course syllabus scps 666: neuromuscular exercise physiology

ภาควิชาสรีรวิทยา คณะวิทยาศาสตร มหาวิทยาลัยมหดิล

DEPARTMENT OF PHYSIOLOGY, FACULTY OF SCIENCE, MAHIDOL UNIVERSITY

Course Syllabus

SCPS 666: Neuromuscular Exercise Physiology

Credit Hour: 2(2-0-4)

Semester I, Academic Year: 2021

August 9th – December 3rd

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

I. Course Description 3

II. Course Objectives 3

III. Expected Learning Outcome 4

IV. Teaching method 4

V. Student Assessment 4

VI. Recommended Textbooks 4

VII. Course Coordinators & Lecturers 4

VIII. Course Schedule 5

IX. Lesson Plan 6

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Course Syllabus and Lesson

SCPS 666: Neuromuscular Exercise Physiology

Semester I, Academic Year: 2021

Course Title: Neuromuscular Exercise Physiology

สรีรวิทยาการออกกําลังกายของระบบประสาทและกลามเน้ือ

Course Code: SCPS 666

Credit: 2 (2-0-4)

Prerequisite: None

Course Description: The neural control of the body movement; mechanism of muscle contraction and its

regulation; adaptations of skeletal muscle to weight training, disuse, aging and injury.

การควบคมุการเคลื่อนไหวของรางกายโดยระบบประสาท การปรับตัวของระบบประสาทตอการฝกออกกําลังกาย กลไกการหดตัวของ

กลามเน้ือและการควบคุม การปรับตัวของกลามเน้ือลายตอการฝกออกกําลังกายโดยใชนํ้าหนัก การไมใชงาน สภาวะชราภาพ และการ

บาดเจ็บ

Course Objectives: After completing this course the student should be able to:

1. Understand how resting and action potential is generated

2. Explain how synapse occur at the neuromuscular junction

3. Understand basic principles of nervous system

4. Explain the process of the voluntary and local control of body movement

5. Describe the principals of neural adaptation

6. Describe the mechanisms underlying skeletal muscle contraction and its regulation

7. Describe factors affecting muscular performance during exercise

8. Describe the mechanisms of muscular fatigue

9. Discuss the adaptive changes in skeletal muscle to resistance training and endurance training

10. Describe genetic influence on muscular performance

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Expected Learning Outcome (ELO)

Instruction Time:

Place: Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University

Student Assessment: Grading for this class is based on:

i. Two in-class essay exams 60 pts (70%)

ii. Class participation & discussion 40 pts (30%)

Total 100 pts (100%)

Textbook:

1. Powers SK and Howley ET. Exercise physiology: Theory and application to fitness and performance, 10th ed., 2018.

2. McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. Exercise physiology: Energy, Nutrition and Human performance. 8th ed., 2015. 3. Gardiner PE. Advanced Neuromuscular Exercise Physiology. Human Kinetics, 2011.

4. ACSM’s Advanced Exercise Physiology. Tipton CM. Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2006, p.

41–94.

5. Boron WF, Boulpaep EL. Eds. Medical Physiology. Elsevier, Philadelphia, 2005, p. 257–279.

Course co-ordinator E-mail Room Tel.

Dr. Ioannis Papadimiriou [email protected] B.522 5616

Course Lecturers

Physiology, Faculty of Science E-mail Room Tel.

Dr. Ioannis Papadimiriou [email protected] B.522 5616

Asst. Prof. Nattapon Panupinthu [email protected] Pr.409 5629

Dr Ratchaneevan Aeimlapa [email protected] Pr.522/2 5500

Asst. Prof. Witchuda Saengsawang [email protected] Pr.416 5616

Asst. Prof. Ratchakrit Srikuea [email protected] B.502/2 5518

ELO Teaching and Learning

Approach Assessment

ELO1 Apply the proper

knowledge in exercise

physiology with ethical

mindset

1) Lecture/Self-study

2) Discussion

3) Assignment

4) Presentation

1) Essay exam

2) Class participation and discussion

3) Quality of report

4) Quality of presentation (Rubrics)

mailto:[email protected]



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Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University

Neuromuscular Exercise Physiology (SCPS 666) Semester 1/2021 2(2-0-4)

Course coordinator: Ioannis Papadimitriou, Ph.D.

Tel: 02-201-5616

Date Time Topics h Instructor

Tue 10 Aug 9:00-9:30 Course orientation 0.5 IP

Wed 11 Aug 9:30-10:30 L1: Homeostasis 1 NP

Fri 13 Aug 9:00-10:30 L2: Membrane potential and nerve physiology 1.5 RA

Fri 13 Aug 13:00-16:00 L3: Fundamental knowledge of nervous system 3 WS

Mon 16 Aug 9:00-11:00 L4: Control of body movement 2 IP

Wed 18 Aug 9:00-11:00 L5: Neural adaptation 2 IP

Thu 19 Aug 9:00-11:00 Group discussion 1: Nervous system 2 IP

Mon 23 Aug 13:00-16:00 Exam 1 IP

Tue 24 Aug 9:00-11:00 L6: Fundamental knowledge of muscle physiology 2 RS

Wed 25 Aug 9:00-11:00 L7: Factors affecting muscular performance during exercise 2 RS

Thu 26 Aug 9:00-11:00 L8: Exercise and muscle fatigue 2 RS

Fri 27 Aug 9:00-11:00 L9: Muscle adaptations to resistance training 2 RS

13:00-15:00 L10: Muscle adaptations to endurance/concurrent training 2 RS

Mon 30 Aug 9:00-11:00 L11: Influence of genetics on muscular performance 2 IP

Wed 1 Sep 9:00-11:00 Group discussion 2: Protein supplementation and muscle

hypertrophy after resistance training

2 RS

Fri 3 Sep 9:00-11:00 Group discussion 3: Skeletal muscle adaptability 2 RS

Mon 6 Sep 9:00-11:00 Student Presentation: Sarcopenia and Response to Exercise

Training

2 RS

Wed 8 Sep 9:00-12:00 Exam 2 IP

Total 30

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Lecture 1: Homeostasis: The Foundation of Physiology

Lecturer: Assistant Professor Nattapon Panupinthu, Ph.D., M.D.

Learning Objectives:

Students are able to

1. Identify and discuss the significance of internal environment of an organism

2. Explain the concept of homeostasis and how it is achieved

3. List factors of the internal environment that must be maintained at the steady state

4. Identify types of the control system and explain how the system functions

Content Outlines:

1. The external and internal environment of the body

2. The concept of homeostasis, a dynamic steady state in the internal environment

3. Contributions of the body systems to homeostasis

4. Control systems for maintenance of the homeostasis

5. Disruption of homeostasis and the consequences

Learning Organization:

1. Study the suggested reading material before the lecture

2. Listen to 50-minute lecture using visual presentation

3. Participate in 10-minute question and answer session

Learning Materials:

1. Lesson plan including learning objectives and content outlines

2. Handout of the lecture presentation

3. Suggested reading materials

Suggested reading materials:

1. Sherwood (2013) Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems, 8th Edition, Chapter 1: Introduction to Physiology

and Homeostasis, pp. 1 - 20, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning.

2. Boron and Boulpaep (2012) Medical Physiology, Updated 2nd Edition, Chapter 1: Foundations of physiology, pp.

3 - 6, Elsevier Saunders.

Student Assessment:

Assay Exam

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Lecture 2: Membrane potential and nerve physiology

Lecturer: Ratchaneevan Aeimlapa, Ph.D.

Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science ([email protected])

Background & synopsis Membrane potential is a potential difference between interior and exterior of cell membrane that is

important to determine cellular function. Ionic flow across membrane involves in generation of resting membrane

potential and action potential which in turn regulating excitability of excitable cells such as neurons. Propagation of

electrical signal along nerve fiber is essential for communication between adjacent cells through synaptic

transmission.

Learning Objectives:

Students are able to

1. Describe the equilibrium potential and predict the direction of ion flow in any given situations using Nernst

equation

2. Describe importance of resting membrane potential and mechanisms generating resting membrane potential

3. Describe the difference between the local response and action potential

4. Describe mechanisms of action potential generation and propagation

5. Discuss the difference of electrical propagation in myelinated vs. unmyelinated axons

6. Describe mechanisms of synaptic transmission

Content Outline:

1. Membrane potential

2. Mechanisms generating resting membrane potential

2.1 Contribution of ionic gradient across plasma membrane

2.2 Permeability of ion across plasma membrane

2.3 Contribution of Na+-K+ ATPases activity

2.4 Gibbs-Donnan equilibrium

3. Electrical responses in excitable cells

3.1 Subthreshold response

3.2 Action potential

4. Ionic mechanisms of action potential

5. Factors affecting action potential propagation

6. Synaptic transmission

6.1 Chemical vs. electrical synapse

6.2 Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP) vs. inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)

6.3 Spatial vs. temporal summation

Learning Organization:

1. Study the learning material provided before attending the lecture

2. Lecture 80 min

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3. Questions and answers 10 min

Learning Materials:

1. Handout of lecture

2. Textbook

References:

1. Sherwood Human Physiology: From Cells to Systems, 9th edition, 2015, Brooks/Cole Cengage Learning.

2. Berne & Levy Physiology. Koeppen, B.M., Stanton, B.A. 6th edition, 2009, Mosby/Elsevier

Student Assessment:

Written exam

9

Lecture 3 Fundamental knowledge of nervous system

Instructor Assistant Professor Witchuda Saengsawang, Ph.D.

Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, ([email protected])

Learning objectives

At the completion of this topic, students should be able to

1. Explain basic principles of sensory system

2. Explain basic principles of motor system

3. Explain basic principles of autonomic nervous system

4. Explain basic principles of higher brain functions

Lecture outline:

1. Somatosensory system

2. Special sensory system

3. Motor system

4. Autonomic nervous system

5. Higher brain function

Learning organization

1. Self-study of suggested reading materials before class

2. 2 sessions of 50-minute lecture using visual presentation

3. 10 minutes questions and answers

Learning materials

1. Lesson plan, including the behavioral objectives


Suggested readings

1. Boron WF, and Boulpaep EL. Medical Physiology, 2nd ed., Elsevier, 2009.

2. Guyton AC and Hall JE, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th ed., Elsevier, 2011

Student assessment:

Written exam

10

Lecture 4 Control of body movement

Instructor Ioannis Papadimitriou, Ph.D.


Background & synopsis

Body movement depends on a coordination of voluntary actions controlled by higher brain centers and

involuntary reflexes coordinated by the spinal cord, which ultimately regulate contraction of muscles. Spinal cord

reflex are motor responses to specific kinds of stimuli, which occur within the neuronal circuit called the reflex arc.

Posture and movement are also controlled by several descending motor pathways.

Learning objectives:

Students should be able to

1. Describe basic principles of neural control of body movement

2. Describe the components and mechanisms of the reflexes

3. Explain physiology of pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems

4. Describe the roles of motor cortex, brain stem, cerebellum and basal ganglia in controlling

body movement

Lecture outline

1. Reflex and control of reflex

2. Fundamental concept of pyramidal and extrapyramidal systems

3. Cortical and brain stem control of motor function

4. Cerebellum and Basal ganglia control of motor function





Learning materials



Suggested readings

1. Boron WF, and Boulpaep EL. Medical Physiology, 2nd ed., Elsevier, 2009.

2. Guyton AC and Hall JE, Textbook of Medical Physiology, 12th ed., Elsevier, 2011

Student assessment:

Written exam

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Lecture 5 Locomotion and neural adaptation

Instructor Dr Ioannis Papadimitriou, Ph.D.



Posture and locomotion are tightly controlled by the nervous system. Adaptation of the nervous system is

required in response to training. Students will also be introduced to some disorders related to motor impairment.

Learning objectives:

After completion of this topic, students should be able to:

1. Explain the spinal control of posture and locomotion.

2. Explain the functions of motor cortex and motor fatigue.

3. Explain the process of muscle atrophy.

4. Explain the changes in the nervous system in response to training.

Lecture outline:

1. Spinal control of posture and locomotion

2. Motor cortex and motor fatigue

3. Muscle atrophy

4. Changes in the nervous system in response to training





Learning materials



Suggested readings

1. ACSM’s Advanced Exercise Physiology. Tipton CM. Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2006,

p. 41–94.

2. Medical Physiology. Boron WF, Boulpaep EL. Eds. Elsevier, Philadelphia, 2005, p. 257–279.

Student assessment:

Written exam

12

Group Discussion 1: Nervous system

Lecturer Ioannis Papadimitriou, Ph.D.


Students M.Sc. Students (Exercise Physiology)

Objectives:

Students should be able to:

1. Discuss about fundamental knowledge of nervous system 2. Discuss about control of body movement 3. Discuss about neural adaptation to exercise

Learning organization 1. Self-study of the assigned contents before class 2. Group discussion on the assigned contents 3. Questions and answers

Learning materials 1. Lesson plan, including the behavioral objectives 2. Assigned contents

Suggested reading 1. ACSM’s Advanced Exercise Physiology. Tipton CM. Ed. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, Philadelphia, 2006.

Student assessment: Class participation during group discussion

Lecture 6: Fundamental knowledge of muscle physiology

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Lecturer Assistant Professor Ratchakrit Srikuea, Ph.D.



Background & synopsis Fundamental knowledge of muscle physiology is an essential content to understand the physiological properties of three different types of muscle including skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle. These basic concepts are mandatory for studying the exercise physiology related contents.

Objectives: Students should be able to: 1. Describe physiological properties and the factors that regulate functions of skeletal muscle, cardiac

muscle, and smooth muscle 2. Explain the essential concepts of basic muscle physiology that can be applied to exercise physiology

Lecture outline

1. Physiological properties of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle 2. Factors that regulate functions of skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle, and smooth muscle


1. Self-study of suggested reading materials before class 2. 2 sessions of 50-minute lecture using visual presentation 3. 10 minutes questions and answers

Learning materials 1. Lesson plan, including the behavioral objectives 2. Handout of the lecture presentation

Suggested readings 1. Koeppen BM, Stanton BA. BERNE & LEVY Physiology. 7th ed., 2018. 2. Marieb EN, Hoehn K. Human Anatomy & Physiology. 9th ed., 2013.

Student assessment: Essay writing

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Lecture 7: Factors affecting muscular performance during exercise




Background & synopsis Muscular performance during exercise is relied on the power and capacity of skeletal muscle to exert force to match the physical demand. Hence, understanding the factors that affect muscular performance and the underlying mechanisms are crucial for exercise physiology knowledge.

Objectives: Students should be able to: 1. Describe the effect of warm-up on muscular performance 2. Explain the underlying mechanisms of exercise-associated muscle cramps 3. Explain the events of delayed onset of muscle soreness after exercise 4. Explain the contribution of muscle fiber type composition on muscular performance

Lecture outline 1. Impact of warm-up sessions 2. Exercise-associated muscle cramps 3. Delayed onset of muscle soreness 4. Influence of muscle fiber type composition

Learning organization 1. Self-study of suggested reading materials before class 2. 2 sessions of 50-minute lecture using visual presentation 3. 10 minutes questions and answers


Suggested readings 1. Powers SK and Howley ET. Exercise physiology: Theory and application to fitness and performance, 10th

ed., 2018. 2. McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL. Essential of exercise physiology: Nutrition, Energy, and Human

performance. 8th ed., 2015. Student assessment:

Essay writing

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Lecture 8: Exercise and muscle fatigue




Background & synopsis Muscle fatigue is the phenomenon that deficit of muscle force occurs during physical exertion, i.e., exercise. Both central and peripheral contributions on muscle fatigue have been reported. Numerous underlying mechanisms have been proposed to date to explain how muscle fatigue developed during intense and prolonged exercise.

Objectives: Students should be able to: 1. Explain the concept of muscle fatigue during exercise 2. Describe the contributions of central and peripheral mechanisms of muscle fatigue during exercise 3. Describe the underlying mechanisms of muscle fatigue during intense vs. prolonged exercise

Lecture outline 1. Definition of muscle fatigue 2. Central and peripheral mechanisms of muscle fatigue 3. Muscle fatigue during intense vs. prolonged exercise



Suggested readings 1. Farrell PA, Joyner MJ, Caiozzo VJ. ACSM’s Advanced Exercise Physiology, 2nd ed., 2012.


Lecture 9: Muscle adaptations to resistance training

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Resistance training is a type of training that routinely apply as exercise regimen to increase muscle mass and strength. Adaptation of skeletal muscle to the external resistance are involves both neural and muscular adaptations. Resistance training induces changes of physiological responses, up-regulation of growth factors, and activation of skeletal muscle stem cell to play role in skeletal muscle hypertrophic process.

Objectives: Students should be able to: 1. Describe the impact on resistance training on neural and muscular adaptation 2. Explain the functions of skeletal muscle stem cell and myonuclear domain hypothesis 3. Define the growth factors that contribute to skeletal muscle hypertrophic process

Lecture outline 1. Resistance training and skeletal muscle adaptation 2. Myonuclear domain hypothesis 3. Growth factors mediate muscle hypertrophy 4. Sarcopenia and resistance training






Essay writing

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Lecture 10: Muscle adaptations to endurance/concurrent training





Endurance training is a type of training that regularly use to improve cardiorespiratory fitness. The effect of endurance training mainly involves angiogenesis and mitochondrial synthesis to increase oxygen delivery and oxygen extraction of the working muscle during exercise. In contrast to endurance training, concurrent training is the combination of resistance and endurance training to mimic various types of sports that require both strength and endurance performance.

Objectives: Students should be able to: 1. Describe the effects of endurance and concurrent training on muscular adaptation 2. Compare and contrast the effects of endurance and concurrent training to resistance training on skeletal

muscle adaptation Lecture outline

1. Endurance training and skeletal muscle adaptation 2. Concurrent training and skeletal muscle adaptation 3. Sarcopenia and endurance training






Essay writing

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Lecture 11: Influence of genetics on muscular performance

Lecturer Dr Ioannis Papadimitriou, Ph.D.



Background & synopsis Athletic performance is a complex trait that is influenced by both genetic and environmental factors. Studies focused on similarities and differences in athletic performance within families, including between twins, suggest that genetic factors underlie 30% to 80% of the differences among individuals in traits related to athletic performance. Many studies have investigated variations in specific genes thought to be involved in these traits, involving athletes and non-athletes. Some gene polymorphisms have been linked with exercise performance. Changes in our genome can influence speed, strength and endurance performance as well.

Objectives: Students should be able to: 1. Describe the influence of genetics on exercise performance 2. Define the major candidate genes and its effect on muscular performance

Lecture outline 1. Human genome and exercise performance 2. Candidate gene analysis on muscular performance 3. Single Nucleotide Polymorphisms (SNPs)



Suggested readings 1. Bray et al. The human gene map for performance and health-related fitness phenotypes: the 2006-2007

update. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009;41(1):35-73. 2. Malcolm Collins, Genetics Med Sport Sci. Basel, Karger, 2016 3. I. Papadimitriou, A. Lucia, Y. Pitsiladis, V. Pushkarev, D. Dyatlov, E. Orekhov, J. Guilherme, A. Lancha, V.

Ginevičien, P. Cieszczyk, A. Karlowska, M. Sawczuk, C. Muniesa, A. Kouvatsi, M. Massidda, C. Calò, F. Garton, G. Wang, K. Austin, V. Charlton, E. Morrison, A. Druzhevskaya, I. Astratenkova, I. Ahmetov ACTN3 R577X and ACE I/D gene variants influence specific performance phenotypes in elite sprinters: A study involved ten cohorts of Caucasian and African athletes, European Journal of Human Genetics Vol 23, p 336 June (2016)


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Group Discussion 2: Protein supplementation and skeletal muscle hypertrophy after resistance training




Background & synopsis Protein supplementation is recommended to apply during resistance training in trained men to enhance muscle hypertrophy. To support this notion, whey protein has been widely used in the bodybuilder. However, whether whey protein supplementation affect muscle hypertrophy in untrained men is remained unknown.

Objectives: Students should be able to: 1. Describe the impact of protein supplementation on skeletal muscle hypertrophy after resistance training 2. Explain the contribution of mTOR signaling in response to whey protein supplementation after resistance

training Learning organization

1. Self-study of the assigned papers before class 2. Group discussion on the assigned papers 3. Questions and answers

Learning materials 1. Lesson plan, including the behavioral objectives 2. Assigned papers

Suggested reading 1. Hulmi JJ, Lockwood CM, Stout JR. Effect of protein/essential amino acids and resistance training on

skeletal muscle hypertrophy: A case for whey protein. Nutr Metab 7: 51, 2010. Assigned Paper

1. Kakigi R, Yoshihara T, Ozaki H, Ogura Y, Ichinoseki-Sekine N, Kobayashi H, et al. Whey protein intake after resistance exercise activates mTOR signaling in a dose-dependent manner in human skeletal muscle. Eur J Appl Physiol, Apr;114(4):735-42, 2014.

Student assessment: Class participation during group discussion

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Group Discussion 3: Skeletal muscle adaptability




Background & synopsis Skeletal muscles are heterogeneous, composing of different fiber types including slow, fast oxidative, and fast glycolytic. Each of which is characterized by a set of contractile and molecular properties. One of the remarkable features of skeletal muscle is its adaptability. The adaptation of skeletal muscle is diverse and the magnitude of change is depended on many factors such as activity pattern, age, and muscle fiber type composition.

Objectives: Students should be able to: 1. Describe the concepts of skeletal muscle adaptation 2. Compare and contrast the adaptation of human skeletal muscle between unloading vs. aging

Learning organization 1. Self-study of the assigned contents before class 2. Group discussion on the assigned contents 3. Questions and answers

Learning materials 1. Lesson plan, including the behavioral objectives 2. Assigned contents

Suggested reading 1. Schiaffino and Reggiani. Fiber types in mammalian skeletal muscles. Physiol Rev 91: 1447–1531, 2011. 2. Wisdom et al. Use it or lose it: multiscale skeletal muscle adaptation to mechanical stimuli. Biomech

Model Mechanobiol. 14(2):195-215, 2015. Student assessment:

Class participation during group discussion

21

Student Presentation: Topic “Sarcopenia and Response to Exercise Training”





Sarcopenia is the condition that muscle mass and strength are declined during aging. The impairment of

muscular performance in elderly can be alleviated with exercise training. Therefore, understanding the effects of

resistance and endurance exercise training on aged muscle will help to design the appropriate training regimens to

improve the quality of life in elderly.

Objectives: Students should be able to: 1. Explain the impact of sarcopenia on muscular performance 2. Describe the effects of resistance, endurance, and concurrent training on muscular adaptation in

elderly Learning organization

1. Self-study on the assigned paper before class 2. Students prepare the presentation using PowerPoint on the assigned topic 3. Questions and answers

Learning materials 1. Lesson plan, including the behavioral objectives 2. Assigned paper

Assigned Paper 1. Cadore at el. Strength and endurance training prescription in healthy and frail elderly. Aging Dis. Jun;5(3):

183–195, 2014. Student assessment:

Student presentation with PowerPoint

course syllabus scps 666: neuromuscular exercise physiology

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