaster Management UNCRD-PNRC

Renato U. Solidum, Jr. Ma. Mylene Villegas

Bayview Hotel, Ma-nila December 17

Table 7. PHIVOLCS Personnel with MS Degree

Name Degree/Course Year Obtained School Attended

Ma. Mylene M. Villegas MS in Geology 1997 Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA

Rowena B. Quiambao MS in Integrated Map and Geo-information Produc-tion. 1997 International Aerospace Survey and Geophysics Sci.

Enschede, The Netherlands

Esmeralda L. Banganan MS in Materials Science Eng'ng 1997 University of the Philippines, U.P. Campus, Diliman, Q.C.

Nemesio M. Canete MS in Management 1996 Leyte Normal Univesity, Leyte

Sheila I. Insauriga MS in Public Administration 1999 University of Sto. Tomas, Espana, Manila

Ramil B. Atando MS in Public Management 1999 University of the Philippines, Visayas, Iloilo City

Nanette V.A. Melosantos MS in Public Management 2001 University of Sto. Tomas, Espana, Manila

Rebecca E. Valenzuela MS in Public Administration 2002 Wesleyan University, Taft Avenue, Manila

Ma. Hannah T. Mirabueno MS in Geology 2002 University of Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealand

Table 8. PHIVOLCS Personnel who are currently pursuing Advanced Degree

Name Degree/Course School Attended

Teodorico A. Sandoval MS in Geology University of the Philippines, U.P. Campus, Diliman, Quezon City

Dante S. Soneja MS in Computer Science University of the Philippines, U.P. Campus, Diliman, Quezon City

Felomina F. Cayabyab MS in Community Development University of the Philippines, U.P. Campus, Diliman, Quezon City

Janette S. Manahan MS in Seismology Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Winchelle Ian G. Sevilla MS in Geophysics Pennsylvania State University, Pennsylvania, USA

Perla J. Delos Reyes MS in Geology University of the Canterbury, Christchurch, New Zealland

Jeffrey F. Perez MS in Environmental Management and Infrastructure Dev't. Eng'ng. Saitama University, Saitama, Japan

Ma. Carmencita A. Arpa MS in Geological Science Michigan State University, Michigan, USA

Ma. Antonia V. Bornas MS in Earth and Planetary Sciences Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Mon Pierre Menguito MS in Remote Sensing University of the Philippines, U.P. Campus, Diliman, Quezon City

Ma. Isabel Abigania MS in Geology University of the Philippines, U.P. Campus, Diliman, Quezon City

Marilou V. Del Rosario MS in Public Administration. Polytechnic Universtity of the Phils., Sta. Mesa, Manila

Rornaldo A. Arboleda MS in Environmental Science University of the Philippines, U.P. Campus, Diliman, Quezon City

Celestino Saquilon MS in Environmental Science University of the Philippines, U.P. Campus, Diliman, Quezon City

Regina B. Quiambao MS in Women and Development University of the Philippines, U.P. Campus, Diliman, Quezon City

Arnold A. Villar MS in Information Technology STI College, Cubao, Quezon City

Table 6. PHIVOLCS Personnel with PhD Degree

Name Degree/Course Year Obtained School Attended

Renato U. Solidum, Jr. Ph D in Earth Sciences 2002 University of California, San Diego, California, USA

Emmanuel G. Ramos Ph D in Geophysics 1994 Indiana University, Indiana, USA

Ernesto G. Corpuz Ph D in Geology 1992 University of Canterbury, New Zealand

Bartolome C. Bautista DSc in Earth and Planetary Sciences 1999 Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan

Babyjane T. Punongbayan Ph D in Geophysics 2001 Louis Pasteur University, Strasbourg, France

Rolly E. Rimando Ph D in Geology 2001 State University of New York, Binghamton, USA

Norman M. Tungol Ph D in Engineering Geology 2002 University of Canterbury Christchurch, New Zealand

Teresito C. Bacolcol Ph D in Geology 2003 Perrie et Marie Curie, Universite, Paris, France

Arturo S. Daag Ph D in Applied Geomorphology 2003 Utrecht University, ITC, The Netherlands

For FY 2003, the PHIVOLCS was

given a total operating budget of P159 M from the GAA and GIA sources. Of this total allotment, P152M was obligated consisting of 36% which went to Personal Services, 53% to MOOE, and 11% to Equipment Out-lay. In terms of S&T activity, the following are the distribution of expenditures: 74% for S&T Services, 7% for R&D, 0.31% for S&T Education and Training and 19% for GASS. The budget expenditure breakdown is shown in the table below.

By S&T Activity, Source of Funds and

Expenses Classification

FFiinnaanncciiaall RReessoouurrcceess

Table 9. Distribution of PHIVOLCS Expenditures, CY 2003

Expenditure by Source of Funds S&T Activity

Total Expenditure Total (Regular +Other Sources) Regular Appropriation (GAA) Other Sources

Total P.S. M.O.O.E. C.O. Total P.S. M.O.O.E. C.O. Total P.S. M.O.O.E. C.O.

Total 152,380.00 56,036.00 80,276.00 16,068.00 147,882.00 55,910.00 77,841.00 14,131.00 4,498.00 126.00 2,435.00 1,937.00

1. Research and Development 10,419.00 5,450.00 3,962.00 1,007.00 6,881.00 5,324.00 1,557.00 - 3,538.00 126.00 2,405.00 1,007.00

2. Technology Delivery

3. S&T Services a. Information Services 6,805.00 4,793.00 1,082.00 930.00 5,845.00 4,793.00 1,052.00 960.00 - 30.00 930.00

b. Technical Ser-vices 105,677.00 29,504.00 62,042.00 14,131.00 105,677.00 29,504.00 62,042.00 14,131.00 - - - -

4. S&T Education & Training 465.00 265.00 200.00 - 465.00 265.00 200.00 - - - - -

5. Development, Integration & Co-ordination of the National Re-search or S&T System

6. General Ad-ministration and Support Services

29,014.00 16,024.00 12,990.00 - 29,014.00 16,024.00 12,990.00 - - - - -

*TAPI (In Thousand pesos)

R&D

S&T Serv ices

S&T Educ.

GASS

19.04%

73.82%

6.84%

.31%

PHIVOLCS 2003 Budget Percent Distribution of Expenditures by S&T Activity

(In Thousand Pesos)

Total: P 152,380.0

KEY OFFICIALS 2003 RENATO U. SOLIDUM, JR Director USEC. FLORENTINO O. TESORO OIC, Office of the Director

(January 2003) EMMANUEL G. RAMOS Deputy Director ERNESTO G. CORPUZ Chief, Volcano Monitoring and

Eruption Prediction Division (VMEPD)

BARTOLOME C. BAUTISTA Chief, Seismological Observation

and Earthquake Prediction Division (SOEPD)

NORMAN M. TUÑGOL OIC, Geology and Geophysics

Research and Development Division (GGRDD)

MA. MYLENE M. VILLEGAS Chief, Geologic Disaster Awareness

and Preparedness Division (GDAPD)

NANETTE V.A. MELOSANTOS Chief, Finance and Administrative

Division (FAD)