course outline-law of evidence i
DESCRIPTION
Course Outline-Law of Evidence ITRANSCRIPT
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 1/72
AMOAF KDTAMKO BSIIK[[AM JN IA\UKGVCTGAVKJGAI KUIAOKE SGK^CTUKV[ OAIA[UKA
Buiikyyam0
AKBJI
Fcpar!c"0
Xudike Iaw Fcpartocgt
#r$%ra!!c Daemcijr jn Iaws (II.D)
E$ur&c Vkic Iaw jn Cvkcgec !
E$ur&c E$'c IA" #!!$
Uau& %jrc
Ic(ci #
Erc'k M$ur& &
E$"a) M$ur& &
#rc*rc+uk&kc
,k- a"y.
'jgc
E$*rc+uk&kc
,k- a"y.
'jgc
Vca)mk"% Ocm$'$i$%y Iceturcs utjrkais * +cokgars
Ocm$' $- C(aiuak$"
&ac /ck%ma%c $- ca)m
ypc $- a&&c&&!c"
cst ! !,-
cst !,-
utjrkai Asscssocgt !$-
/kgai C8aokgatkjg 1$-
jtai4 !$$-
K"&ru)$r& %jjrkgatjr4 Xrjn Fr 5a6k 3jm A>rao +makr 3jmaoc
3r. 3jm +mamrk<a 3jm Fkam
Assje. Xrjn. Fr Ksoaki =ugus
Assje. Xrjn. Fr 3jmaoc A>rao
Asst. Xrjn Fr. ;agk Baoarukg
Uc!c&cr J--crc' +cocstcr ! ag
E$ur&c J81c)k(c& !. mat stucgts ae0ukrc a daske >gjwic2c jn tmc iaw jn
cvkcgec.
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 2/72
. mat stucgts apprcekatc tmc rciatkjgsmkp dctwccg tmc iaw jn
cvkcgec ag sudstagtkvc iaw sud6cets.
&. mat stucgts 2akg c8pcrkcgec kg appi9kg2 tmc iaw jn
cvkcgec tj praetkeai prjdicos.
#. mat stucgts eag ae0ukrc ag cgmagec tragsncradic s>kiis
njr cnncetkvc icargkg2 ag tmc appikeatkjg jn tmc iaw jn
cvkcgec.
mc adjvc jd6cetkvcs ako tj c0ukp stucgts tj 2rasp tmc iaw jn
cvkcgec wmcg mc ks praetkekg2 iaw as ag avjeatc ag sjikektjr jr
as a 6u2c jr jtmcrwksc caikg2 wktm ic2ai oattcrs kg mks varkjus pjsktkjgs as a ic2ai avksjr.
Icar"k"% Ju)$!c& !. j cnkgc tmc ocagkg2 jn Cvkcgec
. j kcgtkn9 tmc varkjus ojcs jn cvkcgec
&. j copij9 tmc tmcjr9 jn cvkcgec kgtj tmc s>kiis tmat eag dc
appikc jg ejurts#. j c8aokgc tmc varkjus rcicvagt cvkcgtkai kssucs tj
ejoprcmcg rcicvage9 ag aoksskdkikt9 jn cvkcgec.,. j kgtcr2ratc tmc >gjwic2c jn cvkcgtkai ag prjecurai
iaws kgtj tmc arcas jn sudstagtkvc iaws.
1. j 6ustkn9 tmc uscnuigcss jn tmc >gjwic2c jn cvkcgec iaws
kgtj praetkeai s>kiis.
?. At tmc cg jn caem tjpkes tmc stucgts wkii dc adic tj
kcgtkn9 ag prjvkc rcicvagt ic2ai sjiutkjg jg caem tjpkes.
7. At tmc cg jn tmc scocstcr tmc stucgts wkii mavc a sjug
2rasp jn cvkcgtkai iaws. mc9 wkii dc nrcci9 appi9 tmc iaw tj
praetkeai prjdicos.
E$ur&c Uy"$p&k& ’Vmc iaw jn cvkfcgec fctcrokgcs mjw tmc partkcs
arc tj ejgvkgec tmc ejurt jn tmc cxkstcgec jn tmat statc jn naets, wmkem aeejrfkgl tj tmc prjvkskjgs jn
sudstagtkvc iaw wjuif cstadiksm tmc cxkstcgec jn tmc
rklmt jr ikadkikty tmat tmcy aiiclc tj cxkst‟.
: H./. +tcpmcg A Fk2cst jn tmc iaw jn cvkcgec #tm
cg. Ijgjg4 3aeokiiag !77! p. .
mks ejursc akos tj prjvkc a daske jutikgc jn tmc iaw jn cvkcgec kg
3aia9ska partkeuiari9 as prjvkc njr kg tmc 3aia9skag Cvkcgec
Aet !,$. mks ejursc cgadics stucgts tj apprcekatc tmc
tmcjrctkeai daskes jn tmc iaw jn cvkcgec ag tmckr rciatkjgsmkp wktmsudstagtkvc iaw. "mcrcvcr gcecssar9 tmc daske prkgekpics jn Ksiaoke
iaw jn Cvkcgec wkii dc pjkgtc jut kg sj nar as tmc9 arc kopjrtagtnjr ejoparatkvc stu9.
3akg rcncrcgecs njr tmc ejursc wkii dc jg ijeai autmjrktkcs.
Autmjrktkcs nrjo jtmcr 6urksketkjgs wkii aisj dc ektc tj dcttcr
ugcrstag tmc prkgekpics jn tmc iaw jn cvkcgec.
As tmc ejursc ks ocagt njr nkgai 9car iaw stucgts kt ks kopcratkvc
tmat daske >gjwic2c jn tmc tcemgkeaiktkcs jn tmc iaw jn cvkcgec ks
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 3/72
kopartc nkrst. mc nkrst ncw wcc>s jn tmc ejursc wkii dc cvjtc jg
tmc daskes jn cvkcgec suem as ojc jn cvkcgec rcicvage9 scetkjgs
ag skokiar naet cvkcgec.
mc gc8t ncw wcc>s wkii ejvcr kopjrtagt tjpkes ik>c aoksskjg ag
ejgncsskjg c8pcrt jpkgkjg ag c8ecptkjgs tj tmc ruic jn mcarsa9.
/kgaii9 tmks scocstcr wkii ejvcr tmc kopjrtagt tjpke jg njrcgske
cvkcgec ag tmc daskes jn cvkcgec tmat wkii appi9. mc iceturcr
wkii attcopt tj c8piakg mjw spceknke prjvkskjgs jn cvkcgec wkii
appi9 wmcg tmks t9pc jn cvkcgec arc usc.
EJSTUC JSVIKGCU
\CCB VJ#KEU TCNCTCGECU
\CCB 4
A5 K"r$'u)k$" $ mc Ia/ $-C(k'c")c.
+aiojg4
’Iaw ks fkvkfcf kgtj sudstagtkvc iaw
agf af`cetkvc iaw.‟
+udstagtkvc iaw cais wktm tmc rk2mts
ag utkcs jn tmc partkcs. A6cetkvc
iaw ks tj 2akg aeecss tj tmc ejurt jn
iaw tj vkgkeatc 9jur rk2mts. 'cc tj
>gjw prjecurc tj cncg 9jur
eikcgts ag tj stu9 cvkcgec tj prjvctmc easc tj tmc ejurts. A6cetkvc iaw
ks icx njrk jr iaw jn tmc njruo.
/jrck2gcrs arc trkc tj jur prjecurc
ag iaw jn cvkcgec.
+cc Dakg v \mktcmavcg Takiway
@ugetkjg !7,$E & 5 %I. !:!.
Vmc mk&$rk)ai 8a)6%r$u"' $- mcOaiay&ka" C(k'c")c A) 43><5
A5 Vmc #rk")kpic& $- K"crprcak$"
45 Dagb jn Cgliagf v ^alikagj !7!E
A% !$?
=5 [cj Mjeb Emcgl v T !&7E 3IH !$#
;5 Xabaia Garayaga wa!k v "kgl
C!#crjr !&E 3IH ,
Ijr 3aeokiiag mci tmat tmc Cvkcgec Aet
ks a ejc ag wc eaggjt ijj> at tmc
prcvkjus statc jn iaw. 5jwcvcr gj ejc ks
c8maustkvc. +joc oattcrs eag dc icnt jut. Kntmc ejc ks skicgt wc eag kopjrt ejoojg
iaw tj nkii kg tmc iaeugac.
Jtmcr eascs4
45 $jmf% ycfji &rknnkg v% [cjm 'jk
(arb . !!1E ! 3I !1,
=5 &kgag v% ycf &)u Dabar !&E 3IH
$
D5 Vmc T$ic $- mc E$!!$" Ia/
45 XX v% [uvara* !1E 3IH. 7
=5 @aya+cga v% T !?$E ! Aii C; !A% 1!7.
Fcais wktm tmc kgtcrprctatkjg jn tmc ejc.
mc ejc ks gjt oaiicadic tj tmat c8tcgt tmc
ejoojg iaw ks. mcrcnjrc tj kgtcrprct tmc
ejc oust ijj> at tmc ejc nkrst.
E5 K& mc C(k'c")c A) cmau&k(c2
Kg XX v aga++k !?$E 3IH !7 +maroa
&
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 4/72
H ma jg jeeaskjg oac a prjgjugecocgt
wmctmcr tmc Cvkcgec Aet ks c8maustkvc jr
gjt. mc %jc ks c8maustkvc jgi9 wmat ks
ejgtakgc kg tmc Aet ktscin. 3ag9 jtmcr
oattcrs eag dc njug kg jtmcr statutcs suem
as scetkjg !!& %X% Fag2crjus Fru2s Aet
+cktkjus Aet tmat ejgtakgc cvkcgtkai prjvkskjg. Kg tmat scgsc kt ks gjt c8maustkvc.
F5 Uk")c mc C(k'c")c A) k& "$
cmau&k(c )a" /c rc)ck(c mc
)$!!$" ia/2
mc Xrkv9 %jugeki kg XX v [uvara* !1E
3IH 7 iueki9 c8prcssc tmat gj
cgaetocgt ks c8maustkvc. mc Cvkcgec Aet
ks part jn tmc 2cgcrai ejrpus jn tmc iaw tmat
ks appikc d9 iaw9crs. Jg oattcrs wmcrc tmc
aet ks skicgt jr nakis tj dc c8pikekt eag mavc
a rcncrcgec tj tmc ejoojg iaw. mc X%tji us tmat aitmju2m tmc Cvkcgec Aet ks kg
tmc njro jn a ejc tmcrc ks gj kgtcgtkjg jg
tmc part jn tmc ic2ksiaturc tj j awa9 wktm
wcii:>gjwg ejgecpts jn tmc ejoojg iaw.
45 XX v (icgg "gklmt @cya+kgla!
!E +I; # at ,!
mc +kg2apjrcag Apc8 %jurt drju2mt jut a
2jj part jn tmc iaw. mc ejc ks a
naekiktatkvc Aet. mc ejc ks tmcrc dut kgoattcrs wmcg tmc ejc ks skicgt wc eag
rceckvc tmc ejoojg iaw.
C5 U)$pc $- mc C(k'c")c A)
D9 vkrtuc jn scetkjg tmc Cvkcgec Aet
eaggjt appi9 tj annkavkts jr tj ardktratkjgs.
,MC C^-.CG,-&/ E'GECX,
&% , MC E'GECX, '8 8&E, &G. 8&E, -G
-1C
Dcgtmao ocgtkjgc tmat tmc
cnkgktkjg jn naet ks uai kg gaturc tmatkgeiucs pm9skeai naets jr
ps9emjij2keai (ocgtai).
/aets kg kssuc ocag tmc sud6cet kg
ksputc. Kn a oag ks emar2c jn >kiikg2
a oag ag mc picas gjt 2ukit9. mc
naet tmat mc cgkcs tmc emar2c ks ag
kssuc kg tmat ksputc. Kg ekvki oattcrs
8 &E, -G -1C -G ET-$-G&/ E&C
T v k!!+ !#1E BD ,&! Ijr jar
p.,&.
"mcgcvcr tmcrc ks a pica jn gjt 2ukit9
cvcr9tmkg2 ks kg kssuc ag tmc prjsceutkjg
mas tj prjvc tmc wmjic jn tmckr easc
kgeiukg2 tmc kcgtkt9 jn tmc aeeusc tmcgaturc jn tmc aet ag tmc c8kstcgec jn ag9
gcecssar9 >gjwic2c jr kgtcgt.
8 &E, -G -1C -G E-^-/ XT'ECC.-G(
Kt ks kcgtknkadic nrjo tmc picakg2s. mc
wmjic pjkgt jn wmkem ks tj sct jut tmc
partkcs aiic2atkjgs aoksskjgs ag cgkais
sj tmat dcnjrc tmc trkai cvcr9jgc >gjws
#
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 5/72
tmc naets kg kssuc arc oattcrs tj dc
cekc kg picakg2s. Kg a ejgtraet
tmc tcros kopikc jr c8prcss ejui dc
cgkc jr travcrsc. 3attcrs tmat arc
gjt aokttc dcejoc ag kssuc. 3ust
prjvc tmc naets kg kssuc.
c8aeti9 wmat oattcrs arc icnt kg ksputc ag
tmcrcnjrc jpcg tj prjjn jr ksprjjn.
D% , MC E'GECX, '8 TC/C^&GE[
;cicvage9 ks a ejgecpt tmat rugs
tmrju2m tmc Cvkcgec Aet !,$.
+cetkjg , ceiarcs wmat ks rcicvagt
cvkcgec k.c. jgi9 cvkcgec tmat ks
ceiarc rcicvagt d9 tmc Aet ag Njn
gj jtmcrs. mc sk2gknkeagec jn tmks
scetkjg ks apparcgt. "matcvcr ks gjt
prjvkc njr kg tmc Aet ks krrcicvagtag tmcrcnjrc kgaoksskdic.
%jgsc0ucgti9 jgi9 cvkcgec ceiarcrcicvagt d9 tmc Aet eag dc ejgskcrc
as 6ukekai cvkcgec.
+cc aisj4
Uc)k$" 4;94 %jurt tj cekc as tj
aoksskdkikt9 jn cvkcgec.
Uc)k$" 49>4 Hu2c mas pjwcr tj put
0ucstkjgs adjut ag9 naet rcicvagt jr
krrcicvagt dut tmc 6u2cocgt oust dc dasc
upjg naets ceiarc d9 tmc Cvkcgec Aet tj
dc rcicvagt ag ui9 prjvc.
45 XX v .atj4 crk &gwar -)ramk! ('j4
&) !E 3IH !/aet kg kssuc oust dc rcicvagt tj naet kg
kssuc
=5 XX v% Ma*k "a++k! !?!E 3IH !!,
(/ccrai %jurt)
\matcvcr ks ijlkeaiiy prjdatkvc ks gjt
gcecssarkiy afoksskdic kg cvkfcgec ugicss kt
ks fceiarcf sj ugfcr tmc et.
+cetkjg , ks tmc dae>djgc jn tmc Cvkcgec
Aet. Kt 2kvcs cvkcgec jn naets kg kssuc ag
naets tmat arc rcicvagt tj tmc naets kg kssuc
as mcrckg antcr ceiarc scetkjg 1 L ,, ag
jn gj jtmcrs. Kt eag dc rca tj2ctmcr wktmscetkjg !&1 wmcrc tmc 6u2c eag as> kg
wmat wa9 ks tmc cvkcgec rcicvagt tj tmc
naets kg kssuc L as c8creksc d9 Au2ustkgc
Xaui H kg tmc Fatj +crk Agwar Kdramkoseasc. Kn tmc 6u2c as>c tmc iaw9cr adjut
rcicvage9 ugcr scetkjg !&1 9ju smjui
krcet tmc 6u2cs okg tj scetkjg ,.
+cetkjg , ceiarcs wmat ks rcicvagt
cvkcgec k.c. jgi9 cvkcgec tmat ks ceiarc
rcicvagt d9 tmc Aet ag Mjn gj jtmcrs. mc
sk2gknkeagec jn tmks scetkjg ks apparcgt."matcvcr ks gjt prjvkc njr kg tmc Aet ks
krrcicvagt ag tmcrcnjrc kgaoksskdic.
%jgsc0ucgti9 jgi9 cvkcgec ceiarc d9
tmc Cvkcgec Aet !,$ ejui dc
ejgskcrc as 6ukekai cvkcgec kg
3aia9ska. +cetkjg , oust dc rca wktm
scetkjg !&1(!) jn tmc Aet4
,
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 6/72
Au2ustkgc Xaui H kg !! v. "atj# $crk
gwar dkg %dramko&'j() *+- /I8 +,
+14 &56) mci4
M@ucstkjgs jn aoksskdkikt9 jn
cvkcgec arc 0ucstkjgs jn iaw ag
arc ctcrokgadic d9 tmc 6u2c. Kn kt
ks tmc ut9 jn tmc 6u2c tj aokt aiircicvagt cvkcgec kt ks gj icss mks
ut9 tj c8eiuc aii krrcicvagt
cvkcgec. +cetkjg , jn tmc
Cvkcgec Aet !,$ ceiarcs tmatcvkcgec oa9 dc 2kvcg kg ag9 sukt
jr prjecckg2s jn tmc c8kstcgec jr
gjg:c8kstcgec jn cvcr9 naet kg kssuc
ag jn suem jtmcr naets as ceiarc
tj dc rcicvagt ugcr tmc prjvkskjgs
jn tmc Cvkcgec Aet !,$. mc
6u2c ks copjwcrc tj aiijw jgi9
suem cvkcgec tj dc 2kvcg as ks kgmks jpkgkjg rcicvagt ag
aoksskdic ag kg jrcr tj asecrtakg
tmc rcicvage9 jn tmc cvkcgec
wmkem a part9 prjpjscs tj 2kvc tmc
6u2c oa9 aisj as> tmc part9
prjpjskg2 tj 2kvc cvkcgec kg wmat
oaggcr tmc aiic2c naets kn prjvc
wjui dc rcicvagt ag mc oa9 tmcg
cekc as tj kts aoksskdkikt9.
Tcej!!cgfcf Tcafkgl5
5.3. anruiiam !7#. Aoksskdkikt9
;cicvagt Cvkcgec ag jtmcr rciatc Kssucs4
+joc %joocgts /rjo tmc Fatj 3j>mtars
%asc. 3aia9ag Iaw Hjurgai 8v.
E5 Vmc )$")cp& $- i$%k)ai a"'
ic%ai rcic(a")y
Cvkcgec oust satksn9 gjt jgi9 tmc
tcst jn rcicvagec dut +pcgecr ag /ikg
gjtc4 (a) kt oust dc rcicvagt ag (d) kt
oust dc ic2aii9 aoksskdic.
%mjg2 +kcw /ak %H kg Vmavagatmag
$udraoagkao v. !! !?E & %IH !,$ mci
tmat4 Mmc iaw jn cvkcgec tmc earkgai
ruic rciatkg2 tj rcicvage9 ks tmat sud6cet tj
c8eiuskjgar9 ruics aii cvkcgec wmkem ks
sunnkekcgti9 rcicvagt tj tmc naets kg kssuc ks
aoksskdic.
Jtmcr eascs4
!! v. 3kidjurgc !?&E A% ?>
MCvkcgec ks rcicvagt kn kt ks
ij2keaii9 prjdatkvc jr ksprjdatkvc
jn sjoc oattcr wmkem rc0ukrcs
prjjn ... M(I)j2keai prjdatkvcgcss
1
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 7/72
... jcs gjt jn ktscin c8prcss tmc
cicocgt jn c8pckcgec wmkem ks sj
sk2gknkeagt jn kts jpcratkjg kg
iaw ... Kt ks sunnkekcgt tj sa9 ... tmat
rcicvagt cvkcgec k.c. ij2keaii9
prjdatkvc jr ksprjdatkvc cvkcgec
ks cvkcgec wmkem oa>cs tmcoattcr wmkem rc0ukrcs prjjn ojrc
jr icss prjdadic.
!! v. 5a`k 3assko (supra)
M (")matcvcr ks ij2keaii9 prjdatkvc ks gjt gcecssarki9
aoksskdic kg cvkcgec ugicss kt ks
sj ugcr tmc (Aet).
3attcrs tmat arc ij2keaii9 rcicvagt dut gjt
ic2aii9 aoksskdic kgeiuc prkvkic2cs
mcarsa9 ag emaraetcr cvkcgec.
\CCB
=? ;
AFOKUUKDKIKV[ JN C^KFCGEC
KIIC7AII[
JDVAKGCF
Ogcr tmc ejoojg iaw as ijg2 as tmc
cvkcgec ks rcicvagti9 prjeurc cvcg
kn 9ju stcai kt kt wkii dc aoksskdic. Kt
ks gjt tmc ejgecrg jn tmc ejurt. Ijr
jar copmask<c tmat as ijg2 as kt
ks rcicvagt kt ks aoksskdic.
1. XX v a!kgatmag !&?E 3IH
&
4. T v "uru!a !,,E A% !?
5. (ag &m Dcc !?,E 3IH !$1
6. <c 3am \am =kfcj !71E
3IH
3. Ta!ik )% "cekb !71E 3IH
&&
>. \abj $cremagt Dagb v /k!
/cag Mcgl $$$E # %IH &:1
Fk&)rck$" $ $!k kiic%aiiy $8ak"c'c(k'c")c
Gjjr $uma!af !#E A%
"mcrc kn tmc cvkcgec was prjeurc
ic2aii9 kn tmc prc6ukekai cnncet jutwck2mckts prjdatkvc vaiuc tmc 6u2c eag c8creksc
mks c8eiuskjgar9 kserctkjg tj jokt tmat
cvkcgec.
Kg T v agl !7$E A% #$ tmc jjr tj
c8creksc tmc c8eiuskjgar9 kserctkjg was
eijsc. Kg 3aia9ska wc njiijw tmc ejoojg
iaw. Kt ks jn mk2m pcrsuaskvc vaiuc tj us.( Ta!ik "cekb (supra) k gjt arcss tmks
kssuc.) mks kserctkjg tj c8eiuc kg
Cg2iag was rcstjrc d9 statutc kg tmc Aet
jn Xarikaocgt (Xjikec Ag %rkokgai
Cvkcgec Aet !7#).
Kg 3aia9ska kt ks gjt ecrtakg. Kt ks kserctkjg
tj dc c8creksc 6ukekjusi9. /aetjrs wkii
?
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 8/72
cpcg jg tmc gaturc jn kiic2aikt9.
"rk+mga Taj (uru!urtmy $$!E ! 3IH
?#
Bag2 H arcssc mks okg tmat cvkcgec
kiic2aii9 jdtakgc tmc 6u2c oust
6ukekjusi9 c8creksc mks kserctkjg tjc8eiuc kiic2aii9 jdtakgc cvkcgec kn tmc
prc6ukekai cnncet wkii jutwck2m prjdatkvc
vaiuc.
Jtmcr rciatc easc4
6mcgl $wcc Vkagl v !! (!1#) &$ 3IH
!
;cejoocgc ;cakg2s4
!. =cj. !7!. Kiic2aii9 Jdtakgc
Cvkcgec. 3cidjurgc Ogkvcrskt9 Iaw;cpjrt. !&. &!.
. %mjj !7. Koprjpcri9 Jdtakgc
Cvkcgec4 A ;cejgskcratkjg. Ic2ai
+tukcs. 1!.
&. jg2 !#. Kiic2aii9 Jdtakgc
Cvkcgec ag mc %jgecpt jn Adusc
jn Xrjecss4 A Xjsskdic ;cejgekikatkjg.
+kg2apjrc Iaw ;cpjrt. ?.
#. "kiikaos . !,,. Cvkcgec Jdtakgc
d9 Kiic2ai 3cags. %rkokgai Iaw
;cvkcw. &&.
Fcnkgktkjg jn cvkcgec
CE,-'G 65 X T'^-G( E&C D[ C^-.CGEC
• Fc-k"kk$" $- pr$$- a"' mc
'k--crc")c 8c/cc" c(k'c")c
a"' pr$$-5
mc9 arc gjt s9gjg9o. Cvkcgec kstmc ocka tj drkg2 adjut prjjn.
Cvkcgec drkg2s wktgcsscs tmc
ejugsci prjvc cvkcgec d9
jeuocgts. Cvkcgec icasG2cgcratcs prjjn. Cvkcgec ks tmc eausc wmkic
prjjn ks tmc ejgsc0ucgec. Xrjjn ks
sjoctmkg2 tmat drkg2s adjut a
pcrsuaskjg kg tmc okg jn tmc trkdugai
Iko $jm /cgl ; gjr v. 3rksmgag !1?E
!3IH 7 (/ccrai %jurt).
<jdkgs v. 'atkjgai Vrust 6j !?E A%
,!,
Xrjjn ks gjt rc0ukrc kg tmrcc sktuatkjgs.
mcsc arc (a) eascs jn 6ukekai gjtkec (d)
eascs wmcrc tmc aoksskjg jn naets d9 djtm
partkcs jr wmcrc tmc aeeusc picas 2ukit9
tj a emar2c ag (e) eascs kgvjivkg2 prcsuoptkjgs suem as tmc ejoojg iaw
prcsuoptkjgs tmat a 2ukit9 oag ks kggjecgt
ugtki prjvcg 2ukit9 jr tmat a oag ks sagc
ugtki prjvcg kgsagc jr tj prjvc naet A naet
D ks prcsuoc. mcrc ks agjtmcr t9pc jn
prcsuoptkjg rcej2gksc d9 tmc 3aia9skag
ejurt eaiic tmc statutjr9 prcsuoptkjg. Jgc
7
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 9/72
jn naet as tj tmc c8kstcgec jr gjg:
c8kstcgec jn naet kg kssuc. Fcnkgktkjg
d9 Aet kg & njros4
Xrjvc4
Fksprjvc4
'jt prjvc4
c8aopic ks scetkjg &?(!) jn tmc Fag2crjus
Fru2s Aet !7# wmcrc pjsscsskjg jn a
rc0ukrc aojugt jn ru2s rakscs a statutjr9
prcsuoptkjg tmat tmc aeeusc ks a trannke>cr
jn ru2s.
Tcej!!cgfcf Tcafkgl5
5. +kg2m. !?. mc Cvkcgec Aet4 A %asc
/jr ;cnjro. 3aia9ag Iaw Hjurgai. . 88v
Vypc& $- C(k'c")c ,Oc'ka $- #r$$-.
• Jrai cvkcgec.
• 5carsa9 cvkcgec.
• Fjeuocgtar9 cvkcgec.
• %kreuostagtkai cvkcgec.
• ;cai cvkcgec.
Fkstkgetkjg dctwccg "ck2mt agAoksskdkikt9 jn Cvkcgec.
Vc&k!$"kai C(k'c")c ,Jrai c(k'c")c. :
&c)k$"& >3 H 9< $ 8c rca' $%cmcr.
3aia9ska ajptc tmc avcrsarkai s9stco.
mcrc ks erjss:c8aokgatkjg tj tcst tmc
erckdkikt9 jn wktgcsscs. Kt ks tmc cg2kgc njr
tmc ksejvcr9 jn trutm. mc purpjsc jn rc:
c8aokgatkjg ks tj rcpakr tmc aoa2c.+cetkjg , statcs tmat aii naets c8ecpt tmc
ejgtcgts jn jeuocgts oa9 dc prjvc d9
jrai cvkcgec. "mat ks pcreckvc d9 jgc jr
ojrc jn tmc nkvc scgscs tj prjvc tmc trutm jn
asscrtkjgs. As jppjsc tj 2kvkg2 mcarsa9
cvkcgec tmat ks rcpcatkg2 a statcocgt kg
ejurt oac jutskc ejurt. Kt ks gjt tcstc d9erjss:c8aokgatkjg njr tmc trutmnuigcss jn
cvkcgec. Kn tmc wktgcss ks prcscgt kg ejurt
tmc ejurt eag scc mko scc mks cocagjur
mjw mc rcaets tj 0ucstkjgs tj apprcekatc tmc
cvkcgec.
Mcar&ay c(k'c")c
+cejg mag cvkcgec. mc wktgcss k gjt
scc tmc naets. mc wktgcss was tji
sjocjgc jut jn ejurt tmat wktgcss tj kt.
;cpcatkg2 jut jn ejurt statcocgt kgejurt tj cstadiksm tmc trutm jn tmc
oattcr ks mcarsa9 kt gjt sud6cet tj
erjss:c8aokgatkjg gjt tmc dcst
cvkcgec tmcrcnjrc kt ks ugrcikadic
45 ,c#cr v T !,E A% #7$ #71
Ijr 'jroag suooark<c tmc eiasske
ratkjgaic njr c8eiuskjg as dckg2 MKt ks gjt
tmc dcst cvkcgec ag kt ks gjt cikvcrc jg
jatm. mc trutmnuigcss ag aeeurae9 jn tmc
pcrsjg wmjsc wjrs arc spj>cg d9 agjtmcr
wktgcss eaggjt dc tcstc d9 erjss:
c8aokgatkjg ag tmc ik2mt wmkem mks
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 10/72
cocagjur wjui tmrjw jg mks tcstkojg9
ks ijst. +uem cvkcgec eag dc ejgejetc
ag tmc ejurt mas gj emagec jn
apprcekatkjg.
=5 Tattcg v T !?E A% &?7
A 0ucstkjg jn mcarsa9 wkii jgi9 arksc wmcgtmc statcocgt ks 2kvcg tcstkojgkaii9 kc
wmcg kt ks 2kvcg tj prjvc tmc trutm jn tmc
naet asscrtc. Kn tmat wktgcss ks as>c tj
tcstkn9 kt ks gjt mcarsa9 ag kn rcicvagt
ugcr tmc scetkjg jn rcicvage9 kt ks
aoksskdic.
;5 u)ra!agka! v XX !,1E ! "I;
1,
5 #arb+ v T !1#E A% 1#
Tc)cpk$" $- Mcar&ay c(k'c")c
Uc)k$" >34 "ktgcss oust 2kvc krcetcvkcgec.
Uc)k$" 9<4 Fkrcet cvkcgec ks cvkcgec
pcreckvc d9 jgc jr ojrc jn , scgscs.
45 u)ra!agka! v XX !,1E 3IH $
Fc +kiva cguocratcs tmc 6ukekai cnkgktkjg
jn mcarsa9. ;cpctktkjg jn statcocgt jut jn
ejurt tmrju2m a wktgcss kg ejurt. Ijj> at
tmc purpjsc jn tmat statcocgt. Kn tmc
purpjsc ks tj prjvc tmc trutm jn tmc naet kg
kssuc tj usc kt tcstkojgkaii9 kt ks mcarsa9.
Kn tmc purpjsc tj tcii tmc ejurt tmc naet tmat
tmc statcocgt ks oac kt ks gjt mcarsa9.
3a9 dc aoksskdic kn rcicvagt ugcr scetkjgjn rcicvage9.
. ,c#cr v T !,E A% #7$
&. Tc jj /cjt !,1E 3IH ,#
#. aima v T !,E , 3IH !!$
,. Tattcg v T !?E A% &?7
M C&T&[ E&G DC 'T&/ 'T -G \T-,-G(
45 6magfrasc0arag ; 2rs v !!
!?!E ! 3IH !,&
=5 !atci v 6jgtrjiicr jn 6ustjos
!1,E & Aii C; ,&
Mcar&ay )a" 8c k" mc -$r! $- )$"'u) $r
!$
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 11/72
k!pikc' a&&crk$".
;5 Emagfra+cbcra aika+
&ik+agfkrk !&E A% $
5 T v &)fuiiam !77? Aii.
Xrjvkg2 tmc jeuocgt ks sud6cet d9 tmc
mcarsa9 ruic. =ju oust eaii tmc oa>cr jntmc jeuocgt.
Emagfra+cbarag 3 'r+ v XX !?!E !
3IH !,&.
.'E1$CG,&T[ C ̂ -.CGEC
Fcnkgktkjg kg scetkjg &4 ragsaetkjg jn
tmju2mt jn sjoctmkg2 pcroagcgt. Ag9tmkg2
tmat rcprcscgt ag kca d9 aukj tcic8
ejoputcr.
Jtmcr scetkjgs rcicvagt. +cetkjgs 1!:1,.
+cetkjg 1!.
mc ejgtcgts jn jeuocgts oa9 dc prjvc
cktmcr d9 prkoar9 jr d9 scejgar9
cvkcgec.
j dc rca tj2ctmcr wktm scetkjg 1#.
Fjeuocgts oust dc prjvc d9 prkoar9
cvkcgec c8ecpt kg tmc eascs mcrckgantcr
ocgtkjgc. +cetkjg 1# statcs tmc ojc jn
prjvkg2. Fjeuocgts oust dc prjvc d9
prkoar9 cvkcgec ugicss 9ju arc pcrokttctj prjvc d9 scejgar9 cvkcgec d9 vkrtuc
jn scetkjg 1,. +cetkjg 1, ia9s jwg tmc
rcasjgs tmat 9ju eag usc tj prjvc easc d9
scejgar9 cvkcgec. Kt ks gjt c8maustkvc.
3ust dc adic tj tcii tmc ejurt tmc rcasjgs
wm9 9ju eaggjt prjvc d9 prkoar9
cvkcgec. +cetkjg !$#4 mc durcg jn
prjvkg2 ag9 naet gcecssar9 tj dc prjvc kg
jrcr tj cgadic ag9 pcrsjg tj 2kvc cvkcgec
jn ag9 jtmcr naets ks jg tmc pcrsjg wmj
wksmcs tj 2kvc tmc cvkcgec.
E -TE1$,&G,-&/ C ̂ -.CGEC
+cetkjgs rcicvagt4 scetkjgs 1 L!1
(;cicvage9 scetkjg) 4 +cetkjg #,:,!
(Jpkgkjg cvkcgec)
%kreuostagtkai cvkcgec ks kgncrcgtkai
cvkcgec wmcrc krcet cvkcgec ks gjt
avakiadic tj dc 2kvcg d9 wktgcsscs jrkgar9
jr c8pcrt.
!!
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 12/72
"mcg a ourcr ks ejookttc ag tmcrc ks
gj krcet cvkcgec naets dcnjrc tmc ourcr
at tmc secgc mavc njjtprkgts jr dijj jg tmc
wcapjg aii tmcsc arc ekreuostagtkai
cvkcgec tj prjvc tmat ourcr. "c eag eaii
ag c8pcrt tj 2kvc ag jpkgkjg rawkg2 ag
kgncrcgec tmc c8kstcgec jr gjg:c8kstcgec jna naet.
uggy &gl v XX !11E 3IH !,
\kii& $" Ekr)u!&a"kai c(k'c")c5
5c ks jn tmc jpkgkjg tmat kg krcet cvkcgec
a wktgcss eag ikc. %kreuostagtkai cvkcgec
ks ojrc supcrkjr. Kt cpcgs njr c8aopic a
nkg2cr:prkgt. %ag piagt sjocjgc nkg2cr
prkgt. 5c eag dc ejgvketc.
.atj $jmbtar Ma+mk! 3 &gjr v XX!7&E 3IH &
A euouiatkvc cnncet tmat krrcskstadi9 pjkgt
tj tmc aeeusc.
Tcai C(k'c")c
mc rcai sud6cet oattcr ktscin L kc tmc
kcgtkt9 jn tmc jnncgskvc ru2.
Ijeus kg 9uj.
ksktkg2 tmc secgc jn tmc erkoc.
Tcej!!cgfcf Tcafkgl+>
!. Amoa Kdramko. !?&. 'jtc Jg
%kreuostagtkai Cvkcgec. 3aia9ag
Iaw Hjurgai. !. 8ivk.
. Amoa Kdramko. !1!. %jgvketkjg jg%kreuostagtkai Cvkcgec. 3aia9ag
Iaw Hjurgai. !. 88vk.
&. 3jm A>rao. !7?. mc DcstCvkcgec ;uic. %urrcgt Iaw
Hjurgai.!. !!&.
\CCB
Tc+ (c+tac > Xar kg rck lc+tac ,#ar
$- mc ra"&a)k$")
Uc)k$" 90 Na)& -$r!k"% par $-
&a!c ra"&a)k$"5
mks scetkjg rcncrs tj tmjsc
surrjugkg2 ag aeejopag9kg2
<% "jb Mj /cgl v XX !#!E 3IH ;cp
!!
%mar2c wktm 2aodikg2. "mkic tmcautmjrktkcs rakc mks prcokscs mc tjj> jut
tmc pmjgc. mcsc tragsaetkjg wcrc rcicvagt
ugcr scetkjg 1 ag ?.
!
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 13/72
ekreuostagecs wmkem arc kgscparadic
nrjo naets kg kssuc ag arc gcecssar9
tj c8piakg tmc gaturc jn tmc naet ktscin.
Kt ks ag appikeatkjg jn tmc ejoojg
iaw jetrkgc jn Tc+ (c+tac k.c. tmkg2
jgc (kgeiukg2 wjrs). Kt ocags tmc
cvcgts tmat mappcgc kg tmc ejursc jna tragsaetkjg.
Ogcr tmc ejoojg iaw tmks jetrkgc
wkii aokt cvkcgec gjt ugcr ag9mca jn cvkcgec. 5jwcvcr tj c8eiuc
tmks cvkcgec wkii eausc kg6ustkec.
mks jetrkgc ugcr tmc ejoojg iaw
vcr9 rcstrketkvc ejgktkjg ag ks
strketi9 appikc.
mc cvkcgec oa9 jeeur at knncrcgt
tkocs ag piaec. Kt ks ejggcetc d9naet kg kssuc d9 prj8kokt9 jn tkoc ag
piaec ag ejgtkgukt9 jn purpjsc ag
ekreuostagecs. %jgskst jn aets
ejguet statcocgt ag statcocgt jn
d9stagcrs. A tragsaetkjg ks a 2rjup
jn naets tj wmkem 9ju 2kvc a ic2ai
gaoc erkocG tjrt.
+cetkjg 1 a vcr9 drja scetkjg. +cc
kiiustratkjg (d).
=5 ,mavagatmag a=i Daia+u)ra!agka!
v XX !?E 3IH #$!.
;5 T v Dcfkglnkcif%4 E$ EE ;45
#. Tattcg v T !?E A% &?7 tmc iawtjj> a ikdcrai tcro.
Hu2cs vcr9 ouem ocrsocrksc d9 <cs
lcstac jetrkgc. Ogcr tmc ejoojg iawtmks prkgekpic aiijws cvkcgec gjt ugcr
ag9 mca jn aoksskdkikt9. Kt oust dc
ic2aii9 ag ij2keaii9 rcicvagt. j c8eiuc
suem cvkcgec wkii oa>c tmc cvkcgec
kgtciik2kdic ag ug6ustknkadic. "c mavc
scetkjgs , 1 L ,, tmat cai wktm rcicvage9.
+cetkjg 1 jcs gjt c8piakg tmc ejgecpt jn
;.
' /. /&\
mc aetkjg oust dc ejgtcopjragcjus ag
spjgtagcjus ugcr tmc ejoojg iaw.
!. < v ?cfkglnkcif (!7?) !# %j8 %%
&#!
;attcg emag2c tmc wa9 jn tmkg>kg2.
+tatcocgt ag ejguet tmat arc gjt c8aeti9
ejgtcopjragcjus arc cgju2m tj dc
prj8koatc ag ejgtcopjragcjus. mcstatcocgt jgc jg tmc prcssurc jn tmcojocgt wmcg tmcrc ks gj tkoc tj ejgejet
ks a rcikadic statcocgt.
?cfkglnkcif was jvcrruic d9 T v &gfrcw+.
(5jI) !7?E ! Aii C; ,!&. 5crc tmc
5jusc jn Ijrs rcncrrc tj Tattcg. mc
uttcragec jn tmc statcocgt was sj
ejgtcopjragcjus. Kgekcgt jokgatc mks
okg. 'j emagec tj ejgejet mks stjr9. Kt ks
ugik>ci9 tj dc ugrcikadic ag aoksskdic
ugcr ;cs 2cstac. +tatcocgt oac urkg2tmc prcssurc jn tmc ojocgt.
=5 Ma!+a "ug*u v T !1&E 3IH 7(+kg2apjrc)
;5 $jma!cf )kg &iia#ktemay 3 'r+ v T
!,7E 3IH !?
5 /cjgl Mjgl "mkc v XX; ,ag (jgl
!&
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 14/72
\ak v XX !71E 3IH $1
>5 .jg Xrj#mkgkt v XX !#E , +I;
!&
95 awai .a+ v tatc AK; !?# ?.
Kiiu&rak$" ,a. &c)k$" 95 Uac!c" 8y
8y&a"'cr&5
45 Ga++cr .kg v C &-T <026 &ii 29
=5 !! v $ao Emjgl Mjcy v XX !7E
3IH
Jtmcr rcicvagt eascs4
!. ag cj> Bwag2 v. XX !#E 3IH
$& (%jurt jn Appcai 3aia9a)
"mcg tmcrc ks a krcet ejggcetkjg
dctwccg jgc naet ag agjtmcr tmcg tmc
njrocr ks aoksskdic as part jn tmc rcs2cstac.
. Haanar 5ussakg v. XX !,$E 3IH !,#
(%jurt jn Appcai /ccratkjg jn
3aia9a)
%n jgc aet njros a part jn tmc saoc
tragsaetkjg wktm agjtmcr aet tmat ks kg
kssuc, tmcg tmc njrocr ks afoksskdic
cvcg kn kt fkseijscs tmat tmc aeeuscf ks
lukity jn jtmcr jnncgecs.
;5 XX v% ^ccrag "utty !$E & 3IH#7
#. $kii+ v% T !#,E & Aii C; 71, X.%
Tcej!!cgfcf Tcafkgl+5
!. %mkg. !7?. ;cicvage9 ;cs cstac
ag 5carsa9 4 A 3aia9skag
Xcrspcetkvc.
3aia9ag Iaw Hjurgai. e88k8.
. +kdic9. +pcekaii9 Aoksskdic Cvkcgec
;cs cstac. Iaw @uartcri9 ;cvkcw.!. $&.
&. Xmkpsjg. Fjetrkgc jn ;cs cstac kg
Iaw jn Cvkcgec. Iaw @uartcri9
;cvkcw. !. 7,.
#. +kdic9. Fjetrkgc jn ;cs cstac kg Iaw
jn Cvkcgec. Iaw @uartcri9 ;cvkcw.
!#
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 15/72
$. #&,.
,. +tjgc. ;cs cstac ;ca2k2ata. Iaw
@uartcri9 ;cpjrt. ,,. 11.
1. %aopdcii. !?. ;cs cstac ag
5carsa9 Cvkcgec. & 3jcrg Iaw;cvkcw. &. ,#$.
\CCB
>? 9
Uc)k$" pr$(k'c&0
Na)& /mk)m arc mc $))a&k$"? )au&c
$r c--c)? k!!c'kac $r $mcr/k&c?
$- rcic(a" -a)& $r -a)& k" k&&uc? $r
/mk)m )$"&kuc mc &ac $- mk"%&
u"'cr /mk)m mcy mappc"c' $r
/mk)m a--$r'c' a" $pp$ru"ky -$r
mckr $))urrc")c $r ra"&a)k$"? arc
rcic(a"5
/jr ag9 naet kg kssuc tj jeeur tmcrc
oust dc ekreuostagecs wmcrc tmc naet
kg kssuc tj jeeur. mcrc oust dc eausc
njr tmc jeeurrcgec ag tmc
ejgsc0ucgec. +cetkjg ? oa>cs
rcicvagt naets wmkem eausc tj naet kg
kssuc tmat prjvkc tmc jeeaskjg ks a
rcicvagt naet. mcrc oust dc ag
jppjrtugkt9 njr tmc jeeurrcgec jn tmc
naet kg kssuc tj dc rcicvagt.
45 .r @akgagf v T AK; !# Aii !.
Xcr Dmar2ava H at 4
Mmc naet kg kssuc was wmctmcr
Hakgag ma ejookttc tmc
ourcr jn Barag +kg2m. mc
naets tmat Hakgag ma ta>cg
ojgc9 ag jrgaocgts nrjoBarag +kg2m ag ma jg tmc a9
jn ourcr 2jgc tj Hakgag tjcoag tmc ojgc9 ag
jrgaocgts arc rcicvagt naets
smjwkg2 jeeaskjg eausc jr
cnncet jn tmc naet kg kssuc.
. pcr "cstjg H kg kfkb u!ar v C AK;
!# +kg !!4
MCvkcgec tmat tmcrc wcrc
njjtprkgts at jr gcar a secgc jn
jnncgec jr tmat tmcsc njjtprkgts
eaoc nrjo a partkeuiar piaec jr
ic tj a partkeuiar piaec ksrcicvagt cvkcgec ugcr scetkjg
?.
/jjtprkgts ejgstktutc ag cnncet jn a naet kgkssuc tmat arc rcicvagt.
+? oa>cs ag9 naets jeeurrcgec naets kg
kssuc oust dc ag jeeaskjg ag ag
jppjrtugkt9 njr kts jeeurrcgec. A naet kg
kssuc eaggjt jeeur kg ksjiatkjg.
Uc)k$" pr$(k'c&4,4. A"y -a) k& rcic(a" /mk)m
&m$/& $r )$"&kuc& a !$k(c
$r prcparak$" -$r a"y -a) k"
k&&uc $r rcic(a" -a)5
,=. Vmc )$"'u) $- a"y pary?
$r a"y a%c" $ a"y pary? $
a"y &uk $r pr$)cc'k"% k"
rc-crc")c $ ma &uk $r
O$k(cCvcr9 aet oust mavc a ojtkvc. 3jtkvc ks
knncrcgt nrjo kgtcgtkjg. 3jtkvc ks ag
cojtkjg tmat icas tmat pcrsjg tj j tmat
aet. 3jtkvc ks tmc rcasjg wm9 a pcrsjg jcs
a partkeuiar aet.
#rc!c'kak$"
!,
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 16/72
pr$)cc'k"%? $r k" rc-crc")c $
a"y -a) k" k&&uc mcrck" $r
rcic(a" mcrc$? a"' mc
)$"'u) $- a"y pcr&$" a"
$--c")c a%ak"& /m$! k& mc
&u81c) $- a"y pr$)cc'k"%? k&
rcic(a" k- mc )$"'u)k"-iuc")c& $r k& k"-iuc")c' 8y
a"y -a) k" k&&uc $r rcic(a"
-a)? a"' /mcmcr k /a&
prc(k$u& $r &u8&c+uc"
mcrc$5
Ijj> at scetkjg 7 kg twj aspcets
!. 3jtkvc ag
prcparatkjg.
. %jguet rcicvagt.
Fkstkg2uksm ejguet nrjo
statcocgt.
j earr9 jut prcparatkjg. j earr9 jut prkjr
ejguet.
45 Djjta kglm v XX !&&E 3IH
!,
Cpia"ak$" 45Vmc /$r' )$"'u) k" mk& &c)k$" '$c&
"$ k")iu'c &ac!c"& u"ic&& m$&c
&ac!c"& a))$!pa"y a"' cpiak" a)&
$mcr ma" &ac!c"0 8u mk&
cpia"ak$" k& "$ $ a--c) mc rcic(a")y
$- &ac!c"& u"'cr a"y $mcr &c)k$" $-
mk& A)5
C8piagatkjg ! as ag kopjrtagt
0uaiknkeatkjg tj tmc wjr ejguet kg tmc
scetkjg. Kt jcs gjt kgeiuc statcocgt
ugicss tmjsc statcocgts aeejopag9 agc8piakg aets jtmcr tmag statcocgts.
=5 \jgl 8jm Mkg v XX !1#E 3IH !#
mc cvkcgec ejgecrgkg2 tmc kgtcrvkcw
wktm tmc Jrag2 ua smjws mjw strjg2 tmc
ojtkvc oust mavc dccg wmcg tmc wknc wcgt
jnn kg tmc gk2mt tkoc tj scc tmc Jrag2 ua
jg tmc scejg jeeaskjg. Kt smjwc tmat
"/5 was ik>ci9 tj dc vcr9 ejgecrgc tmat
tmks tkoc tmcrc wkii dc a pjikec kgvcstk2atkjg
ag tmc pjikec wjui kgtcrvkcw tmc
au2mtcr.
E$"'u)
%ag dc prcvkjus jr sudsc0ucgt ejguet.
45 Emagfra+cbarag 3 'r+ v XX !?!E !
3IH !,&
E '$X/&-G, '8 C?1&/ '88CGEC
Kiiustratkjg (6)Kn ag jnncgec mas dccg ejookttc d9 tmc
aeeusc kn tmc vketko as sjjg as rcasjgadic
oa>cs a ejopiakgt tj tmc pcrsjg kg
autmjrkt9 tmat ejopiakgt wkii dc cvkcgecjn a ejguet.
mc rcicvage9 jn a ejopiakgt kg sc8uai
eascs was ejgskcrc d9 3umaooa
Baoki H kg XX v $jma!!af ,crcgl )kg
&!kt !E ! 3IH !,#.
!1
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 17/72
Vmc 'k--crc")c 8c/cc" a &ac!c"
a"' a )$!piak"5
mc vaiuc jn a ocrc statcocgt jgi9 tj
ejrrjdjratc tmc cvkcgec jn a wktgcss.
A statcocgt ks sjoctmkg2 tmat ks
statc cvjk jn nccikg2s. 3crc rcia9jn kgnjroatkjg.
A ejopiakgt cvkcgec as ejguet oust
mavc & naetjrs
!. oac spjgtagcjusi9.
. oust gjt dc rcsuit jn tutjrkg2 jr
kguecocgt.
&. oac tj a pcrsjg kg autmjrkt9.
Kts ejgtcgts cojtkvc ag tmc kgtcgt pugktkvc.
Kg ?jjta $kglm tmc ojocgt tmc aeeusc
ksturdc tmc cecasc smc oac a/K; ugcr + !$? %X%. mat
ejguet aojugt tj ejopiakgt.
Aoksskdic tj smjw ojtkvc ag
ejguet ugcr s 7 (c8piagatkjg !)
45 &7k7 $uma!af .kg v XX !1E ,
3IH #?&
mc knncrcgec dctwccg a ejopiakgt ag a
ocrc statcocgt kg s 7 ks tmat tmc njrocr ksc8prcsskvc jn nccikg2s tmc iattcr jn
>gjwic2c tmc njrocr cvkcgecs ejguet
dut tmc iattcr mas gj suem tcgcge9. A
ejopiakgt ugik>c a darc statcocgt oac
wktm avkcw tj rcrcss jr pugksm ag ks
oac tj sjocjgc kg autmjrkt9 suem as tmc
pjike& dut gjt gcecssarki9 tj a pudike
jnnkecr.
=5 XX v ,cj Cgl Emag 3 'r+
!77E ! 3IH !,1
Uc)k$" 30 Na)& "c)c&&ary $
cpiak" $r k"r$'u)c rcic(a" -a)&5
3a>cs rcicvagt ? naets.
!. /aets tj c8piakg naet kg kssuc
jr rcicvagt naets.
. /aets tj kgtrjuec naet kg
kssuc jr rcicvagt naets.
&. /aets wmkem suppjrt jr rcdut
naet kg kssuc.
#. /aets wmkem su22cst ag
kgncrcgec L s !!(a).+ !! (a) /aets gjt jtmcrwksc rcicvagt
arc rcicvagt kn tmc9 arc kgejgskstcgtwktm ag9 naet kg kssuc jr rcicvagt naet.
,. /aets cstadiksmc kcgtkt9 jn
pcrsjg.
1. /aets wmkem cstadiksmc tkoc
ag piaec wmkem naet kg kssuc ks
45 "ara! kglm v XX !1?E 3IH
,? * 7.
mcsc cvkcgec ic tj tmc ejgeiuskjg
tmat tmc9 arc ojrc prjdadic ag ojrc
ejgskstcgt wktm mks kggjecgec ugcr s .
mc prjsceutkjg easc was dasc
cgtkrci9 jg ekreuostagtkai cvkcgec.
Jg2 5je> m9c /H4
MKg a easc wmcrc tmc prjsceutkjg
rcikcs jg ekreuostagtkai cvkcgec
suem cvkcgec oust dckgejgskstcgt wktm ag9 jtmcr
m9pjtmcsks tmag tmat jn tmcaeeuscs 2ukit.
!?
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 18/72
rcicvagt ugcr s ?.
/aets smjw rciatkjg jn partkcs kg sj nar
tmc9 arc gcecssar9 njr tmat purpjsc.
K'c"ky a"' $mcr !acr&
Vur"8uii %uk'cik"c&5
D9 Ijr "k2cr9 %H
!. "mcgcvcr tmc easc a2akgst tmc
aeeusc cpcgs wmjii9 jr
sudstagtkaii9 jg tmc
ejrrcetgcss jn jgc jr ojrc
kcgtknkeatkjg jn tmc aeeusc
wmkem tmc cncgec aiic2cs tj
dc oksta>cg tmc 6u2c smjui
warg tmc 6ur9 jn tmc spcekai
gcc njr eautkjg dcnjrc
ejgvketkg2 tmc aeeusc kg
rcikagec jg tmc ejrrcetgcss jn
tmc kcgtknkeatkjg jrkcgtknkeatkjgs. 5c smjui
kgstruet tmc 6ur9 tj tmc
pjsskdkikt9 tmat a oksta>cg
wktgcss eag dc a ejgvkgekg2
jgc.
. mc 6u2c smjui krcet tmc
6ur9 tj c8aokgc eijsci9 tmc
ekreuostagecs kg wmkem tmc
kcgtknkeatkjg d9 caem wktgcss
eaoc tj dc oac.
&. /kgaii9 tmc 6u2c smjuircokg tmc 6ur9 jn ag9
spceknke wca>gcsscs wmkem
ma appcarc kg tmc
kcgtknkeatkjg cvkcgec.
45 (krfark /aii 3 'r+ v XX !#1E
3IH 7?A ejodkgc prjnkic pmjtj2rapm ks
kgaoksskdic kg cvkcgec dceausc kt
smjws ojrc tmag kcgtkt9.
=5 XX v "jb Mcgl 3 'r+ !#7E 3IH
!?!
mc kcgtknkeatkjg jn a suspcet d9
pmjtj2rapm dcnjrc arrcst ks aeecptadic
dut jgec mc ks arrcstc tmc
kcgtknkeatkjg smjui dc d9 pcrsjgaikgspcetkjg.
&. %mag +kg v XX
K paracs oust dc mci kg tmc usuai
ag prjpcr oaggcr tmc suspcet oust dc
piaec wktm sunnkekcgt guodcr jn jtmcrs
jn tmc saoc gatkjgaikt9 ag a2c as
mkoscin.
5 XX v ,jm "cc Muat !1,E ! 3IH
?1
mc cvkcgec jn nkg2crprkgts ks
aoksskdic tj prjvc kcgtkt9.
>5 ,ayijr v Emkcn Ejg+ta)ic jn
Emc+mkrc !7?E ! Aii C; ,.
Cvkcgec jn kcgtkt9 nrjo a vkcj tapc
rcejrkg2 ta>cg wmkic tmc erkoc was kg prj2rcss ks aoksskdic.
K'c"k-k)ak$" $- ($k)c.
,cgl "u! cgl v XX !1$E 3IH ,.
Aitmju2m k jn vjkec jg tmc tcicpmjgc
ks aoksskdic kts wck2mt ks a oattcr jn
jpkgkjg.
^k&uai k'
mcrc ks a kstkgetkjg dctwccg
rcej2gktkjg ag kcgtknkeatkjg.
;cej2gktkjg ks ojrc rcikadic tmag ocrc
kcgtknkeatkjg.
.atj $jbmtar Ma+mk! v XX !7&E
3IH &.
!7
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 19/72
KF #ara'c5
KF parac ks aoksskdic ugcr s
@aanar &ik v XX !7E # 3IH #$1.
Ea&c& k" /mk)m k k& "c)c&&ary $ m$i'
KF para'c&5 XX v ar*cct kglm !#E 3IH $
mc gcecsskt9 jn mjikg2 ag k parac
eag jgi9 arksc wmcrc tmc aeeusc
pcrsjgs arc gjt prcvkjusi9 >gjwg tjtmc wktgcsscs. "mcrc tmc aeeusc ks
>gjwg tj tmc wktgcsscs tmc 0ucstkjg jn
k parac jcs gjt arksc.
#r$)c'urc $- KF para'c.
'gl /ak "k! v XX !!E & 3IH !!!.
mcrc ks gj wrkttcg iaw rc2arkg2
prjecurc. mc praetkec jn mjikg2 a prjpcr k parac ks suooark<c kg
3aiiais %rkokgai Xrjecurc.
'gl /ak "k! v XX !!E & 3IH !!!.
Kt ks prjpcr tj mji ag k parac d9
uskg2 a jgc:wa9 okrrjr dut oust dc
usc wktm tmc sanc2uars cguocratc kg
Aremdjis %rkokgai Xicakg2 ag
Xraetkec.
XX v Emag Emjjg "cjgl 3 'r+
!7E 3IH #?."mcrc tmcrc arc twj jr ojrc suspcets
scparatc kcgtknkeatkjg paracs oust dc
mci.
@aanar ) &ik v XX !7E # 3IH #$1.
"mcrc tmc wktgcss ma tmc jppjrtugkt9
tj scc tmc aeeusc prkjr tj tmc k
parac tmc cvkcgec jdtakgc nrjo
suem a prjecurc mas gj vaiuc.
2tmcr eascs>
7krfark Iaii ; 2rs. v. !! !#1E
3IH (/3+;) 7? (5k2m %jurt 3aia9a) ejodkgcf prjnkic pmjtjlrapm ks
kgafoksskdic kg cvkfcgec dceausc kt
smjws ojrc tmag kfcgtkty.
Ij>c +jj 5ar v. XX *+:H- /I8 +H
&5klm 6jurt, /aiaya)
%t ks koprjpcr tj usc pmjtjlrapm jn
!
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 20/72
0gjwg pke0pje0cts njr purpjscs jn
kfcgtknkeatkjg as tmc pmjtjlrapms
smjw ojrc tmag kfcgtkty.
!!. v. 3j0 5cgl ; 2rs. !#7E 3IH
!?! (5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)
&a). Vmc kfcgtknkeatkjg jn a suspcet dy pmjtjlrapm dcnjrc arrcst ks
aeecptadic, dut jgec mc ks arrcstcf tmckfcgtknkeatkjg smjuif dc dy pcrsjgai
kgspcetkjg.
&d). Vmc kfcgtknkeatkjg agf tmc
octmjf dy wmkem kt ks mcif oust dc
nauiticss.
!! v. Vjm 3cc 5uat !1,E ! 3IH ?1
(5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)
Vmc cvkfcgec jn nkglcrAprkgts ks
afoksskdic tj prjvc kfcgtkty.Vcgl 3uo $cgl v. !! !1$E 3IH
, (5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)
Vmc cvkfcgec jn a vjkec jg tmc
tcicpmjgc ks afoksskdic njr tmc
purpjsc jn prjvkgl kfcgtkty.
$cc aisj>
XX. v. Aoar +kg2m !#7:#E 3IH
+upp. ,,Icjg2 Am +cg2 v. ; !,1E 3IH ,
Jg2 Iak Bko v. XX ag Jrs. !!E &3IH !!!
XX v. %mkjg2 %mcg2 "am !77E &
3IH ,1
!!. XX v. %mag %mjjg Bcjg2 * Jrs.
!7E 3IH #?
!. ;. v. urgduii * Jrs. !??E @D
#
!&. =au 5cg2 /ag2 v. XX !7,E
3IH &!,
!#. XX v. 5ussakg dkg +kkg !!E &
%IH ,?$
<cejoocgfcf <cafkgls>
!. 3jm A>rao. !7. Kcgtknkeatkjg
Cvkcgec ag urgduii ukcikgcs 4
+mjui Jur %jurts/jiijwQ.
%urrcgt Iaw Hjurgai. #,.
. "kiikaos. !1&. Kcgtkt9 Xaracs.
$
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 21/72
%rkokgai Iaw ;cvkcw. #?."cc> #
\CCB
Uc)k$" 4<0 C(k'c")c $- E$"&pkra)y
: Vmk"%& &ak' $r '$"c 8y
)$"&pkra$r k" rc-crc")c $ )$!!$"
'c&k%"5
mkg2s sak jr jgc d9 ejgspkratjrs
arc rcicvagt a2akgst caem jtmcr ugcr
twj ejgktkjgs4
(a). mcrc ks rcasjgadic 2rjug tj
dcikcvc tmat tmc ejgspkrae9
c8ksts. mcrc was ag
a2rccocgt dctwccg twj jr
ojrc pcrsjgs tj ejookt ag
jnncgec jr ag aetkjgadic
wrjg2. (d). Kt oust dc kg rcncrcgec tj tmc
ejoojg kgtcgtkjg c8kstkg2 at
tmc tkoc wmcg tmc tmkg2 was
sak jr wrkttcg d9 jgc jn
tmco.
Ikcw 3aikgl v. !! !1$E 3IH &$1
(5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)
$tatcocgts oafc antcr tmc
ejopictkjg jn a erkoc arc gjt
afoksskdic njr tmc purpjsc jn
prjvkgl ejgspkraey.
3maikf !ag`agl ; 2rs. v. !! !1#E
3IH !$7 (/ccrai %jurt)
statcocgt oafc antcr tmc
earrykgl jut jn a ejgspkraey ks
kgafoksskdic tj prjvc tmc
ejgspkraeyD Eejoojg kgtcgtkjg#
sklgknkcs a ejoojg kgtcgtkjg
cxkstkgl at tmc tkoc wmcg tmc
statcocgt was oafc.
$cc aisj>
'k> 5assag dkg 'k> 5ussakg v. XX!#&E !# 3IH ?#
XX. v. '2 Iak 5uat !$E 3IH #?
,. 3kr<a A>mdar v. B.C. !#$E AK;
(X.%.) !?11. %magrasc>arag v. XX !?!E !
3IH !,&
?. +arui +kg2m v. +tatc jn Djoda9
!,?T AK; (+.%.) ?#?
U 440 \mc" -a)& "$ $mcr/k&c
rcic(a" 8c)$!c& rcic(a"
(a) Kn tmc9 arc kgejgskstcgt wktm
ag9 naet kg kssuc jr rcicvagt
naet.
(d) Kn d9 tmcoscivcs jr kg
ejggcetkjg wktm jtmcr naets
tmc9 oa>c tmc c8kstcgec jr
gjg: c8kstcgec jn ag9 naet kg
kssuc jr rcicvagt naet mk2mi9
prjdadic jr koprjdadic.
%ag jgi9 aokt naets ugcr s !!
wktmkg tmc ejgnkgcs jn tmc scetkjgrciatkg2 tj rcicvage9.
C8aopic4 Xrkvkic2c kgnjroatkjg
dctwccg musdag ag wkncG
sjikektjr ag eikcgt. %aggjtkseijsc cvcg kn rcicvagt.
45 -+!aki v Ma+gui= &)fui (manar v
Ma+gui !17E ! 3IH (/%)
+cetkjg !! jcs gjt aokt ejiiatcrai
naets wmkem arc gcktmcr ejgeiuskvc gjr
ejggcetc wktm tmc naet kg kssuc.
mks easc ks kopjrtagt dceausc kt ikokts tmc
arcas jn rcicvage9. 5avc tj cgsurc tmc
ejiiatcrai naets arc rcicvagt tmcg eag aokt
kt.
(a) mcrc ks aiwa9s tmc
ncar tmat ecrtakg aspcets
jn rcicvagt cvkcgec atejoojg iaw oa9 gjt dc
prjvkc njr kg tmc Aets.
5jwcvcr tmc prjvkskjgs
jn scetkjg !! oa9 dcwkc cgju2m tj ejvcr
!
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 22/72
ag9 sktuatkjgs gjt
prjvkc njr jr cait
wktm d9 tmc jtmcr
scetkjgs kg tmc Cvkcgec
Aet !,$. /rjo tmc
wjrkg2s jn scetkjg !!
kt oa9 scco tmatag9tmkg2 at aii oa9 dc
auec ugcr tmc
scetkjg.
;a6a A<iag +mam H (as mc was tmcg) mci
tmat scetkjg !! ejui gjt dc sj wkci9 rca
as tj kgeiuc ejiiatcrai oattcrs tmat mavc gj
dcarkg2 at aii jg tmc naet kg kssuc jr rcicvagt
naets. mcrc oust dc sjoc prj8koatc
ejggcetkjg dctwccg tmc ejiiatcrai oatcrs
ag tmc kssucs dcnjrc tmcsc oattcrs eag dc
auec ugcr scetkjg !!.
+cetkjg !! ks aisj ikoktc kg kts jpcratkjg
d9 scetkjg ,# Cvkcgec Aet !,$.
!! v. "atj# $crk gwar
%dramko('j.&) !E 3IH !
!?#:!?,
T ( #ar8mu'a& A!8ara! :<HA2 << Dj!
MET 0
ikdk
+cetkjg !! kiiustratkjg (a).+cetkjg #$ %X% tj 2kvc gjtkec wktmkg !$ a9s.
Adscgec jn ojtkvc ugcr s 7. Adscgec jn
jppjrtugkt9 ugcr s ?.
U 4<;0 Dur'c" $- pr$$- a& $ park)uiar
-a) kiiu&rak$"&.
.atj $jbmtar Ma+mk! !7,E 3IH &&,
Kn tmc aeeusc rcikcs jg tmc cncgec jn aikdk
mc smjui ercatc a judt. 5c mas tmc ic2ai
durcg tj prjvc mks cncgec.
\CCB
Uk!kiar Na) C(k'c")cFc-k"kk$"
+kokiar /aet Cvkcgec ks cvkcgec tmat
rcgcrs tmc c8kstcgec jr gjg:
c8kstcgec jn a naet kg kssuc
prjdadic d9 rcasjg jn kts
rcscodiagec tmcrctj ag gjt d9
rcasjg jn kt dckg2 ejggcetc
Tcic(a" pr$(k&k$"& : &c)k$"& 4? 4> a"'44,8.5
Uc)k$" 44 pr$(k'c&0
/aets gjt jtmcrwksc rcicvagt arc
rcicvagt :
kn tmc9 arc kgejgskstcgt wktm
ag9 aet kg kssuc jr
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 23/72
tmcrcwktm. cgcraii9 suem
cvkcgec ks kgaoksskdic. "mcg
a pcrsjg ks emar2c wktm ag
jnncgec tmc naet tmat mc mas a
kspjsktkjg tj ejookt ag aet
ocags tmat mc mas ejookttc
tmc skokiar aet.
rcicvagt naet
kn d9 tmcoscivcs jr kg
ejggcetkjg wktm jtmcr
naets tmc9 oa>c tmc
c8kstcgec jr gjg:
c8kstcgec jn ag9 naet kg
kssuc jr rcicvagt naetmk2mi9 prjdadic jr
koprjdadic.
(Kt ks mk2mi9 prjdadic tmat mc k kt jr
koprjdadic tmat mc k gjt j kt.)
Ea&c&0
!. Adu Da>ar dkg Ksoaki v. ; !,#E 3IH
1? (5k2m %jurt +kg2apjrc)
(a). +kokiar naet cvkcgec ks
aoksskdic tj prjvc >gjwic2c.
(d). Xrjpcgskt9 cvkcgec ks gjt
aoksskdic ugcr scetkjg !!(d).
Ksoaki v. 5asgui Adui manar v.
5asgui !17E ! 3IH !$7 (/ccrai %jurt)
$cetkjg ++ fjcs gjt afokt
ejiiatcrai naets wmkem arc gcktmcr
ejgeiuskvc gjr ejggcetcf wktm tmc
naet kg kssuc.
Xjjg +jm 5ar * Jrs. v. XX !??E
3IH !1 (%rkokgai %jurt jn Appcai
+kg2apjrc)
Vmc cvkfcgec jn past erkokgai
aetkvktkcs ks kgafoksskdic kn kt ks
ocrciy kgtcgfcf tj smjw tmat tmc
aeeuscf mas dccg lukity jn jtmcr
erkokgai aets.
cc ai+j5
#. ; v. Xardmuas (!7?#) !! Djo 5%
$
XX v. Iko %mcg Icg !7!E 3IH #!
%mcc %mkg kao v. XX !7E ! 3IH
77
;ag2apuia * Jrs. v. XX !7E ! 3IH
!
5ussakg dkg +kiikt v. XX !77E 3IH
&
45 Na)& &m$/k"% ck&c")c $-
&ac $- !k"' $r $- 8$'y $r
8$'kiy -ccik"%5
/aets smjwkg2 tmc c8kstcgec jn
+cetkjg !# oa>cs tmc statc jn okg
rcicvagt. (scc u)ra!agka! v XX )
Aisj statc jn dj9 jr djki9 nccikg2
rcicvagt.
&
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 24/72
ag9 statc jn okg suem as
kgtcgtkjg >gjwic2c 2jj
naktm gc2ik2cgec rasmgcss kii:
wkii jr 2jj:wkii tjwars ag9
partkeuiar pcrsjg jr smjwkg2
tmc c8kstcgec jn ag9 statc jn
dj9 jr djki9 nccikg2 arcrcicvagt wmcg tmc c8kstcgec jn
ag9 suem statc jn okg jr dj9
jr djki9 nccikg2 ks kg kssuc jr
rcicvagt.
Uc)k$" 4> $ rc8u &k!kiar
-a)5 Na)& 8cark"% $"
+uc&k$" /mcmcr a) /a&
a))k'c"ai $r k"c"k$"ai5
\mc" mcrc k& a +uc&k$" /mcmcr
a" a) /a& a))k'c"ai $r k"c"k$"ai
$r '$"c /km a park)uiar6"$/ic'%c $r k"c"k$"? mc -a)
ma mc a) -$r!c' par $- a &crkc&
$- &k!kiar $))urrc")c&? k" ca)m $-
/mk)m mc pcr&$" '$k"% mc a) /a&
)$")cr"c'? k& rcic(a"5
+cetkjg !, ks appikeatkjg jn 2cgcrai
ruic as iak jwg ugcr scetkjg !#.
%ascs4
!. 3akkg Xktema9 * Jrs. v. XX !17E !
3IH 7 (5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)
(a). +cetkjg !, jn tmc Cvkcgec
Aet was csk2gc tj cgadic
tmc prjsceutkjg tj jnncrcvkcgec kg avagec tj
rcdut a cncgec wmkem
wjui jtmcrwksc dc jpcg
tj tmc aeeusc.(d). mc ocrc naet tmat tmc
cvkcgec auec tcgs tj
smjw tmc ejooksskjg jn
jtmcr jnncgecs jcs gjt
rcgcr kt kgaoksskdic kn kt
dc rcicvagt tj ag kssuc
dcnjrc tmc 6ur9.
. Fatu> 5a6k 5arug dkg 5a6k Krks v. XX!??E 3IH !,, (/ccrai %jurt)
Fvkfcgec jn Esystco# oay dc
affuecf tj rcdut a fcncgec wmkem
ks jpcg tj tmc aeeuscf.
+cetkjg ,# prjvkcs tmat da emaraetcr
ks gjt aoksskdic ugicss kt ks rcicvagt.
"mcg tmc aeeusc ks emar2c jn agjnncgec tmc prjsceutkjg oust tr9 mko
wktm cvkcgec. Kn tmcrc ks sunnkekcgt
cvkcgec mc wkii dc ejgvketc. mc
aeeusc wkii gjt dc trkc d9 mks damkstjr9 da kspjsktkjg jr prjpcgskt9
tj ejookt tmc da aet tj prjvc a
emar2c a2akgst mko dceausc cvkcgec
jn da emaraetcr ks prc6ukekai ag
mavc gj ejggcetkjg wktm tmc naet kg
kssuc. mc da emaraetcr ks krrcicvagt.
;cs aikjs aeta. (Ikod ! jn 3a>kg)
;uic as iak jwg kg Ijr 5crsemciis
prjpjsktkjg 'j. ! kg 3a>kg v. A njr '+"
!7#E A% ,? at 1?4’ %t ks ugfjudtcfiy gjt
ejopctcgt njr tmc
prjsceutkjg tj affuec
cvkfcgec tcgfkgl tj smjwtmat tmc aeeuscf mas dccg
lukity jn erkokgai aets
jtmcr tmag tmjsc ejvcrcf
dy tmc kgfketocgt, njr tmc
purpjsc jn icafkgl tj tmc
ejgeiuskjg tmat tmc
aeeuscf ks a pcrsjg ik0ciy
nrjo mks erkokgai ejgfuetjr emaraetcr tj mavc
ejookttcf tmc jnncgec njr
wmkem mc ks dckgl trkcf.‟
Cvkcgec jn skokiar naets ks gjt aoksskdic
kn kt smjws gjtmkg2 ojrc tmat da
kspjsktkjg jr prjpcgskt9. mc ruic ks
#
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 25/72
ejgnkgc tj oksejguet jg jtmcr jeeaskjgs.
%ascs4
!. =jg2 +ag2 v. XX !,,E 3IH !&!
(5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)
Fvkfcgec smjwkgl tmat tmc aeeuscf
ks tmc sjrt jn pcrsjg wmj ks ik0ciy
tj mavc ejookttcf tmc jnncgec njrwmkem mc ks emarlcf ks
kgafoksskdic.
. %mcw 3kg2 v. XX !1$E 3IH !!
(5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)
!rjpcgskty cvkfcgec ks
kgafoksskdic njr tmc purpjsc jn prjvkgl
kfcgtkty.
&. Bag +k> /jg2 v. XX !1!E 3IH !1&
(5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)
$kokiar jr gjgAskokiar naet
cvkfcgec ks gjt afoksskdic kn kts prc`ufkekai cnncet jutwcklms kts
prjdatkvc njrec.
H. 'amar $kglm v. !magl 5jg 6mug
*+CN- /I8 +H+ &5klm 6jurt, /aiaya)
Fvkfcgec jn skokiar nraufs jg tmc
part jn tmc fcncgfagt ks afoksskdic
tj rcdut a fcncgec rakscf.
mc naet tmat tmc aeeusc mas a
kspjsktkjg tj ejookt tmc aet ks
krrcicvagt dceausc kt ks prc6ukekai (scc
scetkjg ,#). j smjw tmat mc mas a
kspjsktkjg tj j sj jr ejookt a
skokiar aet gcc gjt gcecssarki9 dc
kgaoksskdic kn wc eag oa>c kt
rcicvagt tj rcdut a cncgec tj smjwaet was aeekcgtai jr tj rcdut ocgs
rca. /jr emaraetcr cvkcgec tj dc
aoksskdic kt oust dc rcicvagt. 5jw
eag wc smjw emaraetcr cvkcgec ksrcicvagt. %ag kn wc eag smjw
emaraetcr cvkcgec tj smjw ocgs rca
statc jn okg. %maraetcr cvkcgec ks
rcicvagt kn tmc prjsceutkjg tj rcdut a
cncgec jpcg tj tmc aeeusc cncgec
jn aeekcgt ejoojg csk2g jr
purpjsc jr tmc aeeusc cncgec jn gjt
2ukit9. (Ikod jn 3a>kg)
Fxecptkjg as iakf fjwg kg Ijrf 5crsemcii#s prjpjsktkjg 'j. >
’2g tmc jtmcr magf, tmc ocrc naet tmat tmc
cvkfcgec affuecf tcgfs tj smjw tmc
ejooksskjg jn jtmcr erkocs fjcs gjt
rcgfcr kt kgafoksskdic kn kt dc
&a). rcicvagt tj ag kssuc dcnjrc tmc
`ury, agf kt oay dc sj rcicvagt, kn
&d). kt dcars upjg tmc 9ucstkjg wmctmcr
tmc aets aiiclcf tj ejgstktutc tmc
erkoc emarlcf kg tmc kgfketocgt
wcrc fcsklgcf jr aeekfcgtai, jr
&e). tj rcdut a fcncgec wmkem wjuif
jtmcrwksc dc jpcgcf tj tmc aeeuscf.‟
,
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 26/72
Vmc Oa6k"& appr$a)m /a& appikc'
k" mc Oaiay&ka" )a&c& 8ci$/0
+. L v. !! *+:+- /I8 +4 &6jurt jn
ppcai, ncfcratkjg jn /aiaya)
Fvkfcgec wmkem ks kgfkeatkvc jn tmc
statc jn okgf ks afoksskdic ugfcr
scetkjgs ++&d) agf +H.
. ;. v. ;a6u * Jrs. !,&E 3IH ! (5k2m%jurt 3aia9a)
&a). $kokiar naet cvkfcgec
smjuif jgiy dc afokttcf knkt mas a rcai oatcrkai
dcarkgl tj tmc kssucs as kt
wjuif dc ug`ust tj afokt
mklmiy prc`ufkekai cvkfcgec
ocrciy dceausc kt ks
tcemgkeaiiy afoksskdic.
(d). +cetkjgs !! !# ag !, jn
tmc Cvkcgec Aet pcroktskokiar naet cvkcgec tj dc
aokttc njr tmc purpjscs
kgtcr aika jn gc2atkvkg2
aeekcgt prjvkg2 kcgtkt9
prjvkg2 ocgs rca ag
rcduttkg2 a cncgec.
&. XX. v. Ag2 Ag Ag XX. v. Cg2 5je>
!?$E ! 3IH !? (5k2m %jurt
3aia9a)
!ast aets arc afoksskdic kn &a) kt ks
smjwg tmat suem past aets arc jn
tmc saoc spceknke 0kgf agf &d) tmcy
njro part jn a scrkcs jn
jeeurrcgecs.
H. 3ag $k0 Mjgl v !! *+N+-
/I8 +N(
:. <aun 5` moaf v !! *+:4- /I8
+4.
Tc&ac!c" $- mc ia/ k"
D$ar'!a" 43> AE =4
Kn tmc cvkcgec ks gjroaii9 iawnuii9
jdtakgc kt oust satksn9 tmc tcst jn
rcicvage9 tj dc aoksskdic. Kn a pcrsjg ks
emar2c wktm ag jnncgec tmc prjsceutkjg
oust mavc cvkcgec ag gjt d9 mks daemaraetcr. Cvcg kn kt ks ij2keaii9 ag
rcicvagt dut kn tmc prc6ukekai cnncet
jutwck2mc kts prjdatkvc vaiuc tmcg a traki
6u2c mas kserctkjg tj c8eiuc suemcvkcgec. mks ks >gjwg as c8eiuskjgar9
kserctkjg. mks ketuo was rckgnjrec d9
Ijr Fu Xar0 kg tmc X% easc jn Gjjr
$uma!af !#E A% wmcrc kn tmc
1
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 27/72
cvkcgec was prjeurc ic2aii9 kn tmc
prc6ukekai cnncet jutwck2mc kts prjdatkvc
vaiuc tmc 6u2c eag c8creksc mks
c8eiuskjgar9 kserctkjg tj jokt tmat
cvkcgec.
mc cekskjg jn Gjjr $jma!af kgniucgecstmc tmkg>kg2 jn tmc ejoojg iaw 6u2cs ag
tmks kg turg kgniucgecs tmc jutejoc jn
Djarf!ag wmctmcr tmc cvkcgec ks jn
prjdatkvc vaiuc tj smut jut prc6ukekaicnncet tmat wjui ercatc kg6ustkec tj aokt
tmat cvkcgec jn prcvkjus aet. mc prkgekpic
jn Djarf!ag was tmat tmc skokiar naet
cvkcgec jn jtmcr jnncgecs oust dc
strk>kg2i9 skokiar wktm tmat cvkcgec 2kvcg
kg. Dceausc jn mk2m prjdatkvc vaiuc 9ju eag
2ct kt aokttc. Kn tmks skokiar naet cvkcgec
was gjt aiijwc kt wjui dc ag kgsuit tjejoojg scgsc.
Kg tmc 5jusc jn Ijrs Ijr 5akismao
aokttc skokiar naet cvkcgec prjvkc tmc
wa9 tmc jnncgec was ejookttc was
strk>kg2i9 skokiar djug tj mavc mk2m
prjdatkvc vaiuc cspktcs kts kgcvktadic
prc6ukec. Kn tmcrc ks gj strjg2 cvkcgec
aikugc eaggjt aokt skokiar naet cvkcgec.
3aia9skag eascs ajptkg2 Djaroags
prkgekpic45 XX v ^ccrag "utty !$E & 3IH
#7.
=5 @ugakfk )kg &)fuiiam v XX !&E
& 3IH !?.
Vmc appr$a)m k" F## ( #
Kg .XX v X !!E & "I; !1! tmc
aeeusc ejookttc kgecst wktm mks
au2mtcrs. mc ojtmcr oac a pjikec
rcpjrt ag tmc aeeusc was emar2c
wktm statutjr9 rapc. Kg tmks easc tmcskokiarkt9 was gjt strk>kg2 dut tmc
s9stco was tmcrc. mc trkai ejurt
aokttc tmc skokiar naet cvkcgec.
J' appcai kt was mci tmat aeejrkg2
tj Djaroag njr skokiar naet cvkcgec
tj dc aoksskdic kt oust dc strk>kg2i9
skokiar. Kg tmks easc tmc cvkcgec wcrc
%ascs tmat njiijwc FXX v X
XX v ,cj &k Gcc 3 &gjr !,E +I; 1
/cc "wagl Xcgl !?E & +I; ?7 $
,ag $cgl @cc v XX !1E +I; #
#&#:#&,
Kg XX v ,cj &k Gk 3 &gjr =jg2 Xug25jw %H mci4
’\ktm tmc adagfjgkgl jn
tmc rc9ukrcocgt tmat suem
cvkfcgec smjuif mavc
Estrk0kgl skokiarkty# kg tmc
ojfcrg tcst sct jut kg "!!
v !, tmc tcst njr afoksskdic
Eskokiar naet# cvkfcgec ks
?
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 28/72
gjt strk>kg2i9 skokiar.
mc 5jusc jn Ijrs rcvkcwc jvcr ?$
eascs ag ejgeiuc tmat kt ks gjt
gcecssar9 njr skokiar naet cvkcgec tj
dc strk>kg2i9 skokiar prjvkc tmat tmc
prjdatkvc vaiuc jn suem cvkcgecjutwck2ms kts prc6ukekai vaiuc. 'j
rcasjg tj c8eiuc skokiar naet
cvkcgec 2jcs tj wck2mt gjt
aoksskdkikt9.
tmat kts prjdatkvc njrec kg
suppjrt jn tmc aiiclatkjg
tmat ag aeeuscf pcrsjg
ejookttcf a erkoc oust dc
sunnkekcgtiy lrcat tj oa0c
kt `ust tj afokt tmc
cvkfcgec, agf sunnkekcgtiy lrcat tj jutwcklm agy
prc`ufkec tj tmc aeeuscf kg
tcgfkgl tj smjw tmat mc ks
lukity jn agjtmcr erkoc.‟
'jtc tmat +kg2apjrc Cvkcgec Aet mas
scetkjg () tmat rceckvcs prkgekpics jn
Cg2iksm %joojg Iaw wmkem ks adscgt kg
tmc 3aia9skag Jrkgagec. Kn wc aeecpt tmat
tmc 3aia9skag Cvkcgec Aet ks a naekiktatkvc
Aet tmc ejurts eag rcaki9 rceckvcs gcw
prkgekpics at %joojg Iaw. At tmc ojocgtjur ejurts arc stue> at ccrag Butt9 agHugakk. 3a9dc wc eag rceckvc tmc
+kg2apjrc cekskjgs tmat cgjrsc FXX v X
kg tmc nuturc. Jur iaw9crs mavc tj oa>c jur
6ukekar9 awarc jn tmcsc gcw cvcijpocgts.
Uk!kiar -a) c(k'c")c ai&$ appikc& $
)k(ki )a&c&
+. /jjf /uske
!udiksmkgl 6j Itf v "c \jinc
Itf *+1N- + ii F< 1N(.
. 5aics v 3crr *+4C-
3? N4+
&. 'amar $kglm v !agl
5jg 6mkg *+CN- /I8 !#!
Tc)$!!c"'c' Tca'k"%&0
!. Hcnnrc9 Xkgsicr. !7. +kokiar /aet
Cvkcgec4 mc Xrkgekpics jn
Aoksskdkikt9. 3aia9ag Iaw
Hjurgai. . i888k.
. %mu /ak. !7?. Apprjaemcs tj tmc
Aoksskdkikt9 jn +kokiar /aet
Cvkcgec. +kg2apjrc Iaw ;cvkcw.$1.
&. Xckrks. !7#. Cvkcgec jn +9stco
kg %joojgwcaitm Iaw. 3aia9a
Iaw ;cvkcw. 1. &#.
#. Amoa Kdramko. !??. Cvkcgec jn
+9stco. Hjurgai jn 3aia9skag
%joparatkvc Iaw. Xart !. !?,
7
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 29/72
,. Amoa Kdramko. !?7. Cvkcgec jn
+9stco. Hjurgai jn 3aia9skag
%joparatkvc Iaw. Xart KK. !
1. +tjgc !&. mc ;uic jn +kokiar
/aet Cvkcgec. 5avar Iaw ;cvkcw. #1.
,#
?. 5jnnoag !?,. +kokiar /aets antcr
Djaroag. Iaw @uartcri9 ;cvkcw.
!. !&
7. A.D. 3ugkr. !#. +kokiar naet
Cvkcgec4 Xrjdatkvc aiuc vs
Xrc6ukekai Cnncet. 3aia9ag Iaw
Hjurgai. &. 888k.
\CCB
3? 4< UCEVKJGU 4 VJ ;40 AFOKUUKJG HEJGNCUUKJG
Xrjvkskjgs njr Aoksskjg4 +cetkjgs
!?(!) !7:! &!.
Xrjvkskjgs njr %jgncsskjg4 +cetkjgs
!?() #,1?7 *&$.
Aoksskjg ks kgnjroai aoksskjg
ugcr scetkjgs !? tj &!. Kt ks c8tra:
6ukekai aoksskjg jr aoksskjg oac
jut jn ejurt. /jroai aoksskjg kg s ,7
L jgi9 appikeadic kg ekvki eascs.Aitmju2m tmc 3aia9skag Cvkcgec Aet
jwcs kts kgspkratkjg nrjo Kgka kt ks
sik2mti9 knncrcgt. Kgka jcs gjt mavc
s !?(). Jurs ks skokiar kg +rk Iag>a+kg2apjrc * Drugck.
Uc)k$" 40
A" a'!k&&k$" k& a &ac!c"? $rai $r
'$)u!c"ary? /mk)m &u%%c&& a"y
k"-crc")c a& $ a"y -a) k" k&&uc $r
rcic(a" -a)? a"' /mk)m k& !a'c 8y
a"y $- mc pcr&$"& a"' u"'cr mc)kr)u!&a")c& mcrck"a-cr
!c"k$"c'5
+ !?(!) rcas wktm !7 * !. + !?(!) 2kvcs partkai cnkgktkjg jn aoksskjg. Kt ks
ejopictc d9 s !7. Ogcr s !?(!) ag
aoksskjg ks a statcocgt jrai jr
jeuocgtar9 statkg2 jr su22cst a naet kg
kssuc jr rcicvagt naet oac d9 pcjpic ugcr
tmc ekreuostagecs njug kg s !74
!. d9 partkcs tj a prjecckg2
. d9 autmjrk<c a2cgts
&. d9 rcprcscgtatkjg
#. pcrsjgs wmj mavc ag9 prjprkctar9
jr pceugkar9 kgtcrcst
,. pcrsjgs nrjo wmjo tmc partkcs tjtmc sukt mavc crkvc tmckr kgtcrcst
kg tmc sud6cet oattcr jn tmc sukt.
45 .atub crk &gwar -)ramk!
('j &) Xaui H.
Xrjecckg2s kgeiuc erkokgai
prjecckg2.
. $ary Eiyfc v \jgl &m
$ck (!?$) 3IH !1&
$ C&G-G( &G. XT-GE-X/C '8 E'G8C-'G
Aeejrkg2 tj +tcpmcg ejgncsskjg ks
ag aoksskjg oac at ag9 tkoc d9 a
Ea&c&0
45 cyafu v "kgl !,!E ,& 'I;
,!.
Fkrcet aoksskjg jn staddkg2.
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 30/72
pcrsjg emar2c wktm a erkoc statkg2
jr su22cstkg2 ag kgncrcgec tmat mc
ejookttc tmc erkoc.
4,=.0 A )$"-c&&k$" k& a" a'!k&&k$"
!a'c a a"y k!c 8y a pcr&$"
a))u&c' $- a" $--c")c? &ak"% $r&u%%c&k"% mc k"-crc")c ma mc
)$!!kc' ma $--c")c5 K ma& "$
appik)ak$" k" Uara/a65
mks cnkgktkjg jn ejgncsskjg mas
parts.
!. "mcrc mc oa>cs ag
aoksskjg statkg2 tmc naet kg
kssuc. A krcet aoksskjg ks
rcicvagt.
. +u22cstkg2 tmc kgncrcgec.
;ca aii tmc statcocgts tj2ctmcr. Fjcs tmks
2kvc rksc tj kgncrcgec tmat mc aetuaii9 k
tmc jnncgec. Osc tmc jd6cetkvc tcst. +cetkjg
!?() ks ouem drjacr tmag tmc Kgkag iaw.
=5 Xabaia Garayaga wa!k v T
!&E 3IH #7.+kr Hjmg4 Ag aoksskjg jn ag kgerkokgatkg2
naet ks gjt a ejgncsskjg. j aojugt tj
aoksskjg kt oust dc picgar9 kg gaturc.
&. gagfaljfa v < !1E !
"I; 7!?. mc jd6cetkvc
tcst.
Kg tmc pjikec statkjg mc tji cvcr9tmkg2.
mcsc arc pkcecs jn euouiatkvc cvkcgec.
'j:wmcrc kg tmc statcocgt su22csts mc ma
rug jvcr mcr wktm tmc ear. Jgi9 rca at tmc
tjtaikt9 jn tmc cvkcgec. At tmc trkai ejurt
tmcsc statcocgts wcrc aokttc ag mc was
ejgvketc. 5ks appcai was rc6cetc.
At tmc Xrkv9 %jugeki tmc oa6jr pica jn
cncgec was tmat tmc ejurt ma crrc kg iaw
(s , * 1). %rjwg ejugsci ar2uc tmat
wmat tmc icargc drjtmcr ma sak ks truc. Kntmc statcocgt ks a ejgncsskjg kt smjui gjt
dc aokttc.
DO
"as tmat a ejgncsskjgQ Ijj> at tmc
cnkgktkjg jn ejgncsskjg. + !?() statkg2 jr
su22cstkg2 L was tmcrc a krcet aoksskjgQ
%ag 9ju raw ag kgncrcgecQ Kt ks gjt a
ejgncsskjg dut stkii aoksskdic as ag
aoksskjg ugcr s !?(!) !7 * !. 5ks
appcai was ksokssc.
Ijr ucst4
M"mctmcr a statcocgt
aojugts tj a ejgncsskjg jr
gjt oust dc cekc
jd6cetkvci9 ta>kg2 tmc
statcocgt as a wmjic ag
wktmjut rcncrcgec tj
&$
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 31/72
c8trkgske naets.
Ijr ucst sak tmat tmc tcst wmctmcr a
statcocgt ks a ejgncsskjg ks ag jd6cetkvc
jgc wmctmcr tj tmc okg jn rcasjgadic
pcrsjg rcakg2 tmc statcocgt at tmc tkoc
ag kg tmc ekreuostagec kg wmkem kt wasoac kt eag dc sak tj aojugt tj a
statcocgt tmat tmc aeeusc ejookttc tmc
jnncgec jr wmkem su22cstc tmc kgncrcgec
tmat mc ejookttc tmc jnncgec.
Ea&c&0
!. Icoagkt v. XX !1,E 3IH 1
(/ccrai %jurt +kg2apjrc)
. Iao %mjjg v. Iko =jg 5jg2
(!&!) ++I; 1
. +kokram v. %mua 5je> Icc !1&E
3IH &
&. Ikg2 '2au Icg2 v. XX !1#E 3IH$
#. ;c +ugsmkgc +ceurktkcs !?7E !
3IH ,?
%jgncsskjg tj dc ag aoksskjg
!. 3ust dc a ejgncsskjg s !?().
. 3ac vjiugtarki9 s #.
mc jd6cetkvc tcst kg Agaga2ja L
tmc kgncrcgtkai aoksskjg jn 2ukit d9
tmc aeeusc emar2c L tjj> at tmc
statcocgt kg tjtaikt9. mks was appikc
kg /c!agkt v XX !1,E 3IH 1. Aejgncsskjg ks a statcocgt ta>cg as a
wmjic wktmjut rcncrcgec tj c8trkgske
naets wmkem statcs jr su22csts tmc
kgncrcgec tmat tmc oa>cr ejookttctmc jnncgec. Kn tmc kgncrcgtkai
statcocgt was a ejgncsskjg oac
kgvjiugtar9 kt ks kgaoksskdic. Jgec a
statcocgt a ejgncsskjg d9 appi9kg2
tmc &gagfaljfa jd6cetkvc tcst tmc g
sta2c oust dc ejvcrc Ltj dc
aoksskdic kt oust dc rcicvagt ag
vjiugtar9. (s #).
A ejgncsskjg kg a eautkjgc statcocgt
tcgcrc d9 tmc prjsceutkjg tmc
cncgec oust strak2mt awa9 jd6cet kt
ks gjt vjiugtar9. Kn tmc ejugsci k gjt
jd6cet tmc eautkjgc statcocgt ks
prcsuoc tj dc vjiugtar9. 5jw ouem
cvkcgec oust dc tcgcrc tj sa9 tmat
!. .atj $jbmtar Ma+mk! 3 &gjr
v XX !7&E 3IH &).
. Ma+k)uiiam )kg $jmf (ma7aik v
XX 433; ; OIL ;=4
&. &7k7 $jma!cf .kg v XX 4339
> OIL ;
#. T v ,mj!#+jg !7&E @D !
!7 ketuo jn %avc H
,. -)ramk! v T !!#E A% ,
1$ pcr Ijr +uogcr.
&!
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 32/72
tmc cvkcgec ks kgvjiugtar9 Kt ks gjt
gcecssar9 tj mavc a ijt jn cvkcgec tj
aetkvatc vjkr fkrc. 3crc dai
statcocgt wkii gjt sunnkec. mc
cncgec oust sudokt a wcii rcasjg
prcoksc prjdadic tmat tmc statcocgt
was oac kgvjiugtarki9. 'cc gjt dccvkcgec ugcr scetkjg &. 5crc tmc
prjsceutkjg mas tj prjvc statcocgt
was vjiugtar9 dc9jg rcasjgadic
judt.
Uc)k$" = K- a )$"-c&&k$" k& a rc&ui
$- k"'u)c!c"? mrca? pr$!k&c
mci' $u 8y a pcr&$" k"
aum$rky ,&$!c$"c /m$ )a"
k"-iuc")c mc $u)$!c $- mc
rkai.? /mk)m %k(c rk&c $ a
8cikc(c k" mc !k"' $- mca))u&c' a"' /mk)m k" mc
$pk"k$" $- mc )$ur mc /kii %c
a" a'(a"a%c $r &u--cr a" c(ki
$- a c!p$rai "aurc? ma
)$"-c&&k$" k& "$ ($iu"ary5
mc vjiugtarkgcss jn statcocgt rcikcs
jg scetkjg #.
!. Fatj 3j>mtar 5asmko v XX
!7&E 3IH &
'j statcocgt d9 tmc aeeusc ks
aoksskdic kg cvkcgec a2akgst
mko ugicss kt ks smjwg d9 tmc prjsceutkjg tj mavc dccg a
vjiugtar9 statcocgt.. .XX v Xkgl /kg !?,E & Aii
C; !?,.
&. 3jst rcecgti9 njiijwc d9
.atj crk &gwar -)ramk! 3
&gjr v XX $$!E & %IH &!&
jpkgkjg jn Arknnkg Ha>a.
mat kguecocgt eausc tmc ejgncsskjg.
mc ejurt wkii ctcrokgc tmat kguecocgt.
Aisj aeecpts tmc cicocgt jn jpprcsskjg.
#. Fatj 3j>mtar 5asmko v XX
!7&E 3IH &
,. .XX v Xkgl /kg !?,E & Aii
C; !?,
1. &7k7 $jma!cf .kg !1E ,
3IH #?&
?. Ma+k)uiiam $jmf (ma7aik v
XX !&E & 3IH &!.
7. XX v /aw ay ceb 3 'r+
!?!E ! 3IH !
pcr +maroa H4 A sik2mt
kguecocgt wkii sunnkec tj rcgcr
tmc ejgncsskjg kgvjiugtar9.
Jtmcr eascs4.
T v Xrkc+tiy (!1,) ,! %r App ; !
T v Xralcr !?E ! "I; 1$.
T v \ki+jg !7!E ! 'I; &!1
&
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 33/72
Kg Fatu> 3j>mtar 5asmko
Adjjieacr /H sak at p ? tmat kt
appcars nrjo .XX v Xkg /kg ?1E
A% ,?# tmat tmc eiasske tcst jn
aoksskdkikt9 jn tmc aeeuscs
ejgncsskjg smjui dc part jd6cetkvcag part sud6cetkvc. mc jd6cetkvc
ikod ks satksnkc kn tmcrc ks a tmrcat
kguecocgt jr prjoksc L kg tmc
jpkgkjg jn tmc ejurt tmat tmc gaturc jnkguecocgt eausc tmc ejgncsskjg.
mc sud6cetkvc ikod wmcg tmc tmrcat
kguecocgt jr prjoksc jpcratcs jg
tmc okg jn tmc aeeusc tmrju2m tmc
mjpc jn cseapc jr ncar jn pugksmocgt
ejggcetc wktm emar2c L Kn tmc
kguecocgt icas tj ejgncsskjg.
;cejoocgc rcakg2s.
!. "kgsijw. !??. mc Aoksskdkikt9 jn
cstkojg9 at a rkai "ktmkg a rkai
4 'jt mc "mjic rutm. 3aia9a
Iaw ;cvkcw. !. &!
. "kgsijw. !77. /akr rakis 4 'cwDuttrcsscs njr Aeeusc Xcrsjg.
3aia9a Iaw ;cvkcw. &?7
EJGNCUUKJGU OAFC VJ VMC
#JIKEC0 UCEVKJGU => AGF =9
+ # oa>cs a ejgncsskjg oac d9 ag
aeeusc tj a pcrsjg kg autmjrkt9
krrcicvagt kn kt was oac d9
kguecocgt tmrcat prjoksc jr
jpprcsskjg.
.
!. Fatu> 3j>mtar 5asmko *
Agjr !7&E 3IH &
. Kdramko v ; !!#E A% ,
1$ pcr Ijr +uogcr
&. FXX v Xkg2 Ikg !?,E & Aii
C; !?,)
#. %mua Dcjw 5uat v XX !?$E
3IH &!
,. Xa>aia 'ara9a +wao9 v C AK;
!&# X% #?
1. %mua Dcjw 5uat v XX !?$E 3IH
mc wjr pjikec jnnkecr ks gjt cnkgc kg
tmc CA jr %X%. mc Xjikec Aet !1?
cnkgcs mko as a ocodcr jn tmc ;j9ai3aia9skag /jrec
?. Darrct v XX !7E 3IH 7#
7,.
A prjdatkjgar9 Kgspcetjr ks a pcrsjg dcijw
tmc rag> jn ag Kgspcetjr.
Uac!c" $- a))u&c' /mkic k"
)u&$'y $- p$ik)c0 &c)k$" =95+ 1 ks tj prcvcgt tmc pjikec nrjo
aduskg2 tmckr pjwcrs. Kt prjvkcs
nurtmcr sanc2uar tj tmc aeeusc. 'j
ejgncsskjg oac d9 a pcrsjg kg pjikec
eustj9 smaii dc aoksskdic ugicss
oac tj a +csskjg %jurt Hu2c jr
oa2kstratc. /jr s 1 tj appi9 kt ks gjt
gcecssar9 tj smjw njroai arrcst. Kn mc
45 Cgl kg v XX !?#E 3IH
!17=5 a!)u v T !#?E 3IH !1
;5 Ga7kr &m!af v "C AK; !&1
X% ,&
5 %mjg2 cg2 v XX (!1$) 1
3IH !,&
"mcg ag aeeusc oa>cs a ejgncsskjg ugcr
&&
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 34/72
eaggjt cpart at mks jwg nrcc wkii
sunnkec tj ejgstktutc eustj9.
s 1 tmc +csskjg %jurt Hu2c jr oa2kstratc
ks rc0ukrc tj ejopi9 wktm tmc prjecurc kg
s !!, %X% wmcg rcejrkg2 jwg suem a
ejgncsskjg.) j cgsurc tmc aeeusc 2kvcs
mks statcocgt nrcci9 wktmjut ag9
kguecocgt jr prcssurc. mks ks tj
2uaragtcc tmckr vjiugtar9 gaturc.
Uc)k$"& => a"' =9 )$!parc'.
+ , appikcs tj ejgncsskjgs oac tj
tmc pjikec.
+ 1 2jvcrgs ejgncsskjgs wmkic tmc
aeeusc was kg pjikec eustj9 oac
tj ag9 pcrsjgs jtmcr tmag tmc pjikec.
mc9 arc gjt kcgtkeai. mcrc arc eicar ag cnkgktc ruics.
+ , prjmkdkts a ejgncsskjg oac tj a pjikec jnnkecr wmctmcr tmc ejgncssjr ks
kg pjikec eustj9 jn pjikec jr gjt.
+ 1 2jcs nurtmcr. %jgncsskjg oac tj
ag9 pcrsjg c2 nciijw prksjgcr nrkcg
jr jetjr wmkic mc ks kg pjikec eustj9
ks kgaoksskdic ugicss oac kg tmc
prcscgec jn +csskjg %jurt 6u2c jr
oa2kstratc.
Ogcr s , tmc rcicvagt 0ucstkjg ks
Mj wmjo was tmc 0ucstkjg oacQ
Kn tmc agswcr ks tmat kt was oac tj a pjikec jnnkecr dcijw tmc rag> jn ag
Kgspcetjr kt ks c8eiuc. Ogcr s 1
tmc 0ucstkjg ks MOgcr wmat
ekreuostagecs was tmc ejgncsskjgoacQ Kn tmc agswcr ks tmat tmc
ejgncsskjg was oac wmkic tmc
aeeusc was kg pjikec eustj9 suem a
ejgncsskjg smaii dc c8eiuc ugicss kt
was oac kg tmc koockatc prcscgec
jn tmc +csskjg %jurt Hu2c jr
oa2kstratc. mcsc scetkjgs mavc
knncrcgt rjics tj prjtcet tmc aeeusc.;cejoocgc ;cakg24
"kgsijw. !7. %jgncsskjgs %jgnkroatkjg
ag ;csurrcetkjg4 mc ;cseuc jn
Kgaoksskdic Kgnjroatkjg tj tmc Xjikec.
3aia9a Iaw ;cvkcw. 7. 77.
%ascs4
!. Cg2 +kg v. XX !?#E 3IH !17
(/ccrai %jurt)Vmc tcro Eeustjfy# kg scetkjg N
fjcs gjt gcecssarkiy ocag njroaiarrcstD kt ks sunnkekcgt tmat tmc
aeeuscf eaggjt lj as mc wksmcs.
. XX. v. '2 jm "cg2 !?E ! 3IH
!? (nccrai ejurt)
$cetkjg N fjcs gjt kgvaikfatc statcocgts afoksskdic ugfcr
scetkjg ++( jn tmc 6rkokgai
!rjecfurc 6jfc.
(. 3jm 8j0 $ko v. !! *+NN- /I8
:4 &5klm 6jurt, /aiaya)
$cetkjgs : agf N jn tmc Fvkfcgec
et agf scetkjg ++( jn tmc
6rkokgai !rjecfurc 6jfc fj gjt
appiy tj statcocgts oafc tj ag
cxeksc jnnkecr jr a eustjos jnnkecr.
H. 6mjgl Vcgl v. !! *+N4- /I8
+:( &5klm 6jurt, /aiaya) ejgncsskjg oafc tmrjulm ag
kgtcrprctcr ks afoksskdic ugfcr scetkjg N.
$cc aisj>
,. Aduiiam d. Awag2 Djg2>j>
(!,1) 3IH $
1. Iko +kg2 5kaw v. XX !1,E !
3IH 7,
?. XX v. ag Bcj 5je> !7E 3IH
&#
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 35/72
!$
7. 3u>a dkg 3usa v. XX !1#E &$
3IH ?,
. "ak %mag Icjg2 v. XX !7E &
3IH &,1
!$. Adui magk v. XX !7!E ! 3IH
,!!. XX v. 'jr<kiag dkg =aa>jd * Agjr
!7E ! 3IH ##
Tcej!!cgfcf Tcafkgl5
%mkg. !77. +tatcocgts d9 Aeeusc
Xcrsjgs kg %ustj9. 3aia9ag Iaw Hjurgai.
&. eikk.
Uc)k$" =0 Fk&)$(cry &ac!c"5M$/ !u)m $- k"-$r!ak$" rc)ck(c'
-r$! a))u&c' !ay 8c pr$(c'5
\mc" a"y -a) k& 'cp$&c' $ a&
'k&)$(crc' k" )$"&c+uc")c $-
k"-$r!ak$" rc)ck(c' -r$! a pcr&$"
a))u&c' $- a"y $--c")c k" mc
)u&$'y $- a p$ik)c $--k)cr? &$ !u)m
$- ma k"-$r!ak$"? /mcmcr mc
k"-$r!ak$" a!$u"& $ a
)$"-c&&k$" $r "$? a& rciac&
'k&k")iy $ mc -a) mcrc8y
'k&)$(crc' !ay 8c pr$(c'5
"mcg tmc aeeusc kg tmc eustj9 jn
tmc pjikec 2kvcs kgnjroatkjg tj tmc
pjikec ag tmat kgnjroatkjg icas tj
tmc ksejvcr9 jn naet (wcapjg) eag
2kvc cvkcgec jn naet sj ouem jn tmat
kgnjroatkjg. Kn tmc kgnjroatkjg icas
tj tmc ksejvcr9 jnn tmc naet tmc tmkg2
was mkcg (pm9skeai naet) tmc
aeeusc >gcw kt was tmcrc
(ps9emjij2keai naet) tj mks >gjwic2c
mc >gcw kt was tmcrc kt ks rcicvagt
naet (s ,) L tmc naet tmc >gknc wasejggcetc tj tmc staddkg2.
!. Xuiuburk "jtayya 3 'r+ v C AK;!#? X% 1?
=5 Emagfra+cbarag 3 'r+ v XX
!?!E ! 3IH !,& (5%)
;a6a A<iag +mam4
M+cetkjg ? appcars tj dc a
ejgecsskjg tj tmc prjsceutkjg. Kn tmc aeeusc
was kg tmc eustj9 jn tmc
pjikec ag 2kvcs
kgnjroatkjg tj tmc pjikec
tmat icas tj tmc ksejvcr9
jn mc naet sj ouem jn tmat
kgnjroatkjg tmat kstkgeti9
rciatcs tj tmc ksejvcr9 jn
tmc naet eag 2kvc cvkcgec
jn tmat kgnjroatkjg. Kt ks ag
c8ecptkjg tj s # , *
1.
Fksejvcr9 L ejgsc0ucgec
Kgnjroatkjg L eausc.
;5 XX v "rk+mga Taj a=i (uru!urtmk
3 'r+ $$$E ! 3IH ?#
Oca"k"% $- mc /$r' k"-$r!ak$"5
45 [cc [a $agl v XX !?E ! 3IH
!$ )5%)
kcas4
&,
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 36/72
!. +jocdj9 crkvcs >gjwic2c.
Fcrkvatkjg jn >gjwic2c nrjo tmc
aeeusc tj a pcrsjg kg autmjrkt9.
. Kopartkg2 jn >gjwic2c.
. "ak %mag Icjg2 v XX !7E &
3IH &,1 &,7.MKt oust aisj dc jdscrvc
tmat tmc ic2ksiaturc ma
suc tmc c8prcsskjg
Nkgnjroatkjg kg s ? agtmcrcnjrc k gjt kgtcg kt
tj mavc tmc saoc ocagkg2
as a statcocgt. Aitmju2m
tmat c8prcsskjg ks gjt
cnkgc kg tmc Aet ugik>c a
statcocgt kt kgeiucs
>gjwic2c crkvc d9 tmc
pcrsjg kgnjroc d9 tmcaeeusc as wcii as tmc
ocags ta>cg tj kopart tmat
>gjwic2c. Xcr ugg
%mkt uag +%H
Oca"k"% $- 'k&)$(cry
%jggjtcs tmc kca jn ejgecaiocgt.
"ktm tmc asskstagec jn tmc aeeusc kt
ks ksejvcrc. Kn tmc pjikec airca9
>gjw jn tmc naets kt ks gjt ksejvcr9.Kt ks rcejvcr9.
XX v /kcw a! cjgl !7E ! 3IH &
+ ? eaggjt dc usc tj turg ag jrkgar9
rcejvcr9 kgtj a ksejvcr9 jn naet.
A 'k&)$(cry &ac!c" 8ck"% a6c"
!u& 8c rc)$r'c'
)$"c!p$ra"c$u&iy ,!acr $- -a)
(cry 'k--k)ui.
XX v Da+rk )kg aikmkg !&E ! A3; !!!.
+kggaurak H was jn tmc jpkgkjg tmc
statcocgt dc tapc rcejrc ag vkcjtapc
(kn pjsskdic). /jiijw Xjikec A %rkokgai
Cvkcgec Aet !7# kg Cg2iag
.
Ou& mc k"-$r!ak$" %k(c" k" & =
%k(c" ($iu"arkiy2
+ ? appcars tj dc ag c8ecptkjg tj s
# , * 1. +cc statcocgt jn ;A+ kgEmagfra+cbarag apprjvc kg (jk
Emkgl &gl v XX !E ! 3IH ,$?.
;a6a A<iag +mam H kg XX v Cr &m "kat
!11E ! 3IH !$ mci tmat cvcg kn tmc
kgnjroatkjg was 2kvcg kgvjiugtarki9 kt ks
stkii aoksskdic ugcr s ?. %ktc ,murtmcii
agf Mugt tmat was rcncrrc tj wktmapprjvai d9 ksejugt ;aeiknnc kg Fuccg v
$urulag Ta!a+a!y !1#E & "I; 1&
1&1 (X%)4
MKt ks wjrtmwmkic tj oa>c
tmc jdscrvatkjg at tmks
pjkgt tmat tmc rcasjg 2kvcg
njr aiijwkg2 kt tj dc prjvc
&1
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 37/72
tmat aeeusc pcrsjg 2avc
kgnjroatkjg tmat ic tj tmc
ksejvcr9 jn a rcicvagt naet
ks gjt rciatc kg ag9 spcekai
wa9 tj tmc oa>kg2 jn a
ejgncsskjg. Kt 0uaiknkcs njr
aoksskjg ag9 suemstatcocgt jr kgnjroatkjg
tmat ok2mt jtmcrwksc dc
suspcetc jg tmc 2rjug jn
a 2cgcrai jd6cetkjg tj tmcrcikadkikt9 jn cvkcgec jn
tmat t9pc.
;a6a A<iag +mam kg Emagfra+cbcarag
(5%)
+ ? ks a ejgecsskjg tj tmc prjsceutkjg. Kt ks
tmc c8prcss kgtcgtkjg jn tmc ic2ksiaturc tmat
cvcg tmju2m suem a statcocgt ks jtmcrwkscmkt d9 scetkjg #:1 ag9 pjrtkjg tmcrcjn ks
gcvcrtmcicss aoksskdic kg cvkcgec kn kt
icas tj tmc ksejvcr9 jn a rcicvagt naet.
mc rcasjg ks tmat skgec tmc ksejvcr9 ktscin
prjvkcs tmc aek tcst tmc trutm jn tmc
statcocgt tmat ic tj tmc ksejvcr9 ks
tmcrcd9 2uaragtcc. Aoksskdkikt9 jn
cvkcgec ugcr s ? ks kg gj wa9 rciatc tj
tmc oa>kg2 jn tmc ejgncsskjg ratmcr suem
cvkcgec ks aokttc jg eicar 2rjugs jnrcicvage9 jr krceti9 ejggcetkg2 tmc
aeeusc wktm tmc jd6cet rcejvcrc.
$jma!cf .c+a Ma+mk! v XX !,E &
3IH &,$ (/%)
+rk ;ao wjrc tmc ic2ksiaturc rjdc L ic2ai
nketkjg. + ? ks sud6cet tj s #. (gjgc jn tmc
eascs sa9). Kt oust dc vjiugtar9. Kt smjui
dc tmc pjike9 jn tmc iaw wmcg suem
ksejvcr9 statcocgt oust dc vjiugtar9.
M kg a guodcr jn Kgkag
eascs kt mas dccg mci tmat
tmc ruic pcrokttkg2
aoksskdkikt9 kg s ? ksag c8ecptkjg (tj scetkjg
, *1) dut kt jcs gjt
0uaikn9 tmc aii pcrvakg2
0uaiknkeatkjg cgaetc kg s#. (^k*ay "u!ar !?7E
%rko IH !1!.) kg jrcr
njr a ejgncsskjg jr jtmcr
statcocgt jr kgnjroatkjg tj
&?
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 38/72
0uaikn9 njr aoksskjg
ugcr scetkjg ? kt oust
mavc dccg oac
vjiugtarki9.
Kg (jk Emkgl &gl v XX (supra) a knncrcgt
pagci jn tmc /% rckgstatc s ? as agkgcpcgcgt prjvkskjg. %mjg2 +kcw /ak %H
at ,#
M wc arc kg ejopictc
a2rccocgt as a oattcr jn pjike9 wktm tmc vkcw
c8prcssc kg tmc 6u2cocgt
jn tmks ejurt kg 3 Fcsa
jn tmc cskradkikt9 as tj tmc
vjiugtarkgcss jn s ?
kgnjroatkjg. 5jwcvcr uc
tj tmc iae> jn iag2ua2c
gc8us dctwccg s ? ag s# . Ag9 cparturc nrjo
tmc cgtrcgemc 6ukekai
kgtcrprctatkjg iak jwg
wjui dc a pjike9 kssuc
dc icnt tj tmc
ic2ksiaturc.
mc /ccrai %jurt sa9 tmat d9 ijj>kg2 at
autmjrkt9 ;A+ kg %magrasc>arag jg s ?
dckg2 a ejgecsskjg tj tmc prjsceutkjg agag c8ecptkjg tj s #:1 kt mas dccg cekc
d9 ijeai eascs tmat tmc statcocgt ks gjtsud6cet tj s #. 'j gc8us dctwccg # ag
?. + ? gjt sud6cet tj s #. mc /% k gjt
wagt tj ksa2rcc wktm +rk ;ao wmj
ejgtcopiatc tmat tmc statcocgt dc
vjiugtccrc. "c mavc s & * s , jn tmc %kvki
Iaw Aet4
M . mcrc ks a vcstc
kserctkjg kg tmc trkai 6u2c
tj c8eiuc cvkcgec wmkem
ks prc6ukekai tj ag aeeusc
cvcg tmju2m tmc sak
cvkcgec oa9 dcMtcemgkeaii9 aoksskdic.
@urak!k Mu+kg v XX !7E ! 3IH ,&?
(%A)
Kg XX v "rk+mga Taj a=i (uru!urtmk 3
'r+ $$$E ! 3IH ?# Bag2 H sak wmkic
tmc /% was okgc tj icavc kt tj tmc
&7
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 39/72
kserctkjg jn tmc trkai 6u2c wmctmcr tj
c8eiuc ag9 cvkcgec tmat oa9 mavc dccg
jdtakgc koprjpcri9 nrjo tmc aeeusc gj
9arstke> was prcserkdc tj cgadic tmc
6u2c tj cekc wmcg suem cvkcgec smjui
dc c8eiuc. Kt ks tmcrcnjrc eicar tmat tmc
tcst jn aoksskdkikt9 jn cvkcgec ugcr s ?wmcg vjiugtarkgcss ks kg kssuc ks wmctmcr
tmc prc6ukekai cnncet jn kts aoksskjg
wjui jutwck2m kts prjdatkvc vaiuc.
!. Xuiu>urk Bjtta9a v. Bkg2 Copcrjr
(!#?) AK; X% 1?
Vmc naet fksejvcrcf codraecs tmc
piaec nrjo wmkem tmc jd`cet ks
prjfuecf agf tmc 0gjwicflc jn tmc
aeeuscf as tj tmks. 2gec tmc naetsfksejvcrcf arc kfcgtknkcf, tmcg
kgnjroatkjg rciatkgl spceknkeaiiy tj suem naets oay dc affuecf.
. Vag 5ugl $jgl v. < *+:+- /I8
+C+ &6jurt jn 6rkokgai ppcai,
$kglapjrc)
$cetkjg 1 ks gjt kgtcgfcf tj afokt
a ejgncsskjg lcgcraiiy, jgiy sjouem jn tmc kgnjroatkjg as
fkstkgetiy rciatcs tj tmc naet
fksejvcrcf.
(. !! v. $agfra /arlarct ?krem
*+11- + /I8 + &5klm 6jurt, /aiaya)
$cetkjg 1 stagfs dy ktscin agf ks
gjt adrjlatcf dy scetkjg ++( jn tmc6rkokgai !rjecfurc 6jfc.
H. !!. v. Ikcw $ao $cjgl *+C- +
/I8 ( &5klm 6jurt, /aiaya)
$cetkjg 1 eaggjt dc uscf tj turg
ag jrfkgary rcejvcry kgtj a fksejvcry jn
naet.
:. 3rksmgag v. !! *+C1- + /I8
&$uprcoc 6jurt)
statcocgt ks gjt afoksskdic
ugfcr scetkjg 1 kn kt smjws ojrc
tmag kgnjroatkjg wmkem fkstkgetiy
rciatcs tj tmc naets fksejvcrcf.
N. \ak 6mag Icjgl v. !! *+C- (
/I8 (:N &$uprcoc 6jurt)
&
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 40/72
Mjr scetkjg 1 tj appiy, tmc
kgnjroatkjg oust dc suem as mas
eauscf fksejvcry jn naet.
$cc aisj>
?. @uccg v. 3uru2ag ;aoasao9 !1,E
A. %. !7. +uo Buo +cg2 v. XX !7!E !
3IH ##
. Xae>kao * Agjr v. XX !?E !3IH #?
!$. ag 5ug2 +ug2 v. ;. !,!E !?
3IH !7!
!!. 5asmko * Agjr v. XX !,1E 3IH
&&
!. XX v. Haoaik d. Agag !7,E
3IH &
!&. %mjg2 +jjg Bj9 v. XX !??E
3IH ?7!#. XX. v . 'jr<kiag =aa>jd * Agjr
!7E ! 3IH ##
!,. +atksm %magra +cai * Jrs. v.
Copcrjr !#,E AK; %ai. !&?
!1. XX v. ag Bcj 5je> !7E 3IH
!$
!?. Iag Bcc 5j v. XX !7#E ! 3IH
!!$
!7. Iuo Buo +cg2 v. XX !7!E !3IH ## %mjj =j>c %mj9 v. XX
!E 3IH 1&
!. XX. v. +markn +aa !E 3IH??$
$. XX. v. Dasrk +aikmkg !&E ! %IH
#$
!. Xag2 %mcc 3cg2 v. XX !E !
3IH !&?
Tcej!!cgfcf Tcafkgl+5
!. 3jm A>rao. !$. mc +ejpc jn
+cetkjg ? jn tmc Cvkcgec Aet.
%urrcgt Iaw Hjurgai. !. Xart !. 88.
. 3jm A>rao. !$. mc +ejpc jn
+cetkjg ? jn tmc Cvkcgec Aet.
%urrcgt Iaw Hjurgai. !. Xart KK.
888kkk.
\CCB
44 AFOKUUKJG H EJGNCUUKJG0
#ATV =%asc iaw4
Xcr Duma2kar H kg 'jjr
3jmaoc v Xaiagkvciu *
#$
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 41/72
"mcg a pcrsjg ks emar2c wktm
rce>icss rkvkg2 ag mc oa>cs ag
aoksskjg ag mc was njug 2ukit9 mc
ks ejgvketc d9 mks aoksskjg. Kn
jeeurs a oa6jr kg6ur9 ag tmc piakgtknn
drkg2s a ekvki sukt njr ag aetkjg jg
gc2ik2cgec tmc piakgtknn wagts tjaokt tmc pica jn 2ukit9 as cvkcgec.
mc pica ks kg a knncrcgt ejurt. mc
ejgvketkjg ks gjt rcicvagt. Kn tmc pica
ks dasc jg tmc aoksskjg kt ksrcicvagt jg naet kg kssuc jr rcicvagt
naet ugcr s !?(!) !7 , * !.
Agjr !,1E 3IH !!# !!14
5jiikg2tjg v / 5cwtmjrg *
%j It !#&E BD ,7?
1$$.
mc Cgl (cb v .& .c kiva
!,?E 3IH ,,
mc ejgvketkjg jn jgc jn tmc cncgagts njr
earcicss rkvkg2 was mci tj dc
kgaoksskdic as cvkcgec jn mks gc2ik2cgec
kg prjecckg2s njr aoa2cs jg tmat 2rjuga2akgst mko ag mks copij9cr. mc oakg
rcasjg njr tmc cekskjg was tmat tmc
ejgvketkjg ocrci9 prjvc tmat agjtmcr
ejurt aetkg2 jg cvkcgec tmat was
ug>gjwg tj tmc trkdugai tr9kg2 tmc ekvki
prjecckg2s was jn jpkgkjg tmat tmc
cncgagt was 2ukit9 jn earcicss rkvkg2.
(/jr ojrc rcncrcgec scc %rjss * appcr at pp. ,:1.)
Uc)k$" =0 E$"-c&&k$" !a'c a-cr
mc k!prc&&k$" )au&c' 8y
k"'u)c!c"? mrca $r pr$!k&c ma&
8cc" -uiiy rc!$(c'5
6asc>
Aduiiam dkg Awag2 Djg2>j> v. XX
!,1E 3IH $ (5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)
ejgncsskjg ks afoksskdic kn kt ks oafcantcr tmc kgfuecocgt ks rcojvcf.
%mjg2 cg v. XX !1$E 1 3IH !,&
Uc)k$" =30 E$"-c&&k$" $mcr/k&crcic(a" '$c& "$ 8c)$!c krrcic(a"
k- k k& !a'c0
• Ogcr prjoksc jn scerce9
• Ogcr cecptkjg
• "mcg aeeusc was rug> wmctmcr
vjiugtarki9 jr kgvjiugtarki9
• Kg agswcr tj 0ucstkjg wmkem mcgcc gjt mavc agswcrc ag
"ktmjut wargkg2 tmat mc was gjt
djug tj oa>c kt ag mks cvkcgec
ok2mt dc usc a2akgst mko.
!. XX v. ag +caw %muag !7,E ! 3IH
&!7. XX v. 'cj "ag Bcc !7,E ! 3IH &17
&. 'a<kr Amoa v. Bkg2 Copcrjr !&1E
AK; X% ,&
\KVMJSV #TCLSFKEC
EJOOSGKEAVKJG
A >kg jn prkvkic2c tmat ks kopjrtagt
tj >gjw. Kt mas a spcekai ocagkg2 njriaw9crs. Kg tmc pudike kgtcrcst kn tmcrc
ks a rcai ksputc dctwccg tmc partkcs
tr9 tj scttic jut jn ejurt. "mcg tmcrc
Tu+m 3 ,j!bkg+ /tf v (rcatcr /jgfjg
Ejugeki 3 &gjr !77E & Aii C; ?&? ?#$.Mmc wktmjut prc6ukec
ruic ks a ruic 2jvcrgkg2 tmc
aoksskdkikt9 jn cvkcgec
ag ks njugc jg tmc
pudike pjike9 jn
cgejura2kg2 iktk2agts tj
#!
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 42/72
ks aetuai iktk2atkjg ejgtcopiatc
dctwccg tmc partkcs ejguet tj
gc2jtkatc a sctticocgt. Furkg2
gc2jtkatkjgs partkcs oac a ijt jn
aoa2kg2 aoksskjg wktm a vkcw tj
scttic jut jn ejurt. Kn tmat gc2jtkatkjg
nakis ag tmcg 2j tj ejurt kn wagt tjaokt aoa2kg2 statcocgts oac
urkg2 gc2jtkatkjg tmcsc statcocgts
arc prjtcetc d9 scetkjg & wktmjut
prc6ukec statcocgts. "ktmjut prc6ukec tj tmc rk2mts jn tmc partkcs
ejgeurrc. mc ejurt ks gjt awarc jn
tmcsc statcocgts at tmc tkoc.
+cetkjg &4 Aoksskjg kg ekvki eascs
wmcg rcicvagt
Kg ekvki eascs gj aoksskjg ks rcicvagt
kn kt ks oac cktmcr upjg ag c8prcssejgktkjg tmat cvkcgec jn kt ks gjt tj
dc 2kvcg jr ugcr ekreuostagecs
nrjo wmkem tmc ejurt eag kgncr tmat
tmc partkcs a2rcc tj2ctmcr tmat
cvkcgec jn kt smjui gjt dc 2kvcg.
C8piagatkjg L 'jtmkg2 kg tmks scetkjg
smaii dc ta>cg tj c8copt ag9 avjeatc
nrjo 2kvkg2 cvkcgec jn ag9 oattcr jn
wmkem mc oa9 dc ejopciic tj 2kvc
cvkcgec ugcr scetkjg !1.
scttic tmckr knncrcgecs
ratmcr tmag iktk2atc tmco tj
a nkgksm.
ejgktkjgs4
!. Iktk2atkjg ejgtcopiatcG ksputc
. Kgtcgtkjg tj scttic.
Jgec gc2jtkatkjg sueecssnui tj cekc tmc
tcros jr tmc ejst jeeurrc eag 2kvc
cvkcgec jn suem tcros.+ & wkii appi9 wmcg tmcrc ks gc2jtkatkjg
dctwccg ksputkg2 partkcs wktm tmc ako jn
2cgukgc scttikg2 tmc ksputc.
/jr s & tj appi9 tmcrc oust dc a ksputc
ag a ejoougkeatkjg tj scttic tmat smjui
su22cst tcros njr tmc scttikg2 tmc ksputc.
mc usc jn tmc wjr wktmjut prc6ukec ks
gjt ejgeiuskvc. 3a9 usc kt as a tmrcat wktmgj scrkjus attcopt tj scttic. mks wkii
cpcg jg tmc kgtcgtkjg jn gc2jtkatkjgs.
Xcr %mag2 3kg at /H kg $aiayag
Dagbkgl Dmf v 8jj cc $jk !7!E
3IH !? !7.
Xcr Adui 3aik> Ksma> H kg 'm "uagl
/kagl v &++jekatcf \jjf -gfu+trkc+ fg
Dmf !,E # 3IH &$ 
Xcr Adui 3aik> Ksma> H kg .u+ug .c+aru
fg Dmf v \agl &m [u !E , 3IH
## #,#:#,7.
/k! ,*jcg "jgl v &D Emcw -gvc+t!cgt+
Xtc /tf !!E & 3IH #.
Tu+m 3 ,j!bkg+ /tf v (rcatcr /jgfjg
Ejugeki 3 &gjr !77E & Aii C; ?&? ?#$.
\ak(cr $- mc prk(kic%c
Xcr %jjoaraswao9 H kg &D Emcw
-gvc+t!cgt+ Xtc /tf v /k! ,*jcg "jgl
!7E & 3IH &7 &&!:&&.
$e,allart v $e,allart !#E X #.Mmc prkvkic2c oa9 dc wakvc d9 tmc
pcrsjg cgtktic tj eiako kt cktmcr c8prcssi9
jr d9 aiijwkg2 cvkcgec tj dc 2kvcg jn
oattcrs kg rcspcet jn wmkem prkvkic2c ok2mtmavc dccg eiakoc4 !? 5aisdur9s Iaws jn
Cg2iag (#tm c) para &,
#
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 43/72
Uc)k$" ;<5 E$"-c&&k$" a%ak"& )$*
a))u&c'
%jgncsskjg d9 jgc pcrsjg ks ta>cg
kgtj ejgskcratkjg a2akgst
agjtmcr kn4
djtm arc trkc 6jkgti9
• tmc9 arc trkc njr tmc saocjnncgec
• ejgncsskjg ks ic2aii9 prjvc ag
• ejgncsskjg jn tmc 2ukit anncets tmc
oa>cr ag tmc jtmcrs.
mc eurrcgt pjsktkjg4
As a2akgst ag aeeusc pcrsjg tmc
ejgncsskjg jn a ej:aeeusc ejui pia9
a suppjrtkvc rjic ag eag njro a dasks
jn a ejgvketkjg. Kt was mci tmat tmc
gaturai kgtcrprctatkjg jn scetkjg &$ sks
tmat kt aiijws tmc ejgvketkjg jn ag
aeeusc tj dc sustakgc sjici9 jg tmc
dasks jn a ejgncsskjg d9 mks ej:
aeeusc prjvkc tmc cvkcgec
coagatkg2 nrjo tmc ejgncsskjgsatksnkcs tmc ejurt dc9jg rcasjgadic
judt jn tmc aeeuscs 2ukit. Kg
scetkjg & jn tmc Cvkcgec Aet !,$
wmkem uscs tmc wjr kgeiucs oa>cs
tmc cnkgktkjg jn cvkcgec ag
c8tcgskvc jgc. Kg ejgtrast tj tmc
sktuatkjg kg Kgka kg 3aia9ska
ejgncsskjgs d9 ej:aeeusc pcrsjgsoa9 dc kgeiuc kg tmc wmjic dj9 jn
wmat ks ugcrstjj tj dc cvkcgec
wktmkg tmc pcrkoctcrs sct d9 jur
Cvkcgec Aet. ( XX v Fatj +crk
Agwar Kdramko * Agjr $$!E & %IH
&!& &??:&7,.)
!. 'jikaga dtc +uiakoag v XX $$$E !
%IH &1
. XX v Fatj +crk Agwar Kdramko *
Agjr $$!E & %IH &!& &??:&7,.
&. +mag>arka v +tatc jn ;a6astmag AK;
!?7E +uprcoc %jurt !#7 !,.
#. Adui ;asmk * Agjr v XX !#E !+I; !!
,. Icc =uag Bwag2 * Jrs v XX !,E
+I; &#
1. XX v ;j<oaag dkg Husjm * Agjr!E +I; !7!
?. Fatj 3j>mtar masmko * Agjr v XX
!7&E 3IH & 11.
7. Iko %mjw =jjg v XX !?E ! 3IH
$,
. Dmudjgk +amu v mc Bkg2 AK; !#E
X% ,?
!$. 5cremug +kg2m * Jrs v XX !1E 3IH $
!!. Hurakok 5uskg v XX !7E %IH &7&
!. =ap %mak %mak * Agjr v XX !?&E !
3IH !
!&. %mkg +cjw 'jk * Jrs v XX !#E !
+I; !&,
!#. ;aoaemagrag aGi +uppkam * Agjr v
XX !&E +I; 1?!
XX. v. 'jrkg Hjmag !7&E 3IH
! (/ccrai %jurt)
!,. Basmokra +kg2m v. statc jn 3amva
Xracsm (!,) AK; +%. !,
#. XX. v. =cjm cem %m9c ag Iko 5jg2
* Agjr. !7!E 3IH !?1
,. 3atassag 56. +crukg * Jrs. v. XX
!7?E ! 3IH ,#
1. Xarao 5ags =aas v. +tatc jn Dkmar
!7?E +%% $!?. XX. v. 3ustark +urk !7E 3IH ??
7. +ko Am %mcjm * Jrs. v. XX !!E
3IH &,&
. Iko Bmcg2 Djjg * Jrs. v. XX. !!E
3IH ?7
;cejoocgc ;cakg24
3jm A>rao. !7. mc Cvkcgtkai aiuc
jn a ;ctraetc %jgncsskjg ag %jgncsskjg
jn a %j: Aeeusc Ogcr +cetkjg &$ jn mc
Cvkcgec Aet. %urrcgt Iaw Hjurgai. .
&&,.
#&
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 44/72
Tcra)c' E$"-c&&k$"5
;ctraetkjg jn ejgncsskjg jcs gjt
kgvaikatc tmc jrk2kgai ejgncsskjg. Kt
puts tmc ejurt jg kg0ukr9 as tj tmc
vaiuc ag wck2mt jn tmc jrk2kgai
ejgncsskjg kts vjiugtar9 emaraetcr
ag prjdadkikt9 jn kts dckg2 truc.
!. =ap +jw Bcjg2 v. XX !#?E 3IH $
. Jsoag * Agjr. v XX !1?E ! 3IH
!&?
&. +agtmkaas v. XX !?$E 3IH #!
#. Adui magk v. +tatc jn OX !?&E
AK; +% 1#
,. XX. v. 3ustark +urk !7E 3IH ??
;cejoocgc ;cakg2s4
!. 3jm A>rao. !7. mc Cvkcgtkai
aiuc jn a ;ctraetc %jgncsskjg
ag %jgncsskjg jn a %j: Aeeusc
Ogcr +cetkjg &$ jn mc Cvkcgec
Aet. %urrcgt Iaw Hjurgai. . &&,.
. 5cjg2. !7!. Aoksskdkikt9 ag Cnncet
jn C8euipatjr9 +tatcocgts kg
%rkokgai %ascs. 3aia9ag Iaw
Hjurgai. . 88k.
&. 5. +kg2m. !?#. Agaojikcs kg tmc
Iaw jg %jgncsskjg. 3aia9ag Iaw Hjurgai.
. 8iv
Uc)k$" ;40 A'!k&&k$"& "$
)$")iu&k(c pr$$- 8u !ay c&$p5
Aoksskjgs arc gjt ejgeiuskvc prjjn
jn tmc oattcrs aokttc dut tmc9 oa9
jpcratc as cstjppcis ugcr tmc prjvkskjgs mcrckgantcr ejgtakgc.
Aoksskjgs arc gjt ejgeiuskvc dut eag
rcdut. Xartkcs rcikc jg tmat aoksskjg
emag2c mks pjsktkjg oa9 cstjp tmat pcrsjg
nrjo cg9kg2 tmc ejgtrar9. =ju arc
cstjppc nrjo cg9kg2 tmat naet kn jtmcr part9 sunncr a ctrkocgt.
Ogcr scetkjg &! aoksskjgs arc gjt
ejgeiuskvc prjjn jn tmc oattcr aokttc dut
oa9 jpcratc as cstjppcis ugcr scetkjgs
!!, ag !!? jn tmc Cvkcgec Aet !,$.
\CCB
4= Vmc Tuic A%ak"& Mcar&ay5
• 3cagkg2 ag ;atkjgaic njr
C8eiuskjg.
mc ;uic A2akgst 5carsa9 c8eiucs
jut:jn:ejurt asscrtkjgs wmcrc suem
cvkcgec ks usc tj annkro tmc trutm jn
naets ejgtakgc kg tmco ag wmcrc tmc
oa>crs arc gjt wktgcsscs. mc
jd6cetkjg tj mcarsa9 ks tmat tmc
cvkcgec eaggjt dc tcstc kg ejurt tmc
oa>crs gjt dckg2 avakiadic tj 2kvc
Kt ks kopjrtagt tj ctcrokgc wmctmcr ag jut:
jn:ejurt statcocgt ks mcarsa9 jr gjt as
cojgstratc kg $udraoagkao v. !! !,1E
! "I; 1,
Kg tmks easc tmc statcocgts kg kssuc wcrctmrcats aiic2ci9 oac d9 tcrrjrksts tj tmc
aeeusc wmj picac urcss tj tmc emar2c
jn ugiawnui pjsscsskjg jn nkrcaros. mc
trkai 6u2c c8eiuc tmc tmrcats as dckg2 ag
jut:jn:ejurt asscrtkjg ag tmus mcarsa9.mc Xrkv9 %jugeki ceiarc tmat tmc tmrcats
wcrc wrjg2i9 c8eiuc njr tmc9 wcrc gjt
##
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 45/72
cvkcgec. 5jwcvcr tmc ruic ks sud6cet
tj a guodcr jn c8ecptkjgs.
mc Cvkcgec Aet !,$ jcs gjt
cnkgc mcarsa9 aitmju2m +tcpmcg
eicari9 kgtcgc tj c8eiuc suem
cvkcgec. Kgstca tmc Aet stkpuiatcstmc ekreuostagecs wmcrc jut:jn:ejurt
statcocgts arc aoksskdic tmat ks kt
ceiarcs Nrcicvagt ecrtakg t9pcs jn
jut:jn:ejurt statcocgts suem asaoksskjgs ejgncsskjgs 9kg2
ceiaratkjgs ag duskgcss rcejrs.
+kgec jgi9 Nrcicvagt naets arc
aoksskdic kt njiijws tmat ag jut:jn:
ejurt statcocgt tmat jcs gjt naii kgtj
ag9 jn tmjsc eatc2jrkcs ks Nkrrcicvagt
ag kgaoksskdic. (+cc aisj scetkjg 1$
jn tmc Cvkcgec Aet !,$.)
mcarsa9. mc9 ruic4
MCvkcgec jn a statcocgt oac tj a
wktgcss d9 a pcrsjg wmj ks gjt mkoscin
eaiic as a wktgcss oa9 jr oa9 gjt dc
mcarsa9. Kt ks mcarsa9 ag kgaoksskdic
wmcg tmc jd6cet jn tmc cvkcgec ks tj
cstadiksm tmc trutm jn wmat ks ejgtakgckg tmc statcocgt. Kt ks gjt mcarsa9 ag
aoksskdic wmcg kt ks prjpjsc tj
cstadiksmc d9 tmc cvkcgec gjt tmc trutm
jn tmc statcocgt dut tmc naet tmat kt wasoac.
K k& a'!k&&k8ic pr$(k'c' ma k k&
rcic(a"5
%ascs4
!. ;c +jj Icjt !,1E 3IH ,# (5k2m
%jurt 3aia9a). Icjg2 5jg2 Bmkc v. XX ag jg2
"ak v. XX !71E 3IH $1
(/ccrai %jurt)
$cc aisj>
&. '2 Iak 5uat v. XX !$E 3IH
#?
#. ;attcg v. ; !?E A% &?7
,. "aitjg v. @uccg !7E 1& AIH;
1
1. cpcr v. ; !,E A% #7$
?. 'amar +kg2m v. Xag2 5jg %mkg
!71E 3IH !#!
<cejoocgfcf <cafkgls>
!. %mag2 3kg at. !??. mc 5carsa9
;uic. 3aia9ag Iaw Hjurgai. . k
. %. +kg2m. !7!. 5carsa9 Cvkcgec.
3aia9ag Iaw Hjurgai. . ei888vkkk.
&. 3jm A>rao. !$. 5carsa9
Cvkcgec. %urrcgt Iaw Hjurgai. . kkk.
#. J2crs mc 5carsa9 ;uic4 A jetrkgc
kg ;ctrcatQ A ;cappraksai jn tmc5carsa9 ;uic kg +kg2apjrc (!$)
& 3aia9a Iaw ;cvkcw &
,. 3jm A>rao. !$.5carsa9 ;uic agtmc Cvkcgec Aet !,$. %urrcgt
Iaw Hjurgai . !. k.
1. %aopdcii. !?!. 'jtc 5carsa9
Cvkcgec jn %jgspkrae9. 3aia9a
Iaw ;cvkcw. &#. !?
#,
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 46/72
C)cpk$"&0
Uc)k$" ;=5 Uac!c"& $- #cr&$"&
\m$ Ea""$ Dc Eaiic' a&
\k"c&&c&.
Dcnjrc wc eag aokt mcarsa9
cvkcgec ugcr scetkjg & oust ia9 a
njugatkjg.
# rcasjgs tj aokt mcarsa9 cvkcgec.
!. 3a>cr wmj mas skgec kc.
(j prjvc catm L tj drkg2 tmc
catm ecrtknkeatc jr tmc
wktgcss mas sccg mko kc jr
ugcr s !$7 kn tmc pcrsjg ma
gjt dccg mcar jn kg gjt icsstmag ? 9cars d9 tmc pcjpic
wmjo mc wjui mavc
ejoougkeatc tmc ejurt eag
raw a prcsuoptkjg).
. 3a>cr eaggjt dc njug antcr
kik2cgt scarem.
&. 5c mas dccg kgeapadic jn
2kvkg2 cvkcgec dceausc jn
mks kiigcss jn dj9 ag okg.
#. 5c ks jut jn 6urksketkjg ag
tj eaii mko wjui eausc
ugui9 cia9 ag c8pcgsc.
+tatcocgts oac d9 suem pcrsjgs arc
rcicvagt kg tmc eascs jutikgc kg paras
(a) tj (m) jn tmc Aet. Dcnjrc a
statcocgt eag dc auec ugcr ag9
jn tmc sak paras (a) tj (m) jgc tmcnjur prcejgktkjgs ocgtkjgc adjvc
oust nkrst dc satksnkc. Kn tmks ks gjt
satksnkc tmcg tmc jut:jn:ejurt
statcocgt eaggjt dc auec.
k! ,kcw Dcc v XX !?&E 3IH $$.)
Dcnjrc cvkcgec eag dc auec ugcr
scetkjg & tmc ic2ai njugatkjg oust dc
iak.
Jtmcr rcicvagt easc4 atk+m Emagfra cai v
C!#crjr (!##) %ai ?1.
Uc)k$" ;=,a. Fyk"% 'c)iarak$"
mc ejgecpt ugcr tmc ejc ks wkc
tmag kg ejoojg iaw. Kt kgeiucsstatcocgts oac d9 tmc cecasc as tj
eausc jn catm jr ekreuostagecs jn
tragsaetkjg rciatkg2 tj mks catm. Kt
aisj appikcs tj ekvki ag erkokgai
eascs.
!. =cj 5je> %mcg2 v ; !&E
3IH !4. Xabaia Garayaga wa!k v
"kgl C!#crjr . !&E 3IH
,
Xcr Adui 3aik> Ksma> H kg [jgl "jgl ,ak
v aik! )kg @aiai 3 &gjr !?E 3IH
&7$ &77:&7 a ejoojg scgtkocgt was
#1
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 47/72
mc ijeai iaw ks drjacr kg & wa9s.
!. Ogcr ejoojg iaw 9kg2
ceiaratkjg rciatcs tj
mjokekc
. %kreuostagecs jn tragsaetkjg
tmat rciatcs tj eausc jn catmks gjt ejvcrc ugcr ejoojg
iaw.
&. Ogcr ejoojg iaw njr 9kg2
ceiaratkjg tj dc aokttctmc statcocgt oust dc oac
tmc ceiaratkjg iadjurkg2
ugcr mjpcicss kookgcgt jn
catm. Dut kn cgtcrtakg a ikttic
dct jn mjpc tmat ks gjt a
9kg2 ceiaratkjg.
c8prcssc wmcrc tmc 6u2c pjkgtc jut tmc
knncrcgec dctwccg tmc ejoojg iaw ag
tmc Cvkcgec Aet wktm rcspcet tj 9kg2
ceiaratkjg. Ogcr tmc ejoojg iaw tmc
9kg2 ceiaratkjg jgi9 kg mjokekc easc
ag kn tmc vketko ks iadjurkg2 ugcr a
scttic mjpcicssgcss jn catm ag kn tmcvketko cgtcrtakg ag kjta jn judt jn mks
catm tmat wjui gjt dc a 9kg2
ceiaratkjg. mc knncrcgec jgi9 2jcs tj
wck2mt. Kiiustratkjg (a) smjws tmat kt ksrceckvadic kg ekvki as wcii as kg erkokgai
eascs.
+cetkjg &(a) ks drjai9 wjrc vks:U:vks
tmc ejoojg iaw. Kn tmc statcocgt rciatcs tj
tmc eausc jn mks catm jr rciatcs tj tmc
ekreuostagecs jn tmc catm ks aisj
ejgskcrc oa>kg2 a 9kg2 ceiaratkjg.
Kg [c$ M$)6 Emc"% ( T !&E
3IH ! tmc aoksskdkikt9 jn tmc
statcocgts aiic2c tj mavc dccg
oac d9 tmc cecasc was kg kssuc.
Jgc was oac !! a9s dcnjrc mcr
catm tj mcr natmcr ag tmc jtmcr jg
tmc cvcgkg2 jn mcr catm tj mcr
skstcr.mc nkrst statcocgt was
ccoc tj dc kgaoksskdic dceausckt ks tjj rcojtc ag gjt ejggcetc
wktm tmc catm. Kt ks gjt prj8koatci9rciatc. mc ejggcetkjg ks tjj nar
ag krrcicvagt. mc statcocgt jg tmc
cvc jn mcr catm njro tmc
tragsaetkjg tmat rciatcs tj tmc
ekreuostagecs jn mcr catm. mc
statcocgt was prj8koatci9 rciatc
tj mcr catm ag rcicvagt tj tmc naet
kg kssuc ag rcicvagt ugcr scetkjg
&(a).
;ci9kg2 jg a icakg2 Kgkag easc jn Xabaia
Garayaga wa!k v "kgl C!#crjr !&E3IH , kt was mci tmat tmc ekreuostagecs
jn tmc tragsaetkjg wcrc prj8koatci9
ejggcetc kc tmc naet kg kssuc wcrc rcicvagt
ugcr scetkjg & wmcrc tmc ekreuostagecsejgstktutkg2 tmc tragsaetkjg jn tmc eausc jn
catm ks rcicvagt tj tmc aoksskdkikt9 jn tmc
9kg2 ceiaratkjg. mc sejpc ks wkcr tmag
tmc ejoojg iaw.
#?
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 48/72
Kg Djjta kglm v XX !&&E 3IH !, antcr
tmc aeeusc ma ksturdc 5B tmc wknc
oac a pjikec rcpjrt ojgtms dcnjrc mcr
catm. mc prjsceutkjg tcgcrc tmat tmc
cvkcgec ks rcicvagt ugcr scetkjg &
dceausc kt was a tragsaetkjg tmat rciatcs tjtmc eausc jn catm. 5jwcvcr kt was mci
tmat tmc statcocgt oac ojgtms dcnjrc
was tcrrkdi9 rcojtc sj kg wmat wa9 ks tmc
statcocgt ejggcetcQ
A 'yk"% 'c)iarak$" )a" 8c !a'c k"
a"y -$r!5 K )a" 8c k" mc -$r! $-
)$"'u) $r k!pikc' a&&crk$".
45 Emagfra+cbcra aika+
&ik+agfkrk !&E A% $
=5 T v &)fuiiam !77? Aii
A 'yk"% 'c)iarak$" $ 8c k"
/rkk"%? mc a)uai /$r'& $- mc
'c)ca&c' !u& 8c rc)$r'c'.
"mcrc a 9kg2 ceiaratkjg ks oac kg
agswcr tj 0ucstkjgs tmcg tmc 0ucstkjgs
smjui dc rcejrc. Kn tmc statcocgt ks
ta>cg jwg kg wrktkg2 d9 pcrsjg suem as
tmc pjikec jr a gursc as nar as pjsskdic
smjui dc kg @ * A njro (kpsksskoa vcrda) dceausc jr gjt tmc wrktcr ks djug tj
kgtrjuec mks jwg jpkgkjg wmkem ks
mcarsa9.
Xcr Drk22s A2 H kg Garag*ag kglm v XX
!#E 3IH ! !&4
M"c cskrc tj strcss jgec
ojrc tmat kt ks cskradictmat wmcrc a cpjsktkjg ks
oac kg agswcr tj
0ucstkjgs tmc rcejr
smjui smjw tmc 0ucstkjgs
as>c ag tmc agswcrs
2kvcg. Kn tmks ks gjt jgctmc vaiuc jn tmc cpjsktkjg
oa9 nakri9 dc 0ucstkjgc
aitmju2m a ctakic rcejr
ok2mt smjw tmc erktkekso tj dc ug6ustknkc.
45 T v agtjbm kglm !&&E
3IH !?7)
=5 T v \aulm !,$E A% $&
T v Djttj!icy !$&E &7 IH 'cwsp &!!
A 'yk"% 'c)iarak$" "cc' "$ 8c
pr$(c' 8y /rkk"% a aii5 M$/c(cr?
mc ca) /$r'& &p$6c" 8y mc
Kn tmc jrai statcocgt ks tmc iast 9kg2 wjrs
jn tmc cecasc tmcrc ks gj rcasjg wm9 wc
eaggjt aokt tmjsc 9kg2 ceiaratkjg. Kt
#7
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 49/72
'c)ca&c' !u& 8c %k(c"5 jgi9 2jcs tj wck2mt.
!. ,jm /ak Mcgl v T !1!E 3IH
,&
. 'gl Mcr Mjeb v XX !7?E
3IH #,
Kg aokttkg2 a 9kg2 ceiaratkjg tmc ejurtoust dcar kg okg tmc naet tmat kt was a
statcocgt gjt oac jg jatm ag wmkem ma
gjt dccg sudokttc tj tmc tcst jn erjss:
c8aokgatkjg.
45 $jma!cf )kg &iia#ktemay 3
'r+ v T !,7E 3IH !? !.
=5 Gc!)marf v T !7E ! Aii
C; !7& (X%) smarc tmc saoc
scgtkocgt.
"mcg a 9kg2 ceiaratkjg was put kg
cvkcgec tmc 6u2c oust dc awarc jn tmc
pcrtkgcgt naet tmat a 9kg2 ceiaratkjg ks gjt
oac jg jatm ag ks gjt sud6cet tj erjss:
c8aokgatkjg. mc 6u2c oust dc ejgsekjus
jn tmks naet tmat tmc erckdkikt9 jn tmc
cecasc ks gjt tcstc ag dceausc jn tmks kt
ks aisj a rc0ukrcocgt tmat tmc 9kg2ceiaratkjg oust dc erckdic.
K k& c&&c"kai ma mc )$ur a&&c&&
mc )rc'k8kiky $- mc 'c)ca&c'
8c-$rc rciyk"% $" mc &ac!c"
!a'c 8y mk!5
Ema" #mua Bm$$" ( ## *+N-
/I8 +1, +C
mc 9kg2 ceiaratkjg tmat scc>s tj dc
aokttc oust dc oac d9 a erckdicwktgcss. Kn tmc wktgcss ks gjt ejopctcgt tmc
ejurt eaggjt rceckvc suem 9kg2
ceiaratkjg.
& .[-G( .CE/&T&,-'G $1, DC E'$X/C,C
Ou& a 'yk"% 'c)iarak$" 8c
)$rr$8$rac'2
45 &)fui attar v tatc AK; !,1
+%
=5 $ugka##ag v tatc jn $afra+
AK; !1 !,.
Aeejrkg2 tj tmc ic2ai scgsc tmcrc ks gjrc0ukrcocgt tmat a 9kg2 ceiaratkjg oust
dc ejrrjdjratc.
!. Gc!)marf v T !7E ! Aii
C; !7& (X%)
. tatc jn 1ttar Xrafc+m v Emct
Ta! 3 'r+ !$E ! %IH !$?
#
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 50/72
&. "mu+mai Taj v tatc jn
Dj!)ay (!,7) +%; ,,
Kt ks gcktmcr tmc ruic gjr praetkec
tmat wc gcc tj ejrrjdjratc a 9kg2
ceiaratkjg. Kt wkii cpcg jg tmc
ekreuostagecs jn tmc easc.
!. Djjta +kg2m v. XX !&&E3IH !, (5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)
Vmc jutAjnAejurt asscrtkjg oust
mavc prjxkokty tj tmc eausc jn tmc
oa0cr#s fcatm, jr tj agy jn tmc
ekreuostagecs tmat rcsuitcf kg mks
fcatm.
. 3ar9 +mko v. XX !1E
3IH !& (5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)Vmc mkstjry jn mcr kiigcss as rciatcf
dy tmc fcecascf tj tmc fjetjr
dcnjrc smc fkcf ks afoksskdic ugfcr
scetkjg (.
&. Jg2 5cr 5je> v. XX
!7?E 3IH #, (%jurt jn
%rkokgai Appcai +kg2apjrc)
Vmc rcejiicetkjg jn tmc iast wjrfsjn a fykgl oag dy a wktgcss wmj
mcarf tmc aetuai wjrfs at tmc
secgc oay prjpcriy dc rceckvcf kg
cvkfcgec.
#. %mag Xmuat Bmjjg v. XX
!1E 7 3IH !& (5k2m %jurt
3aia9a)
Mjr a statcocgt tj dc afoksskdicugfcr scetkjg (, tmc oa0cr, kn
aikvc, smjuif dc a ercfkdic wktgcss.
,. jm Iak 5cg2 v. ; (!1!)
? 3IH !$# (%jurt jn %rkokgaiAppcai +kg2apjrc)
%n a fykgl fceiaratkjg ks rcfuecf tj
wrktkgl, tmcg tmc aetuai wjrfs jntmc fcecascf oust dc rcejrfcf.
$cc aisj>
1. %magrasc>arag v. ; !&?E A% $
?. Busa * Jrs. v. +tatc jn Jrkssa (!7$)
AK; +% ,,
7. Adui +attar v. +tatc jn 39sjrc (!,1)
AK; +% !17
,$
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 51/72
<cejoocgfcf <cafkgl>
Hcnnrc9 Xkgsicr. !77. mc Xrjdico jn
;cejiicetkjg %jgecrgkg2 +tatcocgts jn
Fcecasc Xcrsjgs. 3aia9a Iaw ;cvkcw.
&$. !?7.
+cetkjg &(d)4 +tatcocgts oac kg
jrkgar9 ejursc jn duskgcss ag
ejgskstkg2 jn tmc njiijwkg24
a) Cgtr9 kg djj>s wmkem arc >cpt
kg jrkgar9 ejursc jn duskgcss
jr kg ksemar2c jn
prjncsskjgai ut9
d) Ae>gjwic2cocgt jn rceckpt
jn ojgc9 2jjs sceurktkcs jr
prjpcrt9 jn ag9 >kg wrkttcg
jr sk2gc d9 mko.
e) Fjeuocgts usc kg ejoocrec
usuaii9 atc wrkttcg jr
sk2gc d9 mko.
/jr c8aopic scc kiiustratkjgs
(d) (e) () (2) ag (6).
6ascs>
1. +ko kcw Dcc v. XX !?&E 3IH $$
(/ccrai %jurt)
g jutAjnAejurt statcocgt oafc kg
tmc ejursc jn duskgcss ks
afoksskdic kn kt ks prjvcf tmat tmc
oa0cr jn kt ks fcaf, jr eaggjt dc
njugf, jr mas dcejoc kgeapadic,jr wmjsc attcgfagec eaggjt dc
prjeurcf.
4. +9ark>at Hcg2>a v. Adui ;asmk
!7!E ! 3IH $! (/ccrai %jurt)
?cnjrc a statcocgt eag dc
afoksskdic ugfcr scetkjg (&d), kt
oust dc prjvcg tj mavc dccg oafc
kg tmc jrfkgary ejursc jn duskgcss.
$cc aisj>
5. X; v. Ikg Am 5jk !E %IH !&?,
#. '2 =ku Bwj> * Jrs. v. XX !7E&3IH !11
+cetkjg & (e) : +tatcocgts a2akgst
tmc kgtcrcst jn tmc oa>cr.
+cin:kgtcrcst kguecs a oag tj dceautkjus ag mc ks gjt ik>ci9 tj oa>c a
statcocgt tj mks jwg ctrkocgt
ugicss kt ks truc.
Kgtcrcst a2akgst wmkem ceiaratkjgs arc
oac4
(a) Xceugkar9 kgtcrcstc
(d) Xrjprkctar9 kgtcrcst
(e) Kgtcrcst kg cseapkg2 erkokgai
prjsceutkjg c.2. ejgncsskjg jn
aeeusc wmj ks ca kopikeatkg2
mkoscin ag ag aeejopikec kg a
%ascs4
!. ; v. JVDrkcg !?7E ! +.%. ,!
. 5k2mao v. ;k2wa9 !7$7E !$
Cast !$7
&. XX v. /jrstcr /rag> Cai
5ckgrkem !77E 3IH ,#
#. +ussc8 Xccra2cs %asc !7#&:1$E
Aii C; ,,
,.
,!
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 52/72
erkoc
() Kgtcrcst kg cseapkg2 sukt njr
aoa2cs.
Mjr cxaopic, scc kiiustratkjgs &c)
agf &n).
+cetkjg &()4 +tatcocgts 2kvkg2
jpkgkjg as tj4
(a) pudike rk2mt
(d) eustjo
(e) oattcrs jn pudike jr 2cgcrai
kgtcrcst.
%jgktkjgs njr rcicvage9 arc4
(a) tmc ceiaragt was awarc jn tmcc8kstcgec jn suem rk2mt
(d) statcocgt was oac dcnjrc ag9
ejgtrjvcrs9 as tj rk2mt jr eustjo
arjsc.
Mjr cxaopic, scc kiiustratkjg & % )
+cetkjg & (c)4 +tatcocgt rciatcs tj
c8kstcgec jn 4
(a) rciatkjgsmkp d9 dijj
(d) rciatkjgsmkp d9 oarrka2c(e) rciatkjgsmkp d9 ajptkjg
%jgktkjgs njr rcicvage9 arc4
(a) pcrsjg oa>kg2 tmc statcocgt ma
spcekai ocags jn >gjwic2c
adjut tmc rciatkjgsmkp
(d) statcocgts oust mavc dccg oac
dcnjrc tmc 0ucstkjg kg ksputcwas raksc.
Mjr cxaopic, scc kiiustratkjgs &0) agf&i)
+cetkjg & (n)4 +tatcocgt kg wkii jr
cc rciatkg2 tj naoki9 annakrs.
Mjr cxaopic, scc kiiustratkjg &o).
!. 3jmaoc +9cji Arknnkg v. =cjm Jjk
ar> !!1E ! 3.%. !1, (Xrkv9
%jugeki)
(a). mc appikeatkjg jn scetkjg
&(c) ag (n) ks gjt ikoktc
,
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 53/72
d9 tmc ejoojg iaw
rcstrketkjgs.
(d). mc kiiustratkjg 2kvcg kg
tmc statutc jcs gjt kg naet kiiustratc tmc
scetkjg.
. Kg ;c Cstatc jn %mag %mkg 5cc !#7E
+%; 1 (+uprcoc %jurt Djrgcj)Vmc cgtry jn a sjg#s gaoc jg a
tjodstjgc jn tmc fcecascf ks
afoksskdic cvkfcgec jn pcfklrcc
rciatkjgsmkp.
(. Icc 3ko Iuagl v. Icc $mkam Kcc
*+CC- + /I8 +( &5klm 6jurt,
/aiaya)
Vmc kgserkptkjg kg 6mkgcsc
emaraetcrs jg tmc tjodstjgc jn tmc
fcecascf was afoksskdic as kt
smjwcf a natmcrAsjg rciatkjgsmkpjn twj fcecascf pcrsjgs wktmkg tmcocagkgl jn scetkjg (&n) jn tmc
Fvkfcgec et +:4.
+cetkjg & (2)4 +tatcocgts ejgtakgc
kg ag9 jeuocgt rciatkg2 tj a
tragsaetkjg ocgtkjgc kg scetkjg
!&(a).
+cetkjg & (m)4 +tatcocgt d9 scvcrai
pcrsjgs c8prcsskg2 nccikg2.
Mjr cxaopic, scc. %iiustratkjg &g).
$cc aisj>
!. XX v. /jrstcr !77E 3IH ,#. Iko Bko Iuag2 v. /cc +mkam =cc
!77E ! 3IH !&
&. 3jmaoc Adu Da>ar v. +9c Adu
amkr !$E ! 3IH 1
#. XX v. Adui ;amko !$E & 3IH
!77
,. +magou2ag v. Xappa !#E %IH
1,
1. XX v. ;jdcrt Djjg ce> %mua
!,E ! %IH !$
?. 3kemaci Aga9j A>adj9> !,E &
3IH #
7. 'codar v. ; : !7E ! Aii C;.
!7&
. ue>cr v Jidur9 BF% !!E
BD &!?
!$. "ar v. Xktt !!&E BD !&$
!!. Fu Djst v. Dcgcsnjr !7!$E %aop ,!!
!. XX v. 3jm /akrus d. Joar !?E
,&
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 54/72
, 3IH ,?
Uc)k$" ;;0 C(k'c")c k" prc(k$u&
1u'k)kai pr$)cc'k"%&5
Fcpjsktkjgs kg njrocr trkais arc
aoksskdic wmcg tmc wktgcss4
(a) ks ca jr
(d) eaggjt dc njug jr
(e) dcejocs kgeapadic jn 2kvkg2
cvkcgec jr
() ks >cpt jut jn tmc wa9 d9 tmc
avcrsc part9 jr
(c) eaggjt dc prjuec wktmjut ag
aojugt jn cia9 jr c8pcgscs
wmkem ejurt ejgskcrs
ugrcasjgadic.
Fcpjsktkjgs d9 suem wktgcsscs4
(a) kg a 6ukekai prjecckg2 jr
(d) dcnjrc ag9 pcrsjg autmjrksc d9
iaw tj ta>c tmco.
Arc rcicvagt kg a4
(a) sudsc0ucgt 6ukekai prjecckg24
jr
(d) iatcr sta2c jn tmc saoc
prjecckg2.
%jgktkjgs jn rcicvage9 jn suemcvkcgec arc4
(a) kn tmc prjecckg2 was dctwccg
tmc saoc partkcs jr
rcprcscgtatkvcs
(d) kn tmc avcrsc part9 kg tmc nkrst prjecckg2 ma rk2mt ag
jppjrtugkt9 tj erjss c8aokgc
ag
(e) kn tmc 0ucstkjg kg kssuc wcrc tmc
saoc kg tmc nkrst ag
sudsc0ucgt prjecckg2s.
Cvkcgec 2kvcg jg a knncrcgt
jeeaskjg ks aisj aoksskdic tj
ejgtraket a wktgcss ugcr scetkjg
!,, jr tj ejrrjdjratc a wktgcss ugcr
scetkjg !,?.
!. Bcc +ak> Bjjk * Agjr .v.
;c2kga!,,E 3IH ,? (5k2m %jurt
3aia9a)
?cnjrc agy cvkfcgec eag dc
affuecf ugfcr scetkjg ((, kt ks
kgeuodcgt jg tmc party affuekgl
suem cvkfcgec tj prjvc tmc
prcrc9uksktc tmat tmc wktgcss ks
fcaf jr eaggjt dc njugf jr ks
kgeapadic jn lkvkgl cvkfcgec.
. 3jmaoc Bug6u v. X.X !11E !
3IH ?! (/ccrai %jurt)
Fvkfcgec ks afoksskdic ugfcr
scetkjg (( wmcg tmc ejurt ks satksnkcf tmat tmc ekreuostagecs
ejgtcopiatcf kg tmat scetkjg mavc
dccg prjvcf.
$cc aisj>
&. Fugeag v. X.X !7$E 3IH !,#. FatjV =ap Xcg2 v. X.X. !&E !
3IH &&?
,. Ogkjg Aiij9 (3) +g. Dm. v.
+9>t. Xcodcgaag =cjm kjg2
Ia9 +g. Dm.!&E & 3IH !1?1. X.X. v. 3jm. Haoki dkg =am9a *
Agjr !&E & 3IH ?$
?. Iko Xcg2 ;jjk v. ; !,E 3IH
1
7. +cc =cw Xjj v. XX !#E !, 3IH
!&!
<cejoocgfcf <cafkgl>
3jm A>rao. !!. Aoksskdkikt9 jn
Cvkcgec kg /jrocr Xrjecckg2s ugcr
+cetkjg && jn tmc Cvkcgec Aet !,$.%urrcgt Iaw Hjurgai. . 88i.
,#
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 55/72
\CCB
4;
J#KGKJG C^KFCGEC
;cicvagt prjvkskjgs4 scetkjgs #,:,!.
7c"crai prk")kpic
"mcg a wktgcss ks eaiic tj 2kvc
cvkcgec mc oust 2kvc cvkcgec jn
naet jn wmat mc mas pcreckvc. mc
wktgcss eaggjt 2kvc jpkgkjg jn tmc
naets. Jgi9 tmc ejurt jr tmc 6u2c eag
2kvc ag kgncrcgec jn tmc naets. Kg
oag9 oattcrs suem as sekcgtknke jr
ockeai oattcrs tmc ejurt eaggjt 2kvc
prjpcr 6u2ocgt. mc ejurt eag eaii pcrsjgs tj 2kvc jpkgkjg tj asskst tmc
ejurt kg kgnjrokg2 tmc 6u2c.
3a6jr scetkjg scetkjg #,4
!. "mcg tmc ejurt mas tj njroag jpkgkjg upjg a pjkgt jn
njrck2g iaw jr jn sekcgec jr
art jr as tj kcgtkt9 jr
2cgukgcgcss jn magwrktkg2
jr nkg2cr koprcsskjgs tmc
jpkgkjgs upjg tmat pjkgt jn
pcrsjgs spcekaii9 s>kiic kg
tmat njrck2g iaw sekcgec jr
art jr kg 0ucstkjgs as tj
kcgtkt9 jr 2cgukgcgcss jn
magwrktkg2 jr nkg2cr
koprcsskjgs arc rcicvagtnaets.
. +uem pcrsjgs arc eaiic
c8pcrts.
@ucstkjg jn kcgtkt9 rcicvagt ugcr
scetkjg .
+cetkjg #,4 Jpkgkjg jn c8pcrts ks
rcicvagt upjg a pjkgt jn4
• /jrck2g iaw
•+ekcgec
• Art
• Kcgtkt9 jn magwrktkg2 jr
• /kg2cr koprcsskjgs.
Ag c8pcrt ks cspcekaii9 s>kiic jg tmjsc
pjkgts jg wmkem mc ks as>c tj 2kvc
jpkgkjg. Ag c8pcrt ks a pcrsjg wmj ks ag
c8pcrt kg oattcrs jn sekcgec jr art. "mat ks
sekcgec jr art ks gjt cnkgc dut tmc ejurt
mas 2kvcg tmco a wkc ocagkg2. Kg
Emagfra+cbarag v XX !?!E ! 3IH !,&!, ;a6a A<iag +mam 2avc tmco a nic8kdic
ocagkg2. (supra at p !,)4
M mc c8prcsskjg Nsekcgec
jr art ks ciastke cgju2m tj dc 2kvcg a ikdcrai
kgtcrprctatkjg
Icakg2 eascs4
45 @ugakfk v XX !&E & 3IH
!?
=5 XX v $uma!cf )kg uiak!ag
!7E 3IH &$
;5 XX v ^kra!!ai AK; !& 3a
!?7.
5 "mjj Mk Emkagl v XX !#E
! 3IH 1, ?$:
\mc" mc "cc' -$r cpcr c(k'c")c
ark&c&C8pcrt cvkcgec ks jgi9 aoksskdic tjnurgksm tmc ejurt wktm sekcgtknke
kgnjroatkjg wmkem ks ugik>ci9 tj dc jutskc
,,
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 56/72
tmc c8pcrkcgec ag >gjwic2c jn a 6u2c.
45 ycf &)u Dabar v XX
!7#E 3IH ! &
Ag jpkgkjg jn ag c8pcrt oust dc suppjrtc.
. @? v Vak $jjg6jgstruetkjg $fg ?mf *+(- +
/I8 +C, +C1A+CC
"mcg tmc wktgcss 2kvcs cvkcgec jn tmcnaet tmc ejurt wkii raw ag kgncrcgec
wmctmcr tmc naet ks prjvcg jr gjt. Kt ks gjt
aoksskdic njr a wktgcss tj 2kvc ag jpkgkjg
dceausc jpkgkjg cvkcgec ks icss prjdatkvc
ag gjt rcicvagt. +cejgi9 kn tmc wktgcss ks
aiijwc tj 2kvc jpkgkjg cvkcgec kt wkii
usurp tmc nugetkjg jn tmc ejurt. kvkg2
jpkgkjg ks jgi9 tmc rjic jn tmc 6u2c.
mcrc arc c8ecptkjgs.
!. "mcg tmc wktgcss jdscrvcs tmc
naets sjoctkocs tmcrc ks a tjtai
ok8:up dctwccg jpkgkjg ag naets.
/aets ag jpkgkjg dcejocs
kgtcrtwkgc. Iaw kg kts wksjo wkii
aiijw jpkgkjg cvkcgec. /jr
c8aopic wmcg tmc wktgcss ks tj
2kvc ag jpkgkjg jg tmc spcc jn avcmkeic tmc wktgcss smaii pcreckvc
tmat kt ks nast jr gjt. Kg tmks kgstagectmc jpkgkjg jn a ia9pcrsjg eag dc
rceckvc. Jtmcr c8aopics wjui dc
tmc statc jn tmc wcatmcr jr statc jn
rug>cggcss. Kg tmcsc sktuatkjgs
naets ag jpkgkjg kgtcrtwkgc. 'jt
nakr tj ej2cgt 6ustkec tj prceiuc
suem jpkgkjg cvkcgec jn a
ia9pcrsjg. Kg tmcsc ekreuostagecs
tmc ejurt eag rceckvc gjg:c8pcrt
cvkcgec. mc 0ucstkjg wkii dc jg
mjw ouem wck2m jcs suem
cvkcgec mavc ag kt wkii cpcgjg ekreuostagecs.
. Jpkgkjg jn ag c8pcrt. +cetkjg #? ks
ag c8aopic jn a gjg:c8pcrt
jpkgkjg. Kt cais wktm magwrktkg2jpkgkjg.
,1
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 57/72
Vmc 1u'%c ma& $ c"+ukrc mc
pcr&$"& +uaik-k)ak$" a& a" cpcr
k" ma park)uiar -kci'5
"mctmcr mc ma ae0ukrc tmc c8pcrtksc d9 a
s9stcoatke aeacoke stu9 jr mas ag
c8ecptkjg kg tmat nkci. 5c ejurt eag
ctcrokgc d9 mks >gjwic2c ag mjw mc
ae0ukrc kt. mc ratkjgaic ks tmat wmcg tmc
ejurt jcs gjt mavc tmc c8pcetatkjg jg tmcsud6cet oattcr jn tmat cg0ukr9 ag tmc ejurt
eaggjt njro ag jpkgkjg wktmjut ag c8pcrt
tmc ejurt eag as> ag c8pcrt tj asskst tmc
ejurt.
%asc iaw
N$i6c& ( Ema'' F< :C
&g cx#crt !ay )a+c mk+ j#kgkjg jg a
fc+erk#tkjg lkvcg tj mk!%
A ockeai wktgcss wmj ma gjt sccg
tmc dj9 jn a cecasc pcrsjg ok2mt
dc as>c wmctmcr kg mks jpkgkjg
assuokg2 tmat tmc naets cserkdc d9
agjtmcr wktgcss wmj ma sccg tmc
dj9 arc truc tmc wjugs ejui mavc
dccg scin:kgniketc.
%asc iaw4
T v $a+jg (!!!) ? %r App ; 1?.
Cx#crt+ +mjuif gjt lkvc ejgeiu+kjg+
jg !attcr+ tmat arc c!kgcgtiy
!attcr+ njr tmc ejurt tj fcekfc%
T v ,urgcr N<0A6L < &ii CT A
mc knnkeuit9 ks wmctmcr tmc jpkgkjg ks
gcecssar9 jr gjt gcecssar9. Kn tmc ejurt eag
njro ag jpkgkjg kt ks gjt gcecssar9 njr tmcejurt tj eaii ag c8pcrt. Dasc jg tmc ejurt
jwg c8pcrkcgec tmcrc ks gj gcc tj rci9 jg
c8pcrt jpkgkjg. mc ejurt wjui mavc
pcreckvc tmc naets wktmjut tmc asskstagec
jn ag c8pcrt.
T v $a+km !71E %rko I; &,
T v \cklmt!ag (!$) %r App ;cp !
/k! ,kgl Mjgl v XX !11E 3IH !!
@ayara!ag 3 'r+ v XX !7E 3IH &$1
.atj $jbmtar Ma+mk! v XX !7&E 3IH&
Kg tmc /ccrai %jurt tmc /% statc tmat oust
oa>c a kstkgetkjg dctwccg ag jpkgkjg jn
ag c8pcrt ag ag jpkgkjg jn a gjg:c8pcrt.
Kg tmks easc tmc ejurt eag njro kts jwg
jpkgkjg ag kt ks gjt gcecssar9 tj eaii ag
c8pcrt. Kt was eicar tmat tmc kg6urkcs wcrc
eausc d9 diugt jr smarp kgstruocgts.
,?
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 58/72
45 $ary mk! v XX !1E 3IH !&
=5 XX v. 3jmaoc +uiakoag !7E !
3IH &$ !7E 3IH &$
(/ccrai %jurt)
mc c8pcrt oust dc Ns>kiic mc
gcc gjt dc sj d9 spcekai stu9 mcoa9 dc sj d9 c8pcrkcgec.
. XX. v. 3jmaoc Bassko dkg =atko
!?!E ! 3IH 1# (5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)
C8pcrt cvkcgec cspcekaii9 jn
magwrktkg2 ks ocrci9 jpkgkjg
cvkcgec ag ks gjt ejgeiuskvc.
&. +9c Adu Da>ar dkg Amoa v. XX
!7#E 3IH ! (/ccrai %jurt)
Kt wjui dc crrjgcjus njr a 6u2c
tj njro mks ejgeiuskjg jg a oattcr
suem as ksputc magwrktkg2
wktmjut tmc ak jn c8pcrt cvkcgec.#. Bjg2 'cg +kcw v. Iko +kcw 5jg2
!?!E ! 3IH 1 (5k2m %jurt
Djrgcj)
A scok:s>kiic jr a scok:
prjncsskjgai oa9 dc aeecptc as ag
c8pcrt wktgcss ugcr ecrtakg
ekreuostagecs.
,. 3ugusao9 v. XX !7?E ! 3IH #
(+uprcoc %jurt)
mc ejurt ks cgtktic tj aeecpt
c8pcrt jpkgkjg jg cvkcgec tmat ks
jn ag cicocgtar9 gaturc.1. %magrasc>arag v. XX !?!E ! 3IH
!,& (5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)
C8pcrt jpkgkjg jg t9pcwrktkg2 ks as
ouem a oattcr jn sekcgec stu9 as
magwrktkg2 ag nkg2crprkgtcvkcgec ag ks tmcrcnjrc
aoksskdic.
?. +mrkrj (%mkga) It * Jrs. v. mak
Akrwa9s Kgtcrgatkjgai It !1?E
3IH ! (/.%.)
Kt ks tmc ut9 jn ejugsci wmj
wksmcs tj sudokt tmat tmc ocagkg2jn wjrs kg a njrck2g iag2ua2c ks
aodk2ujus tj eaii c8pcrt cvkcgec
jg tmc part.
7. +kva2aok Aemk v. X ;3 ;aoagatmag
%mcttkar * Agjr. !,E 3IH !
(5. %.)
C8pcrt cvkcgec ks gccc tj prjvc a
,7
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 59/72
njrck2g iaw.
;. O. kswaikg2ao v. kswaikg2ao
!7$E ! 3IH !$. Cg2iksm ejurt ma tj mavc c8pcrt
cvkcgec 2kvcg jg ecrtakg 0ucstkjgs
rc2arkg2 3usiko naoki9 iaw kg3aia9ska.
!$. cg2 Buo +cg2 v. XX !1$E 3IH ,
(5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)
mc cvkcgec jn ag c8pcrt jg magwrktkg2cspcekaii9 %mkgcsc emaraetcrs oust dc
trcatc wktm eautkjg.
Uc)k$" 9 Na)& 8cark"% up$"
$pk"k$"& $- cpcr
Na)& "$ $mcr/k&c rcic(a" arc
rcic(a" k- mcy &upp$r $r arc
k")$"&k&c" /km mc $pk"k$"& $-
cpcr& /mc" &u)m $pk"k$"& arcrcic(a"5
/aets gjt jtmcrwksc rcicvagt arc
rcicvagt4
kn tmc9 suppjrt jpkgkjgs jn
c8pcrts jr
kn tmc9 arc kgejgskstcgt wktm
jpkgkjgs jn c8pcrts.
mks ks d9 jpkgkjg jn ag c8pcrt a2akgst
ag c8pcrt.
/jr c8aopic scc kiiustratkjgs (a) ag (d).
%jiicetjr jn Iag ;cvcguc v. Aiiapa
%mcttkar !?!E ! 3IH #&+kg2apjrc /kgagec It. . Iko Bam
'2ao !7#E 3IH $+9ark>at Xcr>apaiag kojr v. O3D%
!7E 3IH !&
J#KGKJG JN MAGF\TKVKG7
C#CTV
Kg !! v /jmaocf 3assko !??E ! 3IH1# 11 tmc icargc 6u2c mci tmat
magwrktkg2 jpkgkjg jn a magwrktkg2
c8pcrt ks gjt ejgeiuskvc pjjr ag rc0ukrcs
ejrrjdjratkjg.
K" .aik# "aur v Xclawak Xjik+ .acram;
Dubkt $crta*a! !E ! 3IH tmc jpkgkjg
jn a magwrktkg2 c8pcrt oust dc vkcwc
wktm eautkjg. mc ejurt ks cgtktic tj 2kvc kt
prjpcr erckt. Kt 2jcs tj wck2mt.
.r mag!ulagatmag v Xcrka+a!y +=j ktma!)ara! Xkiiak !?E & 3IH 1!
njiijwc tmc icakg2 +% easc jn $urarkiai
v tatc jn $X AK; !7$ +% ,&! , mks
easc kgvjivcs njr2cr9 jn a jeuocgt. mc
ejurt gccc a magwrktkg2 c8pcrt tj asskst
tmc ejurt dceausc kt was gjt wktmkg tmc
c8pcrtksc jn tmc 6u2c. mc 6u2c rcikc jg
tmc jpkgkjg jn a magwrktkg2 c8pcrt ag
,
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 60/72
njug tmat tmc jeuocgts wcrc njr2c. Jg
appcai jn tmc oa6jr 2rjug was tmc 6u2c
ma crrc kg iaw dceausc mc ma rcikc jg
tmc jpkgkjg jn a magwrktkg2 c8pcrt. Kt ks
gjt ejgeiuskvc ag oust dc ejrrjdjratc.
$ 1, ,MC 'X-G-'G '8 & M&G.\T-,-G(
C?XCT, DC E'TT'D'T&,C.Aitmju2m a magwrktkg2 c8pcrt ks tmkr
eiass jn vcr9 ijw c8pcrtksc dcnjrc tmc easc
jn $urarkiai v tatc jn $X tmc jpkgkjg jn
magwrktkg2 c8pcrt gcc tj dc ejrrjdjratc.
$urarkiai v tatc jn $X rcvkcwc tmks
pjsktkjg ag statc tmat kt ks gcktmcr a ruic
jn iaw jr prjoksc tmat tmc jpkgkjg jn a
magwrktkg2 c8pcrt ks sud6cet tj a spcekai
eatc2jr9.
Ma"'/rkk"% )a" 8c pr$(c" 8y a
"$"*cpcr5
8abmruffkg v tatc jn $afmya Xrafc+m
AK; !1? +% !&1 mci tmat tmcrc ks
gjtmkg2 tcemgkeai adjut prjvkg2magwrktkg2.
Uc)k$" 90 #r$$- $- &k%"aurc a"'
ma"'/rkk"% $- pcr&$" aiic%c' $
ma(c &k%"c' $r /rkc" '$)u!c"
pr$'u)c'5
K- a '$)u!c" k& aiic%c' $ 8c
&k%"c' $r $ ma(c 8cc" /rkc"
/m$iiy $r k" par 8y a"y pcr&$"? mc
&k%"aurc $r mc ma"'/rkk"% $- &$
!u)m $- mc '$)u!c" a& k& aiic%c'
$ 8c k" ma pcr&$"& ma"'/rkk"%
&maii 8c pr$(c' $ 8c k" mk&ma"'/rkk"%5
,j #rjvc magfwrktkgl 4
!. D9 eaiikg2 tmc oa>cr L krcet cvkcgec
!. Jr d9 mks aoksskjg L gj gcc tj
eaii mko (scetkjgs !?!7 * !).
. D9 kgkrcet jr ekreuostagtkai
cvkcgec L .atub Marug -frk+ v
XX 43 = OIL 4>>4 Cusjn
Adjjieacr mci tmat kt ejui dc
prjvc d9 ekreuostagtkai cvkcgec.
&. D9 tmc jpkgkjg jn ag c8pcrt Lscetkjg #, #1 ( .r
mag!ulagatmag v Xcrka+a!y +=j
ktma!)ara! Xkiiak !?E & 3IH
1!) * scetkjg ,!4 rjugs jn
jpkgkjg wmcg rcicvagt4: ("mcgcvcr
tmc jpkgkjg jn ag9 ikvkg2 pcrsjg ks
rcicvagt tmc 2rjugs jg wmkem mks
jpkgkjg ks dasc arc aisj rcicvagt.)
Jpkgkjg jn a gjg:c8pcrt.
Uc)k$" k& a" ca!pic $- a "$"*
cpcr $pk"k$"5 K 'cai& /km$pk"k$" a& $ ma"'/rkk"% /mc"
rcic(a"
\mcg tmc ejurt mas tj njro ag jpkgkjg as
tj tmc pcrsjg dy wmjo agy fjeuocgt was
wrkttcg jr sklgcf, tmc jpkgkjg jn agy pcrsjg ae9uakgtcf wktm tmc magfwrktkgl jn
tmc pcrsjg dy wmjo kt ks suppjscf tj mavc
dccg wrkttcg jr sklgcf, tmat kt was jr was
gj wrkttcg jr sklgcf dy tmat pcrsjg, ks a
rcicvagt naet.
/jr c8aopic tmc scerctar9 jn tmc pcrsjg
1$
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 61/72
oa9 dc naokikar wktm mks magwrktkg2 ag
smc eag dc eaiic tj 2kvc jpkgkjg jg tmc
magwrktkg2. 5jwcvcr kg tmks rcspcet K
jgt a2rcc tmat tmc scerctar9 2kvcs ag
jpkgkjg jn a gjg:c8pcrt. Kn tmc pcrsjg ks
airca9 naokikar wktm mcr djsss
magwrktkg2 smc ks ag c8pcrt ag tjctcrokgc wmctmcr smc ks ag c8pcrt ks a
prcikokgar9 0ucstkjg. Kt ks tmc 0ucstkjg njr
tmc 6u2c tj cekc wmctmcr smc ks pcrktus.
(ag c8pcrt). 5jw ouem wck2mt tj 2kvc jgsuem cvkcgec cpcgs jn tmc stagkg2 jn
tmc wktgcss.
Uc)k$" ;0 E$!park&$" $-
&k%"aurc? /rkk"% $r &cai /km
$mcr& a'!kc' $r pr$(c'5
Jtmcr ojc4
Kn tmc magwrktkg2 ks kg kssuc eag as> tmc
wrktcr tj wrktc a spcekocg ag tmc ejurt
wkii ejoparc. Kg tmks sktuatkjg stkii uscscetkjg #, njr c8pcrt jpkgkjg. Kt ks 0uktc
koprucgt gjt tj usc scetkjg #,. Kt ks uscnuitj rc0ukrc ag c8pcrt. Ks tmc 6u2c eicvcr
cgju2m tj ejoparc tmc spcekocgQ (scc
8abmruffkg v tatc jn $afmya Xrafc+m.
Jpkgkjg jn pcrsjg as tj magwrktkg2 ks
rcicvagt kn mc ks ae0uakgtc wktm tmc
magwrktkg2. A pcrsjg ks ae0uakgtc wktm
tmc magwrktkg2 kn4
a. mc mas sccg tmc pcrsjg wrktcs
d. mc mas rceckvc jeuocgts kg agswcr
e. jeuocgts arc madktuaii9 sudokttc tjmko kg tmc jrkgar9 ejursc jn
duskgcss.
!. ;. v. Iko %mkg +mag2 !,?E 3IH!, (5k2m %jurt +kg2apjrc)
C8pcrkcgec oa9 dc a dasks njr
aeecptkg2 a wktgcss as ag c8pcrt.
. Iko kg2 5jg2 v. XX !11E
3IH !!
Kg oattcrs rciatkg2 tj scerct
sjekctkcs tmc ejurts arc prcparc tjaeecpt a wktgcsss pcrsjgai
c8pcrkcgec as tmc dasks jn mks
c8pcrt >gjwic2c.
Sik!ac k&&uc ruic
"mcg a wktgcss ejocs tj ejurt mc
2kvcs cvkcgec jn naet rcicvagt tj naet
kg kssuc. "ktgcss eaggjt 2kvc jpkgkjg
N$r ca!pic4
A ejookts ourcr ag eiakos tmat mc mas
gjg ejopjs ocgtcs mc k gjt >gjw tmc
gaturc jn tmc aet. mc 6u2c eaggjt njro ag
1!
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 62/72
jn uitkoatc kssuc. /jr c8aopic wmcg
tmc prjsceutkjg wagts tj prjvc a
gc2ik2cgt aet tmc prjsceutkjg jgi9
2kvcs cvkcgec tj prjvc tmcsc kssucs.
+cetkjg , ag !&1 oa>cs jgi9
rcicvagt naet jr rcicvagt naet kg kssuc
ag jn gj jtmcr. mc ejurt ks tj njroag jpkgkjg jr tj raw ag kgncrcgec as
tj tmc uitkoatc kssuc. mks ks tmc rjic
jn tmc ejurt. Jgi9 tmc ejurt cekcs.
Jpkgkjg cvkcgec gcvcr cekcs tmcuitkoatc kssuc.
jpkgkjg. j prjvc kt a ps9emkatrkst ks
eaiic. "mcg mc 2kvcs cvkcgec mc eaggjt
sa9 Mmc aeeusc mas gjg ejopjs
ocgtcs. 5c smjui sa9 /rjo o9
jdscrvatkjg K gjtc tmat mc dcmavc kg tmc
wa9 ojrc ejgskstcgt wktm mks kgsagkt9.
/rjo tmks tmc ejurt wkii a2rcc jr ksa2rcc.mc ejurt wkii raw ag kgncrcgec tmat tmc
aeeusc ks kgsagc. mc 6u2c wkii 2kvc ag
jpkgkjg nrjo tmc c8pcrts jdscrvatkjg. mc
6u2c ks tj cekc wmctmcr tmc aeeusc kskgsagc.
mc uitkoatc kssuc ruic ks airca9
cgtrcgemc kg tmc ic2ai s9stco. mc ruic ks
sccg ojrc kg drcaem tmag kg pcrnjroagec.
mc 6u2c ks sccg tj ocrci9 ajptkg2 tmc
c8pcrts jpkgkjg kg tmc gjtcs jn cvkcgec.
pcr ;a6a A<iag +mam %H kg \jgl wcc
Emkg v XX !7!E ! 3IH ! !#4
MDut c8ecpt jg purci9
sekcgtknke kssucs c8pcrt
cvkcgec ks tj dc usc d9
tmc ejurt njr tmc purpjsc jn
asskstkg2 ratmcr tmag
ejopciikg2 tmc njrouiatkjg
jn tmc uitkoatc 6u2ocgts.
Kg tmc uitkoatc agai9sks kt kstmc trkdugai jn naet wmctmcr
kt dc a 6u2c jr 6ur9 wmkemks rc0ukrc tj wck2m aii tmc
cvkcgec ag ctcrokgc tmc
prjdadkiktkcs. Kt eaggjt
tragsncr tmks tas> tj tmc
c8pcrt wktgcss tmc ejurt
oust ejoc tj kts jwg
jpkgkjg.
1&D v ,ak jjg Mcgl Ejg+truetkjg fg
Dmf !&E ! 3IH !7
a>arka =atko H mci tmat kg tmc iaw jn
jpkgkjg ag c8pcrt jgi9 tj asskst ag eaggjtcekc tmc uitkoatc kssuc jg tmc njr2c
emc0uc.
"mcg tmc wktgcss 2kvcs cvkcgec jn tmcnaet tmc ejurt wkii raw ag kgncrcgec
wmctmcr tmc naet ks prjvcg jr gjt. Kt ks gjt
aoksskdic njr a wktgcss tj 2kvc ag jpkgkjg
dceausc jpkgkjg cvkcgec ks icss prjdatkvc
1
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 63/72
ag gjt rcicvagt. +cejgi9 kn tmc wktgcss ks
aiijwc tj 2kvc jpkgkjg cvkcgec kt wkii
usurp tmc nugetkjg jn tmc ejurt. kvkg2
jpkgkjg ks jgi9 tmc rjic jn tmc 6u2c.
+cc aisj4
!1. +9c Adu Da>ar dkg Amoa !7#E 3IH !
!?. XX v. 3jmaoc Bassko =atko !??E
! 3IH 1#
!7. %magrasc>arag * Jrs. v. XX !?!E !3IH !,&
!. cg2 Bug +cg2 v. XX !1$E 1 3IH
,
$. ;. v. Iko %mkg +mcg2 !,?E & 3IH
!,
!. XX v. Icc Cc cjg2 !,&E ! 3IH
##
. %mkg +cg "am v. XX !,7E # 3IH!,#
"jg2 +wcc %mkg v. XX !7!E ! 3IH !
JVMCT TCIC^AGV OAVVCTU5 ,a.5 Vmc r$ic $- mc cpcr /k"c&&5
Jg2 %mag jw v. ; !1&E 3IH !1$
(5k2m %jurt +kg2apjrc)
C8pcrts smjui gjt dc as>c tj 2kvc
ejgeiuskjg jg oattcrs wmkem arc
cokgcgti9 oattcrs njr tmc ejurt tj
cekc.
%mkg +cg "am v. XX !,7E 3IH !,#
(5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)mc uitkoatc cekskjg jg ag9 kssuc
ks wktm tmc ejurt.
"jg2 +wcc %mkg v. XX !7!E ! 3IH! (/ccrai %jurt)
Kt ks tmc trkdugai jn naet tmat cekcs
jg tmc Nuitkoatc kssuc ag tmc
vaiuc jn ag9 cvkcgec kgeiukg2
tmc c8pcrts.
"jg2 %mjp +ajw v. XX !1,E 3IH
#? (5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)+tkpuiatcs tmc prjecurc tj dc
njiijwc wmcg ag c8pcrt 2kvcs
cvkcgec.
+cc aisj4
XX v. %mjg2 "ck Bmag !$E & 3IH
!1,
XX v. Ikg Ikag %mcg !!E ! 3IH &!1
1&
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 64/72
,8.5 E$"-ik)k"% $pk"k$" c(k'c")c5
!. %jiicetjr jn Iag ;cvcguc v.
Aia2appa %mcttkar !?!E ! 3IH
#& (Xrkv9 %jugeki)
"mcrc tmcrc ks a ejgniket dctwccg
tmc jpkgkjgs 2kvcg d9 ojrc tmcgjgc c8pcrt tmc 6u2c mas a rk2mt tj
prcncr jgc jpkgkjg tj tmc jtmcrs.
. +kg2apjrc /kgagec It v. Iko Bam '2ao (+pjrc) Xtc It * Cu2cgc
5I %mag Assjekatcs !7#E 3IH
$ (5k2m %jurt +kg2apjrc)
Kg cvaiuatkg2 tmc ejgniketkg2 c8pcrt
cvkcgec tmc ejurt oa9 c8aokgc
tmc sekcgtknke 2rjugs ag dascs jg
wmkem tmc9 rci9.
&. Xavjgc v. XX ('j.) !71E ! 3IH #&
(5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)
"mcg tmcrc ks a knncrcgec kg tmc
cvkcgec dctwccg twj wktgcsscs jg
sekcgtknke oattcrs suem as ru2s
tmcg kt ks kgeuodcgt jg tmc part9
ejgecrgc tj mavc c8pcrt tcstkojg9
tj c8piakg tmc knncrcgec.
#. Fatj 3j>mtar 5asmko * Agjr v. XX
!7&E 3IH &.mc ejurt prcncrrc tmc cvkcgec jn
jgc c8pcrt tj tmat jn agjtmcr jg
0ucstkjgs rc2arkg2 tmc aiic2c
ourcr wcapjg.
<cejoocgfcf <cafkgls>
!. agcsjg. !7#. "mat Dijj %ag
cii Ag 5jwQ. %urrcgt Iaw
Hjurgai. . 1.
. anruiiam. !7$. C8pcrt cstkojg9
L +joc ;cnicetkjgs /rjo
3aia9ska. Hjurgai jn 3aia9skag
%joparatkvc Iaw. #&.
&. ;a6a. !?7. Jg Fksprjvkg2 /kg2cr:
Xrkgt Cvkcgec. 3aia9ag Iaw
Hjurgai. !. 888k8.
1#
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 65/72
#. Fj9ic @%. Aoksskdkikt9 jn
Jpkgkjg Cvkcgec. Austraikag Iaw Hjurgai.
1!. 17?
,. Hae>sjg. !7#. mc Oitkoatc Kssuc
;uic. %rkokgai Iaw ;cvkcw. ?,.
1. Xctcr kiikcs. !71. Jpkgkjg
Cvkcgec. Austraikag Iaw Hjurgai. 1$. ,?.
?. anruiiam. !$. C8pcrt cstkojg9.
Hjurgai jn 3aia9skag %joparatkvc Iaw.
#&
7. C9 @.%. !,,. mc Kgnaiikdkikt9
jn /kg2crprkgts. %rkokgai Iaw ;cvkcw. &#
. "kisjg. !,7. Fctcetkjg jn /kg2crprkgtjg Fjeuocgts. %rkokgai Iaw
;cvkcw. ,!
Uc)k$" 0 Jpk"k$" a& $ %c"crai
)u&$! $r rk%m5
Mcgcrai eustjos jr rk2mts kgeiuc
tmjsc ejoojg tj ag9 ejgskcradic
eiass jn pcrsjgs.
Uc)k$" 30 Jpk"k$" a& $ u&a%c&
a"' c"c&5
Jpkgkjgs jn pcrsjgs arc rcicvagt kn
tmc9 arc wktm spcekai ocags jn
>gjwic2c as tj4
• usa2cs ag tcgcts jn ag9 dj9 jn
ocg jr naoki9
• ejgstktutkjg ag 2jvcrgocgt jn
ag9 rcik2kjus jr emarktadic
njugatkjg jr
• ocagkg2 jn wjrs jr tcros usc
kg partkeuiar kstrkets jr d9 partkeuiar eiasscs jn pcrsjgs.
Uc)k$" ><0 Jpk"k$" $" rciak$"&mkp5
%asc4
Fji2jdkga Xarkema v. 'koak %marag
1,
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 66/72
3ksra ag Jrs (!,) AK; +% !#.
Uc)k$" >40 7r$u"'& $- $pk"k$"5
mc jpkgkjg jn ag c8pcrt oa9 dc
suppjrtc d9 a eicar statcocgt jn
wmat mc gjtkec ag jg wmat dasks mc
mas njroc mks jpkgkjg.
+cc aisj scetkjg 1$ (!) ()
!. +ko Am Jm v. XX !1E 7 3IH #
(5k2m %jurt 3aia9a)
Ag c8pcrt oust 2kvc tmc rcasjgs kg
suppjrt jn mks cvkcgec.
. Xaeknke kg %jgsjikatc %jrp. v. 5jjg
"cc mko !1?E 3IH &, (/ccrai
%jurt)
(a). "mcrc tmc jpkgkjg jn
c8pcrts ks dasc jg rcpjrts
jn naets tmjsc naets ugicss
wktmkg tmc c8pcrts jwg
>gjwic2c oust dc
prjvcg kgcpcgcgti9.
(d). Kg aii eascs jn jpkgkjg
cvkcgec tmc 2rjugs jr
rcasjgkg2 upjg wmkem suem
jpkgkjg ks dasc oa9 dc
kg0ukrc kgtj.
+cc aisj4
&. Iak =jg2 Bjjg v. XX !1E 3IH &?
\CCB
4
C^KFCGEC JN DAF EMATAEVCT .
+cc scetkjgs , tj ,,. !#1 !#1A
Cvkcgec Aet !,$+cc aisj scetkjg !?$ %rkokgai
Xrjecurc %jc
!. 3jgl v. !! *+N- /I8 +: &5klm
6jurt, /aiaya)
Vmc naet tmat a pcrsjg ks ugadic njr
tmc tkoc dckgl tj satksny mksercfktjrs ks gjt cvkfcgec jn daf
emaraetcr.
. 23 'akr v. < *+:H- /I8 4N
&5klm 6jurt, $kglapjrc)
6maraetcr cvkfcgec jn tmc aeeuscfks lcgcraiiy kgafoksskdic.
(. 5adcc ?ur <amoag v. !! *+1+-
/I8 +H &5klm 6jurt, ?jrgcj)
6maraetcr cvkfcgec ks lcgcraiiy
kgafoksskdic dceausc jn kts prc`ufkekai gaturc.
11
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 67/72
H. \jgl Mjm 5kg v. !! *+NH- /I8 +H
&Mcfcrai 6jurt)
$cetkjg :H fjcs gjt oa0c
kgafoksskdic agy emaraetcr
cvkfcgec wmkem ks jtmcrwksc
afoksskdic ugfcr sjoc jtmcr
scetkjgs jn tmc et.
:. Iko ?ada v. !! *+N- /I8 4+&5klm 6jurt, /aiaya)
6maraetcr cvkfcgec ks afoksskdic kn
kt rciatcs tj a naet kg kssuc jr tmc
ercfkdkikty jn a wktgcss.
$cc aisj>
1. ; v. Duttcrwasscr !#7E ! BD #
?. ; v. "kgnkci !&E # Aii C; !1#
7. Hjgcs v. FXX !1E A.%. 1&,. 3a8wcii v. FXX !&,E A.%. &$
!$. 3urjem v. a9ijr !1,E A.%.
,?#
!!. +civc9 v. FXX !?$E A% &$#!. Ij>c +jj 5ar v. XX (!,#) 3IH
!#
!&. krark Iaii v. XX !#1E 3IH 7?
!#. XX v. ccragButt9 !$E & 3IH
#7!,. XX v. %mjj %muag "ag2 !E
%IH !#
@ufkekai Gjtkec agf 8jr!ai
&f!k++kjg+
+cc scetkjgs ,1 ,? ag ,7.
cgcrai ;uic4 Aii naets kg kssuc ag
rcicvagt naets oust dc prjvc.
C8ecptkjgs4 +cetkjgs ,1 ag ,?.
+cetkjg ,14 /aets 6ukekaii9 gjtkecadic
gcc gjt dc prjvc. mc ejurt nkgs
tmat tmc naet c8ksts aitmju2m gj
cvkcgec jn kt ks 2kvcg. %crtakg
oattcrs arc sj gjtjrkjus jr eicari9
cstadiksmc tmat cvkcgec jn tmckrc8kstcgec ks ccoc uggcecssar9. Kt ks
dasc upjg ejgvcgkcgec ag
%ascs4
!. ;aoam v. Iatjg !&!E 1 /3+I;
!7 (+% /3+)
%siaoke Iaw ks gjt njrcklg dut
ijeai iaw agf tmcrcnjrc, tmc ejurts
oust ta0c ̀ ufkekai gjtkec.
. +aokvciu v. XX !?E ! 3IH 7
(5k2m %jurt 3aia9a) ejurt ks jgiy djugf tj ta0c
`ufkekai gjtkec jn agy rcluiatkjgs
wmcg tmc rcicvagt 7aBcttc
gjtknkeatkjg ks cktmcr 9ujtcf kg tmc
emarlc jr affuecf kg cvkfcgec.
(. Kjgl !a0 Kjgl v. !! *+:- /I8
+1N &5klm 6jurt, /aiaya)
1?
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 68/72
c8pckcge9. Kt c8pcktcs mcarkg2 jn
oag9 eascs ag prjuecs ugknjrokt9
jn cekskjg jg oattcrs jn naet.
+cetkjg ,?4 /aets jn wmkem ejurt
oust ta>c 6ukekai gjtkec.
Uc)k$" >0 Na)& a'!kc' "cc' "$
8c pr$(c'5
%g passkgl a scgtcgec, tmc ejurt
oay ta0c `ufkekai gjtkec jn wmat ks
gjtjrkjus agf wmat cvcrydjfy
0gjws.
H. Icc 6mjw /cgl v. !! *+1N- +
/I8 C1 *+1N- + /I8 C1 &5klm6jurt, /aiaya)
Vmc ejurt oay ta0c `ufkekai gjtkec
tmat tmcrc mas dccg ag kgercasc kg
tmc ejooksskjg jn jnncgecs kg
3uaia Iuopur kgvjivkgl nkrcaros.
,. Xcodag2ugag 3ama 3urgk v.
Hururus Iaag2 !71E 3IH &$
(+% 3aia9ska)
Vmc payocgt jn a ejooksskjg
tj a drj0cr mas gjt fcvcijpcf kgtj
a rcejlgkscf eustjo jr usalc sj
as tj cgtktic kt tj dc `ufkekaiiygjtkecf.
1. Xia<a +kg2apura (Xtc) It v.
%jsci (+) Xtc It * Agjr. !$E
& 3IH ! (%JA +kg2apjrc)
\mcg a ejurt oay ta0c `ufkekai
gjtkec jn a trafc eustjo jr usalc.
$cc aisj>
?. '. 3amavag 'akr v. jvt. jn
3aia9ska !?,E 3IH 71
7. ;c BJ (ag kgnagt) !$E ! 3IH
##. Daia>rksmgag v +wagtkgc !!E !
%IH ,$&
!$. ;c ug +jjg mko !?E 3IH
&,!!!. XX. v. Ikg Ikag %mcg !!E ! 3IH
&!1.
<cejoocgfcf <cafkgls>
/jmf 0rao 44. 8ufkekai 'jtkec agf
tmc 8uflc#s !crsjgai 3gjwicflc> 6urrcgt
Iaw 8jurgai H. ikkk.3jm A>rao. !71. Hukekai 'jtkec ks:
A:ks Xcrsjgai Bgjwic2c4 3aia9skag
C8pcrkcgec. %urrcgt Iaw Hjurgai. . 77.
OJFCTG NJTCGUKE
VCEMGJIJ7[ AGF VMC IA\
JN C^KFCGEC
mc ejopjgcgt jn njrcgske sekcgec ks
kgejrpjratc kg tmc ejursc jn Cvkcgec
djtm kg tmc nkrst ag scejg scocstcr
ejurscs
17
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 69/72
!. Fcvcijpocgt jn njrcgske
tcemgjij29
/jrcgske sekcgec ag
tcemgk0ucs
. /jrcgske Cvkcgec a eiass jn
;cai Cvkcgeca. /kg2crprkgt
d. Dijj saopics dijj
aiejmji icvcis
2rjupkg2 jn dijjstakgs.
e. Djki9 saopics
. F'A prjnkikg2
c. /jjtprkgt
n. Daiikstke tcst
2. Kgvcstk2atkjg jn arsjg
m. ksuai koa2cs jn
suspcets L njtjnktsud6cet tj urgduii
wargkg2.
&. Ic2aii9 ag kiic2aii9 jdtakgc
njrcgske cvkcgec
a. %jgscgt tj ta>c gjg:
kgtkoatc saopics
d. %jgscgt tj ta>c
kgtkoatc saopics
e. Xjikec prjecurcs kgta>kg2 saopics.
#. /kg2crprkgt
a. Drcaem jn sanc2uar
d. ;cnusai jn ejgscgtG
wktmjut ejgscgt
e. Fcstruetkjg jn
saopics
. C8pcrt cvkcgec
c. Kcgtknkeatkjg
n. +tagar njr oatem
2. Avakiadkikt9 jn
atadasc jn
nkg2crprkgt saopics.
,. F'A prjnkikg2
F'A prjnkikg2 tcemgk0uc
;cstrketkjg /ra2ocgt Icg2tmXji9ojrpmksjg (;/IX)
Xji9ocrasc %makg ;caetkjg (X%;)
Agai9sks
Kg tmc nkrst scocstcr L wmcg caikg2
wktm scetkjgs !! ag #,:,! L kcgtkt9
jn tmkg2s pcrsjgs piaecs cte nk8kg2
tkoc ag piaec jn jeeurrcgec jn tmc
sud6cet oattcr jn trkai jpkgkjg tmcrctj
d9 F'A prjnkikg2 nkg2crprkgt ag paiokcgtknkeatkjg L tmc tcsts kgvjivc kg
kcgtknkeatkjg jn ru2s mjw tj prjvc
magwrktkg2 ag oag9 rciatc oattcrs
L ugcr scetkjgs ? L eausc cnncet jnnaet kg kssuc scetkjg !$ L cvkcgec jn
ejgspkrae9 L arc cait kg scocstcr ! kg
Cvkcgec !. Kg Cvkcgec KK partkeuiari9
wmcg kseusskg2 jeuocgtar9
ejoputcr 2cgcratc jeuocgts tapc
ag vkcj rcejrkg2 cvkcgec L wmcrc
tmc prjvcgec prkgekpic ks kopjrtagt L
csscgtkais jn njrcgske cvkcgec ks tau2mtkg tmc ejgtc8t.
"mcg kseusskg2 tmc iaw rciatkg2 tj
cncgecs ugcr tmc Cvkcgec Aet Lc2.
Aikdk prjvjeatkjg scin cncgec
rug>cggcss L ag 0uagtuo jn
cvkcgec rc0ukrc. At tmc vcr9
dc2kggkg2 jn tmc ejursc wmcg caikg2
t9pcs jn cvkcgec cicocgts jn njrcgske
sekcgec arc tjuemc upjg L cspcekaii9kg tmc arca jn Nrcai cvkcgec c2.
;cscodicgec erkoc sekcgec vkskts djrcr ksputc jg sca jr iag ojtjr
vcmkeic aeekcgt arsjg Lkcgtknkeatkjg
jn tmc eausc.
cgcraii9 njrcgske iaw L kgvjivcs
jdtakgkg2 jpkgkjg jn c8pcrt ag gjg:
c8pcrts L ugcr scetkjgs ? #,:,! jn
tmc Cvkcgec Aet. mks wkii dc tmc
eaiikg2 jn tmc c8pcrts.
;C/C;C'%C+4
Xmkpsjg jg Cvkcgec L !,tm
CktkjgIjgjg4 +wcct * 3a8wcii $$$
%maptcr !# L C8pcrt Cvkcgec Iaw ag
Xraetkec d9 rkstao 5j2>kgsjgIjgjg4 +wcct * 3a8wcii !$.
%maptcr !& p. #&1 mc iaw jn c8pcrt
cvkcgec L Kag /rce>citjg 5u2m +cid9
1
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 70/72
Fcvcijpocgt jn /jrcgske
F'A prjnkikg2
Appikeatkjg jn F'A prjnkikg2
tj tmc iaw
Ikoktatkjg jn F'A prjnkikg2.
a. C8pcrt cvkcgec d. ukcikgc tj cai
wktm F'A cvkcgec
e. Kcgtknkeatkjg jn
F'A. %jiicetkjg jn saopics
c. Ik>cikmjj jn stakgs
dckg2 icnt at tmc erkoc
secgc
n. 3atemcs
2. mc emaiicg2c jn
prcscgtatkjg jn F'A
cvkcgec.m. Xrjsceutkjg naiiae9
k. ;agjo jeeurrcgec
ratkj
6. +tatkstkeai cvkcgec
>. "ck2mt jn cvkcgec
i. mc nuturc jn tmc
aoksskdkikt9 jn F'A
prjnkikg2 cvkcgec
1. Dijj saopicsa. Kgncrcgecs tj dc
rawg njr rcnusai tjejgscgt
d. Kgtkoatc saopics
e. Xrjuetkjg jn
cvkcgec
. Dijj tcsts: c8pcrt
cvkcgec
c. Dijj ag jtmcr
sekcgtknke tcst jn
patcrgkt9
?. Djki9 +aopics
a. Dijj ag dj9tkssucs
d. Fcgtai Koprcsskjg
e. 5akr
. Kgtkoatc saopicsc. Jrcr njr ta>kg2 jn
saopics
n. +aopics ta>cg at
pjikec statkjg
ID% Kgnjroatkjg +crvkecs !.
%A+C IA"4
XX v Amoa 'a6kd Arks $$# %IH !
(mc %agg9 Jg2s %asc)
XX v 5agkn Dasrcc Adui ;amoag$$# & %IH &#
(mc 'jrktta %asc)
XX v 3jm Addas Dkg Fagus Da>sag$$#E 3IH !1$
?$
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 71/72
2. Fcstruetkjg jn
saopics
7. Fru2s
octmjs jn kcgtkn9kg2
eaggadks 2ag6a mcrjkg c8mkdkt
/kg2crgakis L emkppkg2 c8mkdkt
C&&c"kai Tca'k"%&
Da&k) Vc D$$6&0
!. Xkgsicr H. !. Cvkcgec Avjeae9 ag tmc Ic2ai Xrjecss.
+kg2apjrc4 Duttcrwjrtms.
. %mkg ct =ug2. !77. Cvkcgec. +kg2apjrc4 Duttcrwjrtms.
&. +. Au2ustkgc Xaui. $$&. Cvkcgec4 Xraetkec * Xrjecurc.
Buaia Iuopur4 Xciagu> Xudikeatkjg.
#. ;ankam +aiko. !#. Cvkcgec kg 3aia9ska ag +kg2apjrc4
%ascs 3atcrkais ag %joocgtar9. g cktkjg. BuaiaIuopur4 Duttcrwjrtms.
,. +ar>ar. !. mc Iaw jn Cvkcgec. !,tm cktkjg. Kgka4
"amwa * %j.
1. ;atagiai * Fmkra6ai. !7?. mc Iaw jn Cvkcgec. Kgka4
"amwa ag %j.
?. %rjss ag appcr. $$$. Cvkcgec. 1tm cktkjg. Ijgjg 4
Duttcrwjrtms.
7. Xmkpsjg. Cvkcgec. $$$. Cvkcgec. !tm cktkjg. Ijgjg4+wcct ag 3a8wcii.
. 5aok +uitag. !#. mc Iaw jn Cvkcgec kg 3aia9ska ag+kg2apjrc. Buaia Iuopur4 Hagad.
!$. /jmf 0rao, 44H. Vmc Iaw jn 6jgncsskjgs. 3uaia
Iuopur>
Tc)$!!c"'c' D$$6&
N$r Nurmcr Tca'k"%&0
!. 5aok Kdramko !&. mc Iaw jn Cvkcgec. BuaiaIuopur4 %cgtrai Iaw Djj> %jrpjratkjg +g. Dm.
. +tcpmcg H./. !$#. A Fk2cst jn tmc Iaw jn Cvkcgec. 'cw=jr>4 3ae3kiiag * %j. It.
&. ;.B. 'atmag. !&. A Xraetkeai Apprjaem tj Cvkcgec kg
3aia9ska ag +kg2apjrc. Buaia Iuopur4 3aia9a Iaw
Hjurgai.
#. H.F. 5c9jg. !1. %rjss jg Cvkcgec. ,tm cktkjg.
?!
7/17/2019 Course Outline-Law of Evidence I
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/course-outline-law-of-evidence-i 72/72
Austraika4 Duttcrwjrtms.
Uauc&0 !. mc Cvkcgec Aet !,$ (rcvksc ($$&)
. mc Jatms ag Annkroatkjg Aet !#.
&. %rkokgai Xrjecurc %jc.
#r$p$&c' UarFac ,Uc!c&cr.
+cocstcr ! $$1G$$?
Da)m $- Uu'c"& $ 8c
A--c)c'
+cocstcr ! $$1G$$?
!rcparcf dy>
Xrjn. Fr. 56. 3jm. A>rao +makr 3jmaoa
3r. 3jm +mamrk<a 3jm Fkam
?