course level 1b -...
TRANSCRIPT
23rd
Latin Summer School Education Building University of Sydney
16-20 January 2017
Course Level 1B
Tutors: Barbara Twomey and Alexandra Pinkham
ThE EArLy KıNgS oF roME
Selections from Eutropius
Eutropius was a Roman historian who lived in the 4th century A.D. He
wrote a summary of Livy’s famous history of Rome (Ab urbe condita),
condensing Livy’s 142 volume work into a mere ten books. These
passages deal with some of the early kings of Rome.
Romulus
Romanum imperium a Romulo exordium habet, qui Reae Silviae, Vestalis
virginis, filius et Martis cum Remo fratre editus est. is urbem exiguam in
Palatino monte constituit XI Kal. Maias, Olympiadis sextae anno tertio,
post Troiae excidium. condita civitate, quam ex nomine suo Romam
vocavit, haec egit. multitudinem finitimorum in civitatem recepit, centum
ex senioribus legit, quos ‘senatores’ nominavit propter senectutem. tum,
cum uxores ipse et populus suus non haberent, invitavit ad spectaculum
ludorum vicinas urbi Romae nationes atque earum virgines rapuit.
commotis bellis propter raptarum iniuriam Caeninenses vicit, Antemnates,
Crustuminos, Sabinos, Fidenates, Veientes. haec omnia oppida urbem
cingunt. et cum orta subito tempestate non comparuisset, anno regni
tricesimo septimo ad deos transisse creditus est et consecratus.
exordium, -i: beginning
edo edidi: produce, give birth to
exiguus, -a, -um: small constituo, constitui: establish
XI Kal.Maias: April 21 excidium, -i: destruction, fall
condo,condidi: to establish, found civitas,-is: state
ago, egi: do, achieve, accomplish multitudo, -inis: crowd
finitimus, -i: neighbour recipio, recepi: receive, welcome
lego, legi: to choose propter (prep): because of
senectus, -tutis: old age spectaculum, -i: show, spectacle
ludus, i: game vicinus, -a, um: nearby, local
commotis bellis: with war stirred up raptarum iniuriam: the hurtful
abduction
cingo, cinxi: surround orta… tempestate: with a storm
having sprung up
compareo, comparui: to be visible tricesimo septimo: thirty-seventh
transeo, transii: go over, cross consecro, consecravi: to make
holy, deify
Numa Pompilius
postea Numa Pompilius rex creatus est, qui bellum quidem nullum gessit,
sed non minus civitati quam Romulus profuit. nam et leges Romanis
moresque constituit, et annum descripsit in decem menses, et infinita
Romae sacra ac templa constituit. morbo decessit quadragesimo et tertio
imperii anno.
civitas,-is: state prosum, profui: to help
constituo, constitui: establish describo, descripsi: prescribed
infinitus,-a,-um: timeless decedo, decessi: depart, die
Priscus Tarquinius
deinde regnum Priscus Tarquinius accepit. hic numerum senatorum
duplicavit, ludos Romanos instituit, qui ad nostram memoriam permanent.
vicit idem etiam Sabinos et non parum agrorum urbis Romae territorio
iunxit, primusque triumphans urbem intravit. muros fecit et cloacas,
Capitolium inchoavit. tricesimo octavo imperii anno per Anci filios occisus
est.
duplico, duplicavi: double
ludus,-i: game
parum (adv): a small amount
iungo, iunxi: join cloaca,-ae:
drain inchoo, inchoavi: begin.
Servius Tullius
post hunc Servius Tullius suscepit imperium, genitus ex nobili
femina, captiva tamen et ancilla. hic quoque Sabinos subegit, montes
tres, Quirinalem, Viminalem, Esquilinum, urbi adiunxit, fossas
circum murum duxit, primus omnium censum ordinavit, qui adhuc
per orbem terrarum incognitus erat. sub eo Roma habuit capita
LXXXIII milia civium Romanorum cum his, qui in agris erant.
suscipio, suscepi: take over genitus (p’cple gigno): born
subigo, subegi: subdue fossa,-ae: ditch
ordino, ordinavi: organise
incognitus,-a,-um: unknown adhuc (adv): til then
MARTIAL
Marcus Valerius Martialis (known to us as Martial) was a Roman poet of the first century A.D., the Silver Age of Roman literature. He wrote twelve
books of epigrams- generally short poems, often humorous and often addressed to his friends and acquaintances. His poems tend to be quite simple,
but they give us an interesting insight into everyday life in ancient Rome.
cur non mitto meos tibi, Pontiliane, libellos? hypophora
ne mihi tu mittas, Pontiliane, tuos! anthypophora
exigis ut nostros donem tibi, Tucca, libellos.
non faciam: nam vis vendere, non legere.
quid recitaturus circum das vellera collo?
conveniunt nostris auribus magis.
Cum tua non edas, carpis mea carmina, Laeli.
Carpere vel noli nostra vel ede tua.
languebam: sed tu comitatus protinus ad me venisti
centum, Symmache, discipulis.
centum me tetigere manus Aquilone gelatae:
non habui febrem, Symmache, nunc habeo.
Martial VII.3
Martial VII. 77
Martial IV.41
Martial I.91
Martial VI.53
cur: why mitto misi (3): send mihi: to me (dative)
exigo: demand
nostros: our
dono: to present (-em is 1st person)
vendo: sell
quid: why
circum: around
collum: neck
auris: ear
cum: while carpo: to
criticize vel … vel: either … or
langueo: be sick
protinus: straight away
tango (tetigi): touch
Aquilo: the north wind
febris: fever
libellus: a little book
ne: so that you don’t
ut: that
tibi: to you (dative)
faciam: future tense
lego: read
recitaturus: about to
recite
vellus: scarf
convenit: suits
magis: more
edo: publish
carmen: poem
comitatus: accompanied
by
centum: one hundred
manus: hand
gelatus: frozen
GREEK AND ROMAN MYTH
Selections from Hyginus (adapted by Thomas Wilson)
Hyginus’ Fabulae or Genealogiae are short summaries of myths from earlier sources. These stories were part of every Roman’s basic knowledge. They
were possibly, but probably not, written by Augustus’ freedman Gaius Iulius Hyginus (c. 64 BC – AD 17). Although some modern editors mock them for
their (relatively) simple language and mistakes (Hyginus’ Greek wasn’t very good!) they are still useful in summarising material which is otherwise
completely lost.
THESEUS APUD MINOTAURUM
Theseus posteaquam Cretam venit, ab
Ariadne Minois filia est adamatus adeo, ut
fratrem proderet et hospitem servaret; ea
enim Theseo monstravit labyrinthi exitum,
quo Theseus cum introisset et Minotaurum
interfecisset, Ariadnes monitu licium
revolvendo foras est egressus eamque, quod
fidem ei dederat, in coniugio secum
habiturus avexit.
ARIADNE
Theseus in insula Dia tempestate retentus
cogitans, si Ariadnen in patriam portasset,
sibi opprobrium futurum, itaque in insula
posteaquam = postquam
Minois – genitive of Minos, king of Crete adamatus = amatus adeo – he was so beloved
ut – so much that prodo prodere prodidi (3) – betray
servo -are (1)
servio, -ire (4)
Ariadnes – Greek genitive of Ariadne monitus –ūs (4 m) – warning
licium -i (2 n) – thread
revolvendo – by rolling up
foras – outside
aveho avehere avexi (3) – carry away
retentus – held back
Ariadnen – Greek accusative of Ariadne futurum – understand esse – “thinking that shame would fall on him(self), if…”
Dia dormientem reliquit; quam Liber amans
inde sibi in coniugium abduxit. Theseus
autem cum navigaret, oblitus est vela atra
mutare, itaque Aegeus pater eius credens
Theseum a Minotauro esse consumptum in
mare se praecipitavit, ex quo Aegeum
pelagus est dictum. Ariadnes autem sororem
Phaedram Theseus duxit in coniugium.
(ab)duco in coniugium – to take (away) in marriage
navigo -are (1) – sail
obliviscor oblivisci (3 dep) – forget; oblitus est he forgot vela -orum (2 n pl) – sails ater –tra –trum – black
praecipito -are (1) – throw headlong
pelagus -i (1 m) – sea
MEDEA
Aeetae Medea et Idyiae filia cum ex Iasone
iam filios Mermerum et Pheretem
procreasset summaque concordia viverent,
obiciebatur ei hominem tam fortem ac
formosum ac nobilem uxorem advenam
atque veneficam habere. Huic Creon
Menoeci filius rex Corinthius filiam suam
minorem Glaucen dedit uxorem. Medea
cum vidit se erga Iasonem bene merentem
tanta contumelia esse affectam, coronam ex
venenis fecit auream eamque muneri filios
suos iussit novercae dare. Creusa munere
accepto cum Iasone et Creonte conflagravit.
Medea ubi regiam ardere vidit, natos suos
ex Iasone Mermerum et Pheretem interfecit
et profugit a Corintho.
procreo -are (1) – bear children obicio obicere obieci – reproach someone with something
formosus –a –um – beautiful
advena -ae (1 m or f) – foreign
veneficus –a –um – poison-making (used as a noun here)
Menoeci – genitive of Menoiceus
Glaucen –Greek accusative of Glauce
erga + acc. – towards
mereo -ere (2) – deserve contumelia –ae (1 f) – insult, abuse
corona –ae (1 f) – crown
venenum –i (1 f) – poison muneri – predicative dative – “as a
gift”
noverca –ae (1 f) – step-mother
conflagro –are (1) – to burn up
regia = (domus) regia – palace
ACHILLES
Thetis Nereis cum sciret Achillem filium suum,
quem ex Peleo habebat, si ad Troiam
expugnandam isset, periturum, commendavit eum
in insulam Scyron ad Lycomedem regem, quem
ille inter virgines filias habitu femineo servabat
nomine mutato; nam virgines Pyrrham
nominarunt, quoniam capillis flavis fuit et Graece
rufum "pyrrhon" dicitur. Achivi autem cum
rescissent ibi eum occultari, ad regem Lycomeden
oratores miserunt, qui rogarent, ut eum adiutorem
Danais mitteret. Rex cum negaret apud se esse,
potestatem eis fecit, ut in regia quaererent. Qui
cum intellegere non possent, quis esset eorum,
Ulixes in regio vestibulo munera feminea posuit,
in quibus clipeum et hastam, et subito tubicinem
iussit canere armorumque crepitum et clamorem
fieri iussit. Achilles hostem arbitrans adesse
vestem muliebrem dilaniavit atque clipeum et
hastam arripuit. Ex hoc est cognitus suasque
operas Argivis promisit et milites Myrmidones.
scio scire scivi (4) – know ad Troiam expugnandam – to fight at Troy periturum – understand esse – “knew that he
would die”
commendo -are (1) – entrust
habitu femineo – in woman’s clothing
capillis flavis fuit – “he had tawny hair”
Graece – in Greek rufus –a –um – redhead rescisco -sciscere –scivi (3) – learn, find out
occult -are (1) – hide, conceal
Lycomeden oratores miserunt, qui rogarent, ut
eum adiutorem Danais mitteret. Rex cum negaret
apud se esse, potestatem eis fecit, ut in regia
quaererent. Qui cum intellegere non possent, quis
esset eorum, Ulixes in regio vestibulo munera
feminea posuit, in quibus clipeum et hastam, et
subito tubicinem iussit canere armorumque
crepitum et clamorem fieri iussit. Achilles hostem
arbitrans adesse vestem muliebrem dilaniavit atque
clipeum et hastam arripuit. Ex hoc est cognitus
suasque operas Argivis promisit et milites
Myrmidones.
orator –oris (3 m) – speaker, spokesman
potestatem eis fecit – “he gave them permission”
intellego intellegere intellexi (3) – understand, figure out
regium vestibulum – courtyard of the
palace
clipeum –i (2 n) – shield
hasta –ae (1 f) – spear tubicen tubicinis (3 m) – trumpeter cano canere cecini (3) – sing, play instrument crepitus –ūs – clatter
fieri iussit – “ordered that … be made”
arbitror -ari (1 dep.) – think, suppose,
believe
dilanio dilaniare (1) – tear to pieces arripio arripere arripui (3) – seize, take
hold of
est cognitus – he was recognised
CLYTAEMNESTRA
Clytaemnestra, Tyndarei filia,
Agamemnonis uxor, cum audisset ab Oeace
Palamedis fratre Cassandram sibi paelicem adduci,
quod ementitus est, ut fratris iniurias exsequeretur,
tunc Clytaemnestra cum Aegistho filio Thyestis
cepit consilium, ut Agamemnonem et Cassandram
interficeret, quem sacrificantem securi cum
Cassandra interfecerunt. At Electra Agamemnonis
filia Orestem fratrem infantem sustulit, quem
demandavit in Phocide Strophio, cui fuit
Astyochea Agamemnonis soror nupta.
ORESTES
Orestes Agamemnonis et Clytaemnestrae filius
postquam in puberem aetatem venit, studebat
patris sui mortem exsequi; itaque consilium capit
cum Pylade et Mycenas venit ad matrem
Clytaemnestram, dicitque se Aeolium hospitem
esse nuntiatque Orestem esse mortuum, quem
Aegisthus populo necandum demandaverat. Nec
multo post Pylades Strophii filius ad
Clytaemnestram venit urnamque secum
paelex –icis (3 f) – concubine quod ementitus est – a lie which he told
exsequor exsequi (3 dep.) – avenge consilium –i (2 n) – plan, plot
securis –is (3 f) – battle-axe, headsman’s axe
tollo tollere sustuli (3) – take away, steal
demand -are (1) – entrust, send away for protection puberem aetatem – age of adulthood
studeo –ere (2) – desire, be eager
Mycenas – to Myceneae nuntio -are (1) – announce, proclaim necandum demandaverat – had handed over to be killed
nec multo post – not long afterwards
affert dicitque ossa Orestis condita esse;
quos Aegisthus laetus hospitio recepit. Qua
occasione capta Orestes cum Pylade noctu
Clytaemnestram matrem et Aegisthum
interficiunt. Quem Tyndareus cum
accusaret, Oresti a Mycenensibus fuga data
est propter patrem; quem postea furiae
matris exagitarunt.
affero afferre attuli (irreg.) – bring, bring to
os ossis (3 n) – bone conditus –a –um – contained (in the urn)
hospitium –i (2 n) – hospitality qua occasione capta – seizing this opportunity fuga –ae (1 f) – flight, escape, exile
propter + acc. – because of
exagito –are (1) – harass, torment
EQUUS TROIANUS
Achivi cum per decem annos Troiam capere
non possent, Epeus monitu Minervae equum
mirae magnitudinis ligneum fecit eoque
sunt collecti Menelaus Ulixes Diomedes
Thessander Sthenelus Acamas Thoas
Machaon Neoptolemus; et in equo
scripserunt DANAI MINERVAE DONO
DANT, castraque transtulerunt Tenedo. Id
Troiani cum viderunt arbitrati sunt hostes
abisse; Priamus equum in arcem Minervae
uci imperavit et, ut magno opere feriarentur,
edixit; id vates Cassandra cum vociferaretur
inesse hostes, fides ei habita non est. Quem
in arcem cum statuissent et ipsi noctu lusu
atque vino lassi obdormissent, Achivi ex
equo aperto a Sinone exierunt et portarum
custodes occiderunt sociosque signo dato
receperunt et Troia sunt potiti.
Achivi - Greeks
monitus –ūs (4 m) – warning,
ligneus –a –um – wooden
collectus –a –um – gathered Danai –orum (2 m pl) – the Danai, the Greeks dono – predicative dative, “as a gift” castra –orum (2 n pl) – camp transfero transferre transtuli (irreg.) – transfer, move across
Tenedo – to Tenedos arx arcis (3 f) – citadel ferior feriari (1 dep.) – celebrate
edico edicere edixi (3) – proclaim, decree
vates vatis (3 m or f) – prophet, prophetess
vociferor vociferari (1 dep.) –shout out loudly statuo statuere statui (3) – set up
lusu – by playing
lassus –a –um – tired, worn out
obdormio -ire (4) – fall asleep aperio (4) – open apertus –a –um – having been opened Troia sunt potiti – they took possession of Troy
CAtULluS
Gaius Valerius Catullus is one of Ancient Rome’s most accessible
poets. He lived in the first century B.C. and was strongly influenced by
Greek lyric poets, such as Sappho. He had a relationship with a woman
whom he nicknamed Lesbia (after Sappho’s birth place), and many of
his poems reflect the ups and downs of their relationship- from
passionate love, to bitterness and despair.
To Lesbia, about kisses carmen 5
vivamus, mea Lesbia, atque amemus,
rumoresque senum severiorum
omnes unius aestimemus assis!
soles occidere et redire possunt:
nobis cum semel occidit brevis lux, 5
nox est perpetua una dormienda.
da mi basia mille, deinde centum,
dein mille altera, dein secunda centum,
deinde usque altera mille, deinde centum.
dein, cum milia multa fecerimus 10
conturbabimus illa, ne sciamus,
aut ne quis malus invidere possit,
cum tantum sciat esse basiorum.
l.1 vivamus, amemus and aestimemus are all present subjunctive;
translate as ‘let us...’.
severis: strict, severe
l.3 unius... assis; gen.case. trans ‘as worth one as’ (an as was one
of the smallest coins the Romans had)
aestimare (-avi): to estimate, to reckon
l.4 occidere usually means to die;
here, referring to the sun, to set.
l.5 Catullus is here using lux (light) as a metaphor for life.
semel: once
l.6 dormienda: trans ‘which must be slept through’
perpetuus, -a, -um:everlasting
l.7 da: the imperative from do, dare: to give
basium (nt, 2): a kiss
l.9 usque: still
l.11 conturbare (-avi): to throw into confusion
ne sciamus is a negative purpose clause; ‘so that we do not
know [how many there are]’
l.12 quis malus; literally ‘someone who [is] malicious’ or ‘some malicious person’ invidere (invidi): to be jealous
l.13 tantum; means ‘how many’ (understand ‘there are’)
Odi et amo carmen 85
Odi et amo. quare id faciam, fortasse requiris.
nescio, sed fieri sentio et excrucior.
An Invitation to Dinner carmen 13
cenabis bene, mi Fabulle, apud me
paucis, si tibi di favent, diebus
si tecum attuleris bonam atque magnam
cenam, non sine candida puella
et vino et sale et omnibus cachinnis; 5
haec si, inquam, attuleris, venuste noster,
cenabis bene; nam tui Catulli
plenus sacculus est aranearum.
sed contra accipies meros amores,
seu quid suavius elegantiusve est: 10
nam unguentum dabo, quod meae puellae
donarunt Veneres Cupidinesque;
quod tu cum olfacies, deos rogabis,
totum ut te faciant, Fabulle, nasum. 15
l.1 odi: I hate (the perfect odi is translated as present)
quare = cur fortasse: perhaps
l.2 fieri sentio means something like ‘I feel it happening’
excrucior: to be tortured (-or is 1st person, present, deponent)
l.1 cenabis: much of this poem is in the future tense. apud
me: at my place
l.2 paucis… diebus: in a few days di=
dei- the gods
l.3 si tecum attuleris: if you bring with you
l.4 non sine: not without (i.e. with) candidus,
a, um: pretty
l.5 sal, is (m): wit omnibus cachinnis: all
sorts of laughter
l.6 inquam… venuste noster: I tell you… my charming friend
l.9 plenus, a, um: full sacculus,
i (m): purse aranea, ae (f):
cobwebs
l.10 contra accipies: in return you will receive merus,
a, um: pure, undiluted
l.11 seu (conj): or quid suavius elegantiusve: or something
sweeter or more refined
l.12 unguentum, i (n): perfume
l.13 donarunt=donaverunt: gave
l.14 olfacio, ere: smell
LANGUAGE 1B
1. Nouns and Cases
The case of a noun indicates its function in a clause or sentence. There are 6 main cases in
Latin. In a clause or sentence:
1. Nominative: is used for the subject of a clause or sentence, i.e. the person (or thing)
doing the verbal action or the subject of a being or having verb
2. Vocative: is used for direct address; it is always the same as the nominative case
except for the 2nd
declension, masculine, singular (see below*)
3. Accusative: is used for the direct object of a verb, i.e. the person (or thing) to whom
the action is being done; also after some prepositions
4. Genitive: used to indicate possession; in English it is usually indicated by of or ’s
5. Dative: several uses, such as the indirect object ; in English it is usually indicated by
to or for an advantage or disadvantage
6. Ablative: often prepositional phrases; common prepositions by, with, from, in
Other more ancient cases, sometimes used, are
Locative, to denote place and Instrumental, to denote instrument.
*In the 2nd
declension,
words ending in –us, nominative, end in –e vocative singular (e.g. servus, serve);
words ending in –ius, nominative, end in –i in the vocative singular (e.g. filius, fili)
The Dictionary Entry for a noun will provide for that noun the following information:
1. nominative singular
2. *genitive singular
3. gender
*The genitive singular ending identifies each declension.
Remove the genitive singular ending, to reveal the stem of the noun on which other endings
for other cases can be added.
Hence, for rēx, rēgis, m, we have rēgem in the accusative singular (not rēxem),
i.e., take the genitive singular, rēgis; from the stem, rēg-, remove the ending, -is,
then add the accusative, singular, masculine ending, -em, rēgem
LANGUAGE 1B
The case of a Latin noun or pronoun can be determined by its ending.
In English, this change is evident mainly in changes occurring in pronouns,
e.g., he, him, she, her, they, them
2. Declensions: Latin nouns are grouped into 5 Declensions. Each declension has its own
particular case endings. The majority of Latin nouns fall into the first 3 declensions. Latin
nouns also have gender, either masculine, feminine or neuter.
CASE NOUNS
singular 1st Declension
usually feminine,
no neuter
2nd
Declension
usually masculine,
also neuter
3rd
Declension
any gender
nominative puella servus rēx
vocative puella serve rēx
accusative puellam servum rēgem
genitive puellae servī rēgis
dative puellae servō rēgī
ablative puellā servō rēge
plural
nominative puellae servī rēgēs
vocative puellae servī rēgēs
accusative puellās servōs rēgēs
genitive puellārum servōrum rēgum
dative puellīs servīs rēgibus
ablative puellīs servīs rēgibus
LANGUAGE 1B
The nominative case of a noun in the 3rd declension has a wide range of forms, eg,
nominative genitive singular nominative genitive singular
cīvis cīvis (m) imperātor imperātōris (m)
fēlēs fēlis, (f) mare maris (n)
homō hominis (m) urbs urbis (f)
3. Place the following nouns, all in the nominative case, into the correct declension.
Noun
1st declension
genitive, singular -ae 2
nd declension
genitive, singular -i 3
rd declension
genitive, singular -is
agricola: farmer
amīcus: friend
aqua: water
deus: god
dominus: master
epistula: letter
equus: horse
gēns: family
homō: human
imperātor: general
lēx: law
mīles: soldier
mōns: mountain
urbs: city
via: street
agricolae
amici
hominis
LANGUAGE 1B
4. Identify the case and number (sg/pl) of the following nouns. Where there is more than
one possibility, list them all.
viīs:
amicum:
navis:
5. Change the following nouns into the case and number indicated in brackets.
imperātor (abl. pl.) agricola (gen.sg.)
deī (nom.sg.) amīcus (dat.pl.)
equōrum (nom.pl.) aqua (acc.sg.)
dominō (abl.sg.) deus (nom.pl.)
agricolam (dat.sg.) epistula (gen.pl.)
aquae (gen.pl.) equus (dat.sg.)
epistulās (dat.pl.) gens (acc.pl.)
6. Read the following sentences.
Identify the case and number of the underlined words and translate the sentences.
i. agricola epistulam ad amīcum suum scripsit.
(scripsit: wrote)
ii. imperātor equum per viās urbis equitābat.
(equitābat: was riding)
iii. militēs legēs deōrum nōn audivērunt.
(audivērunt: listened to)
iv. servus imperātōris vīnum nōn bibit.
(bibit: drinks)
v. agricola militibus pecūniam dedit et cum amīcīs suīs ex urbe discessit.
(dedit: gave; discessit: left, departed)
7. Translate the following story.
LANGUAGE 1B
Hercules et Leo
magnum leōnem Hercules audit. leo ē cavernā venit. Hercules nōn est
perterritus. leo salit et Herculem petit. hēros est fortis. ‘pestis!’ inquit
Hercules. hēros sagittam conicit. leōnem sagitta pulsat, sed monstrum nōn secat.
‘ēheu!’ inquit Hercules, et leōnem vituperat. hēros fustem tenet et leōnem
verberat. leo ridet; leo quoque est fortis. Hercules est irātus. ‘pestis! furcifer!’
clamat et leōnem strangulat.
Vocabulary
leo: lion
caverna: cave
venit: comes
perterritus:
frightened
salit: jumps
petit: attacks
hēros: hero
fortis: brave
pestis: pest
sagittam: arrow
conicit: shoots
pulsat: hits
sed: but
secat: cuts
ēheu: oh no, alas
inquit: says
vituperat: curses
fustem: club
tenet: grabs
verberat: beats
ridet: laughs
quoque also
irātus: angry
furcifer: scoundrel
clamat: shouts
strangulat: strangles
8. Translate the following story.
LANGUAGE 1B
Gallī et Romānī
Gallī in Gallā habitant. inter Gallōs Brennus regnat. copiās Gallōrum parat et ad
agrōs Romānōrum festinant. cōpiae Brennī Romānōs magnopere terrent. Gallī
gladiīs et hastīs pugnant: tandem Romānōs superant. Brennus murōs Romae
oppugnat. Romānī cibum nōn habent et Gallōs timent. tandem pecūniam Brennō
dant et oppidānōs Romae servant.
Vocabulary
Gallī: the Gauls
habitant: live
inter: among
regnat: rules
copiās: troops, forces
parat: prepares
agrōs: lands, fields
festinant: hurry
magnopere: greatly
terrent: frighten
gladiīs: swords
hastīs: spears
pugnant: fight
tandem: at last
superant: overpower
murōs: walls
oppugnat: attacks
cibum: food
timent: are afraid
pecūniam: money
dant: give
oppidānōs: villagers
servant: save
9. Prepositions
Prepositions are words in phrases which refer to place, time or movement.
LANGUAGE 1B
Prepositions only function in relation to a noun or pronoun.
NB: in Latin, prepositions can govern only TWO CASES, the accusative and ablative eg,
a. nōs ad forum festināmus. (accusative): We are hurrying to the forum.
b. multī servī in forō erant. (ablative): There were many slaves in the forum.
In these sentences ad and in are prepositions; ad + accusative (forum); in + ablative (forō).
Prepositions with the accusative case
ad to, at
ante before
apud at, near, among
circum around
contra against
extra outside
inter between, amidst
intra within
ob on account of
per through
pone behind
post after, behind
praeter beside
prope near
propter because of
trans across
ultra beyond
Prepositions with the ablative case
a/ab by, from
cum with
de down from, about
e/ex out of, from
prae before, in front of
pro before, on behalf of
sine without
The prepositions in, sub, and super are followed by
accusative for motion towards something; ablative from or for a fixed location.
a. canis in mēnsam salit. The dog jumps on to the table. (motion)
b. canis in mēnsā stat. The dog is standing on the table. (fixed location)
accusative in into, on to, in sub /subter up/down under super during, besides, beyond
ablative in on sub /subter below, beneath super over upon, on top of
10. Nouns and Gender
LANGUAGE 1B
There is no easy way to predict the gender of a Latin noun. Often the meaning of a word will
give a clue to its gender, such as femina or puella (feminine) and fīlius or vir (masculine),
but there is no proven reason why urbs (city) should be feminine, nor sōl (sun) masculine.
It is also important not to confuse gender with declension;
1. most 1st declension nouns (ending in –a) are feminine, but not all (e.g. poeta,
agricola, athleta, nauta, pirata);
2. most 2nd
declension nouns (ending in –us) are masculine, but not all (e.g. pinus,
alvus);
3. words of the 3rd
declension can be any gender.
Neuter Nouns have significant differences in some of their endings. Compare the following:
Neuter Nouns
singular 2nd declension (n) 3rd declension (n)
nominative templum corpus
vocative templum corpus
accusative templum corpus
genitive templī corporis
dative templō corporī
ablative templō corpore
plural
nominative templa corpora
vocative templa corpora
accusative templa corpora
genitive templōrum corpōrum
dative templīs corpōribus
ablative templīs corpōribus
11. Neuter Nouns
LANGUAGE 1B
the nominative, vocative, accusative have the same ending (both singular and plural)
the nominative, vocative and accusative plural always end in –a
all other cases follow the normal patterns of the 2nd or 3rd declenson
there are no neuter words in the 1st declension
Compare these endings to English words such as:
• referendum (pl. referenda)
• addendum (pl. addenda)
• agenda (lit ‘things’ which need to be done)
• data (sg datum)
• opera (from the Latin opus meaning ‘work’)
12. Common Neuter Nouns
*A large group of 3rd declension neuter nouns ends in –us. This can be confusing as they
look like 2nd declension masculine nouns in the nominative case but inflect differently.
2nd
declension
bellum, -ī, n: war
consilium, -ī, n: plan, idea
donum, -ī, n: present, gift
periculum, -ī, n: danger
praemium, -ī, n: reward
regnum, -ī, n: kingdom
saxum, -ī, n: rock
templum, -ī, n: temple
vīnum, -ī, n: wine
3rd
declension
aequor, aequōris, n sea
animal, -animālis. n: animal
*corpus, corporis. n: body
iter, itineris. n: journey
*lītus, lītoris. n: shore
mare, maris, n: sea
nōmen, nōminis, n: name
*tempus, temporis, n: time
*vulnus, vulneris, n: wound
13. Identify the neuter nouns in the following sentences and give their case and number:
LANGUAGE 1B
i. consilium rēgis erat bonum. (erat – was)
_______________________________________________________
ii. puellae dulcī donum dedī. (dedī – I gave)
_______________________________________________________
iii. militēs inter multa pericula pugnant. (pugnant – fight)
_______________________________________________________
iv. nox erat et per omnēs terrās dormiunt animālia. (dormiunt – sleep)
_______________________________________________________
v. dux Romānōrum multa vulnera accēperat. (dux – leader; accēperat – had received)
_______________________________________________________
14. Nouns and Adjectives
Adjectives are words that describe Nouns (and Pronouns). In Latin adjectives decline
(i.e. they change their endings) to match the gender, number and case of the noun they are
describing. The relationship between a noun and an adjective is termed agreement.
Latin Adjectives fall into TWO categories:
1. 1st/2
nd declension adjectives have different masculine, feminine and neuter forms;
they follow the patterns of the 1st and 2
nd declension nouns
2. 3rd
declension adjectives have the same masculine and feminine forms, but different
neuter forms; they follow the pattern of the 3rd
declension nouns
15. An Adjective describing a noun
from the same declension, generally has the same ending as the noun
from a different declension, generally has a different ending to the noun.
Noun +
Adjective
2nd
or 1st declension noun
+ 2nd
or 1st declension adjective
2nd
or 1st declension noun
+ 3rd
declension adjective
masculine servus bonus servus fortis
feminine puellae bonae puellae fortes
neuter regnum bonum regnum forte
16. 1st/2
nd declension Adjective with a 1
st or 2
nd declension Noun
LANGUAGE 1B
singular masculine feminine neuter
nominative servus bonus ancilla bona templum bonum
accusative servum bonum ancillam bonam templum bonum
genitive servī bonī ancillae bonae templī bonī
dative servō bonō ancillae bonae templo bono
ablative servō bonō ancillā bonā templō bonō
plural masculine feminine neuter
nominative servī bonī ancillae bonae templa bona
accusative servōs bonōs ancillās bonās templa bona
genitive servōrum bonōrum ancillārum bonārum templōrum bonōrum
dative servīs bonīs ancillīs bonīs templīs bonīs
ablative servīs bonīs ancillīs bonīs templīs bonīs
17. 3rd
declension Adjective with a 3rd
declension Noun
singular masculine feminine neuter
nominative homo fortis lux fortis corpus forte
accusative hominem fortem lucem fortem corpus forte
genitive hominis fortis lucis fortis corporis fortis
dative hominī fortī lucī fortī corporī fortī
ablative homine fortī luce forti corpore fortī
plural masculine feminine neuter
nominative homines fortes luces fortes corpora fortia
accusative homines fortes luces fortes corpora fortia
genitive hominum fortium lucum fortium corporum fortium
dative hominibus fortibus lucibus fortibus corporibus fortibus
ablative hominibus fortibus lucibus fortibus corporibus fortibus
18. Exercise
LANGUAGE 1B
Complete the following sentences by putting the correct ending on each adjective
then translate the sentences. (some vocabulary is given below)
i. servus __________ (tired) ad __________ (big) villam redībat.
ii. puella __________ (sweet) puerum __________ (brave) amābat.
iii. coquus __________ (cruel) cēnam pessimam ancillīs __________ (beautiful) parāvit.
iv. uxorēs __________ (happy) amicōrum __________ (angry) in tabernā multum vinum
bibebant.
v. mercātor __________ (wise) nāvem __________ (good) mātribus __________ (tired)
ostendit.
vi. amīcus __________ (happy) uxorī __________ (lucky) villam __________ (huge) dedit.
vii. mercātor __________ (good) regī __________ (cruel) ancillās __________ (sweet)
vendere nōlēbat.
viii. māter __________ (angry) coquī __________ (lucky) __________ (big) nāvem invenīre
nōn poterat.
ix. puerī __________ (beautiful) rēgem __________ (good) in villā __________ (huge)
interfēcerunt.
x. puellae __________ (wise) ad forum cum servīs __________ (brave) ambulant.
Vocabulary
amīcus, -ī (m): friend
ancilla, -ae (f): slave girl
bonus, -a, -um: good
coquus, -ī (m): cook
crudēlis, -e: cruel
dulcis, -e: sweet
fēlix, fēlīcis: lucky
fessus, a, um: tired
fortis, -e: brave
ingens, ingentis: huge
irātus, -a, -um: angry
laetus, -a, -um: happy
magnus, -a, -um: big
māter, mātris (f): mother
mercātor, -is (m): merchant
nāvis, nāvis (f): ship
puella, -ae (f): girl
puer, -ī (m): boy
pulcher, pulchra, pulchrum: beautiful
rēx, rēgis (m): king
sapiens, sapientis: wise
servus, -ī (m): slave
uxor, uxōris (f): wife
villa, -ae (f): house
19. Adverbs
Adverbs modify verbs, adjectives and other adverbs.
LANGUAGE 1B
1. He runs quickly. celeriter currit.
2. The soldier is very brave. milēs est valde fortis.
3. He arrives far too late. admōdum sero pervenit.
Regular Adverbs
from Adjectives
Degree
1st/2
nd declensions positive comparative superlative
altus, -a, -um altē altius altissimē
dignus, -a, -um dignē dignius dignissimē
irātus, -a, -um irātē irātius irātissimē
laetus, -a, -um laetē laetius laetissimē
longus, -a, -um longē longius longissimē
3rd
declension
crudēlis, crudēle crudēliter crudēlius crudēlissimē
dulcis, dulce dulce*/dulciter dulcius dulcissimē
fortis, forte fortiter fortius fortissimē
tristis, triste triste* tristius tristissimē
sapiens, sapientis sapienter sapientius sapientissimē
some irregular
adverbs
bonus, -a, um bene melius optimē
magnus, -a, -um magnopere maius maximē
malus, -a, -um male pēius pessimē
20. More About Adjectives: Positive, Comparative and Superlative Degrees
LANGUAGE 1B
All Latin adjectives have 3 degrees of comparison, Positive, Comparative and Superlative,
just as in English we have good, better, best:
ego sum fortis. I am brave.
frater meus fortior est. My brother is braver. (or ‘quite brave’)
pater tuus fortissimus est. Your father is the bravest. (or ‘very brave’)
Positive Adjectives follow the same pattern as 1st or 2nd declension nouns,
depending on the gender of the word they are describing.
Comparative Adjectives follow the same pattern of endings as 3rd declension nouns,
except for the neuter nominative, vocative and accusative which ends in –ius.
Superlative Adjectives follow the same pattern as 1st or 2nd declension nouns,
depending on the gender of the word they are describing.
21. Most Adjectives follow these patterns:
Positive
m, f, n Comparative
m/f; n Superlative
m, f, n
irātus, -a, -um irātior, -ius irātissimus, -a, -um
laetus, -a, -um laetior, -ius laetissimus, -a, -um
tristis, -e tristior, -ius tristissimus, -a, -um
ingens, ingentis ingentior, -ius ingentissimus, -a, -um
Adjectives ending in –er
Positive
m, f, n Comparative
m/f; n Superlative
m, f, n
celer, -era, -erum (swift) celerior, -ius celerrimus, -a, -um
līber, -era, -erum (free) līberior, -ius līberrimus, -a, -um
pulcher, -chra, -chrum pulchrior, -ius pulcherrimus, -a, -um
Adjectives ending in –ilis
Positive
m/f; n Comparative
m/f; n Superlative
m, f, n
facilis, -e (easy) facilior, -ius facillimus, -a, -um
gracilis, -e (graceful) gracilior, -ius gracillimus, -a, -um
similis, -e (like, similar) similior, -ius simillimus, -a, -um
22. Irregular Adjectives.
LANGUAGE 1B
Positive Comparative Superlative
bonus, -a, -um (good) melior, -ius (better) optimus, -a, -um (best)
malus, -a, -um (bad) pēior, -ius (worse) pessimus, -a, -um (worst)
māgnus, -a, -um (large, great) māior, -ius (greater) māximus, -a, -um (greatest)
parvus, -a, -um (little) minor, minus (less) minimus, -a, -um (least)
multus, -a, -um (much) *plūs, plūris (more) plūrimus, -a, -um (most)
prope (adverb) (near) propior, -ius (nearer) proximus, -a, -um (nearest)
*plus, pluris (more):
in the singular, plūs functions as a noun;
often used in partitive genitive constructions, e.g., plūs vinī – more (of) wine;
in the plural, plūres functions as an adjective, e.g., plūrēs senātōres – more senators
case noun- singular adjective - plural
m/f/n masculine feminine neuter
nominative plūs plūres plūres plūra
vocative plūs plūres plūres plūra
accusative plūs plūres plūres plūra
genitive plūris plūrium plūrium plūrium
dative (plurī - not classical) plūribus plūribus plūribus
ablative plūre plūribus plūribus plūribus
23. Noun and Adjective – agreement
Noun + Adjective masculine feminine neuter
comparative mōns ingentior villa ingentior templum ingentius
superlative mōns ingentissimus villa ingentissima templum
ingentissimum
24. Verbs
LANGUAGE 1B
Verbs can be described according to Mood, Tense, Voice, Person, Number.
Mood: Indicative, Imperative, Subjunctive
Tense: Present, Future, Imperfect, Perfect, Future Perfect, Pluperfect
Voice: Active, Passive
Person: 1st, 2
nd, 3
rd
Number: singular, plural
This course booklet concentrates on
Indicative Active Verbs in the Present, Imperfect, Perfect and Pluperfect Tenses.
In English, verbs change their endings depending on who is doing the action.
25. Person in relation to Verbs.
Compare, for instance, the following sentences:
I like learning Latin.
She likes learning Latin.
Latin verbs behave in the same way, e.g.,
1. ego linguam Latinam discō. I am learning Latin.
2. tū linguam Latīnam discis? Are you learning Latin?
3. amīcus meus linguam Latīnam discit. My friend is learning Latin.
Each of these sentences has a different subject and each verb has a different ending.
The different endings depend on the Person doing the action:
1. 1st Person indicates I or we: the person doing the action is speaking
2. 2nd Person indicates you, singular or plural: the person doing the action is
being spoken to; and
3. 3rd Person indicates he, she, it or they: the person doing the action is a third
party, being spoken about rather than to.
The grammatical usage of Person begins by
1. identifying yourself in the singular in the 1st person, then
2. if you speak with someone, you would refer to him/her in the 2nd person, and
3. if another person enters the room, you refer to him/her in the 3rd
person.
For the plural, consider yourself to be in a group, and each of the visitors also to be in a
group (hence you would need we, you (pl) and they respectively).
26. The personal endings for Latin verbs in the Present Tense below:
LANGUAGE 1B
Person Present Tense Endings
singular
1st -ō
2nd -s
3rd -t
plural
-mus
-tis
-nt
27. Most Latin verbs belong to the Regular Conjugations 1st, 2
nd, 3
rd, 4
th.
There is also a Mixed Combination of (3 + 4).
Personal endings are added to each regular conjugation verb stem.
The stems are made by subtracting -re from the infinitive in each conjugation.
conjugations 1, 2 and 4 are known as vowel stem conjugations
conjugation 3 is known as a consonant stem conjugation
The difference in stems for regular verbs determines each verb conjugation.
NB: the 1st conjugation has a long ā in the infinitive
the 2nd conjugation has a long ē in the infinitive
the 3rd conjugation has a short ĕ in the infinitive
the 4th conjugation has a long ī in the infinitive
28. Table of Infinitives and Present Stems (the 3rd
and mixed conjugations subtract –ere).
Conjugation Infinitive Stem Final Vowel
1st amāre amā- ā
2nd monēre monē- ē
3rd regĕre reg- (final consonant)
4th audīre audī- ī
mixed capĕre cap- (final consonant)
29. Present Tense
LANGUAGE 1B
conjugation 1st
2nd
3rd
4th
mixed / ¾
vowel stem
vowel stem
consonant stem vowel stem
consonant stem
infinitive stem amā- re monē- re dic- ĕre audī- re cap- ĕre
singular 1st person amō moneō dīcō audiō capiō
2nd
person amās monēs dīcis audīs capis
3rd
person amat monet dīcit audit capit
plural 1st person amāmus monēmus dīcimus audīmus capimus
2nd
person amātis monētis dīcitis audītis capitis
3rd
person amant monent dīcunt audiunt faciunt
30. To conjugate the 3rd
conjugation, consonant stem in the Present Tense:
1st person singular; same as other conjugations regō
BUT an i is added before middle endings while 3rd
person plural adds u before ending
2nd
person singular regis
3rd
person singular regit
1st person plural regimus
2nd
person plural regitis
3rd
person plural (adds u instead) regunt
The full 3rd
conjugation Present Tense is : regō, regis, regit, regimus, regitis regunt.
31. The verb to be in Latin is irregular. It is conjugated as shown below :
Verb - to be - Present Tense
Person, Number PresentTense Person, Number PresentTense
1st
person, singular sum 1st person, plural sumus
2nd
person, singular es 2nd
person, plural estis
3rd
person, singular est 3rd
person, plural sunt
32. Identify the conjugation for each of the following verbs.
LANGUAGE 1B
Verb Conjugation Verb Conjugation
clamāre: to shout habēre: to have
currĕre: to run manēre: to stay
*dăre: to give; CAVE! mittĕre: to send
dormīre: to sleep scīre: to know
ducĕre: to lead sedēre: to sit
festināre: to hurry venīre: to come
*Exception: the vowel ă in this verb is the unusual indicator of the 1st conjugation.
33. Give the person, number and meaning of the following verbs.
Verb Person Number Meaning
audit 3rd singular he/she/it hears
festinō
manēmus
currit
habēo
sciunt
clāmant
trāhitis
mittimus
dăs
34. Verbs also change their ending according to Tense and Voice.
LANGUAGE 1B
In the Indicative Mood,
Latin has 6 tenses in the Active Voice and 6 tenses in the Passive Voice
35. For Active Voice, 3 of the 4 Past Tenses are Imperfect, Perfect and Pluperfect
perfect has the meaning completed or has completed
imperfect refers to an incomplete or continuing action in the past
pluperfect refers to an action that had completed.
Examples of Active Voice Past Tenses are as follows:
Tense Example Translation
imperfect regēbat he/she/it was ruling
he/she/it began to rule
he/she/it used to rule
perfect rēxit he/she/it ruled; has ruled
pluperfect rēxerat he/she/it had ruled
36. To create the Imperfect Active Tense, take the same stem used for the Present Tense,
and add the endings: -bam, -bās, -bat, -bāmus, -bātis, -bant.
For the 3rd and 4th conjugations insert an ē between the stem and the ending.
Hence, amābātis, monēbātis, regēbātis, audiēbātis.
37. The Imperfect Tense of the verb to be is irregular. It is conjugated
eram, erās, erat, erāmus, erātis, erant.
38. Exercise: Choose the correct verb to complete the sentences below, then translate.
amō, amābat, pugnant, audiēbātis, erat, oppugnābant
i. ego ancillam bonam __________
ii. Gallī urbem Romam __________
iii. Daedalus in insulā captīvus __________
iv. ‘patrem vestrem herī __________, puerī?
v. Gallī cum hastīs et gladiīs hostes semper __________
vi. puella amīcum patris numquam __________. (numquam = never)
LANGUAGE 1B
39. Daedalus et Īcarus
Daedalus et Īcarus in insulā captivi sunt; de vitā dēspērant. tandem Daedalus
consilium capit. ‘optimum consilium capiō!’ dicit. cēram et pennas parat, et magnās
alās facit. ubi alae parātae sunt, Daedalus Īcarō osculum dat, et eō alās tradit.
pater et fīlius volant per aurās et ex insulā fugiunt. ‘volāmus, pater, volāmus!’
clamat Īcarus laetus. impāvidus Īcarus altius volat, et sōl cēram alārum mollit.
magnopere timet Īcarus, et ‘pater, cadō!’ clamat. alae Īcari dissolvunt et ille ad
terram cadit. Daedalus circumspectat, sed pater fīlium non vidit ‘Īcare,’ dicit,
‘Īcare! ubi es Īcare? te nōn videō!’ subitō fractās alās fīliī in undīs aspicit, et
multīs lacrimīs clamat ‘ēheu! Īcarus meus mortuus est!’
Vocabulary
insula: island
de vitā dēspērat:
despairs for one’s life
consilium capit:
has an idea
optimus: excellent
dicit: says
cēra: wax
penna: feather
ala: wing
facit: makes
ubi: when
parātus: ready
osculum: kiss
eō: to him (dat)
tradit: to hand over
volat: flies
aura: air
fugit: escapes
clamat: shouts
altius: higher
sōl: sun
mollit: softens
dissolvit:
disintegrates
cadit: falls
circumspectat:
looks around
vidit: sees
ubi: where
tē: you (acc)
subitō: suddenly
aspicit:
catches sight of
unda: wave
LANGUAGE 1B
40. The Perfect and Pluperfect Tenses
The perfect stem is different from present and imperfect stems.
Perfect Tense Stems with Present Tense and Infinitive
Conjugation Present Tense Infinitive Perfect Stem
1st amō amāre *amāv-
2nd moneō monēre monu-
3rd regō regĕre reg-
4th audiō audīre *audīv-
3/4th
- mixed faciō facĕre fēc-
NB: the Perfect Stem for the 1st and 4
th conjugations
adds ‘v’ between the stem and the tense ending.
41. Perfect Tense Endings - Person, Number
Singular
1st -ī
2nd -istī
3rd -it
Plural
-imus
-istis
-ērunt
42. Pluperfect Tense Endings - the imperfect tense of sum provides the endings
1st -eram
2nd -erās
3rd -erat
-erāmus
-erātis
-erant
Person, Number Perfect Tense Endings Pluperfect Tense Endings
1st singular -ī -eram
2nd
singular -istī -erās
3rd
singular -it -erat
1st plural -imus -erāmus
2nd
plural -istis -erātis
3rd
plural -ērunt -erant
LANGUAGE 1B
43. While many perfect stems are regular, others vary, particularly in the 3rd
conjugation.
Complete the examples:
Present Tense
1st, 2
nd, 4
th conjugations
infinitive Perfect Stem
1st, 2
nd, 4
th conjugations
meaning
amō (I love) amāv- he loved
audiō (I hear) audīv- they heard
clāmō (I shout) clāmāv- we shouted
dēleō (I destroy) dēlēv- he destroyed
dō (I give) ded- you gave (sg)
doceō (I teach) docu- you taught (pl)
dormiō (I sleep) dormīv- she slept
festīnō (I hurry) festīnāv- they hurried
habeō (I have) habu- you had (pl)
maneō (I stay) mans- we stayed
portō (I carry) portāv- I carried
sciō (I know) scīv- we know
veniō (I come) vēn- they came
Present Tense
3rd
or mixed conjugation infinitive Perfect Stem
3rd
or mixed conjugation meaning
ducō (I lead) dux- you led (sg)
faciō (I make) fēc- I made
legō (I read) lēg- you read (pl)
mittō (I send) mīs- we sent
pōnō (I put) pos- he put
trahō (I drag) trāx- they dragged
LANGUAGE 1B
44. Exercise: translate the following Latin verbs
i. dēlēvī ii. festīnāvistis
iii. mīsit iv. scīvimus
v. dedistis vi. duxērunt
45. Put each of the following verbs into its appropriate column.
amō, dabās, audīvit, docuerāmus, ducebant, clāmātis, dēlēvī, fēcerās, dormit, habēbāmus,
festināvistis, manserant
TENSE
Present Imperfect Perfect Pluperfect
46. The Verb to be in Latin is Irregular. 4 tenses are conjugated below:
Verb - to be - Present, Imperfect, Perfect, Pluperfect Tenses
Person, Number PresentTense ImperfectTense Perfect Tense Pluperfect Tense
1st
person, singular sum eram fuī fueram
2nd
person, singular es erās fuistī fuerās
3rd
person, singular est erat fuit fuerat
1st person, plural sumus erāmus fuimus fuerāmus
2nd
person, plural estis erātis fuistis fuerātis
3rd
person, plural sunt erant fuērunt fuerant
47. Translate the following story.
Perseus et Ācrisius
LANGUAGE 1B
Haec est fabula dē Perseō. Perseus fīlius erat Iovis, maximī deōrum. avus Persī
Ācrisius erat. Ācrisius Perseum timēbat et eum necāre cupiēbat. rapuit Perseum,
eum in arcā ligneā inclūsit, erant, sed Perseus nōn territus erat; in arcā
dormiēbat. Iuppiter haec vidit, et fīlium servāre cupiēbat. fēcit undās
tranquillās, et arcam ad insulam duxit. insulae Coriolānus rēx erat. mox servus
arcam ligneam invēnit, et Perseum ad aulam Coriolanī duxit. rēx Perseum benignē
excēpit et dixit ‘casa mea est casa sua’. Perseus prō beneficiō Coriolanō multās
grātiās ēgit. mox duo virī amīcī erant et Perseus per multōs annōs in aulā
Coriolānī habitāvit.
Vocabulary NB: verbs in vocabulary list given in present tense only
haec: this
fabula: story
Iovis: Jupiter
maximus: greatest
deus:god
avus: grandfather
timet: scared of
necāre: to kill
cupit: wants
rapit: seizes
arca: box
ligneus: wooden
inclūdit: imprisons
iacit: throws
territus: frightened
servāre: to save
rēx: king
mox: soon
invenit: finds
aula: palace
benignē: kindly
excipit: welcomes
casa: house
beneficium: kindness
gratiās agit: thanks
vir: man
annus: year
Exercise
From Perseus and Ācrisius, identify 1 Present tense, 2 Imperfect tenses and 2 Perfect tenses.
48. Translate the following story.
Horātius et Soror
LANGUAGE 1B
Horātius, postquam trēs frātrēs Curiātiōs interfēcerat, Romam redībat, trium
hostium spolia ferens, et laudēs ab omnibus accipiēbat. sed soror eius, quae
dēspōnsa unī Curiātiōrum fuerat, ante portam eum vidit. ubi vestem spōnsī
agnōverat, quam ipsa fēcerat, solvit crinēs et flens spōnsum mortuum nomine
appellāvit. lacrimae sorōris movent Horātiī iram: igitur gladiō puellam transfīgit,
quia patriam nōn satis amābat.
Vocabulary NB: verbs in vocabulary list given in present tense only
frāter: brother
interficit: kills
redit: returns
hostis: enemy
spolia: spoils (of war)
ferens: carrying
laus: praise
accipit: receives
omnēs: everyone
soror: sister
eius: his
quae: who
igitur: and so
quia: because
patria: country
gladius: sword
transfigit: stabs
dēspōnsa: engaged
portam: gate
vestem: cloak
ipsa: she herself
solvit: loosens
crinēs: hair
flens: weeping
spōnsum: fiancé
nōmen: name
appellat: calls
lacrima: tear
ira: anger
satis: enough
Exercise
From Horātius et Soror, identify 2 Present, Imperfect, Perfect and Pluperfect Tenses.
49. More About Verbs: Infinitives and Imperatives
The Infinitive is the basic form of a verb, without person or number.
Regular Infinitives end in ‐āre, ‐ēre, ‐ĕre, or ‐īre and identify verb conjugations.
There are 6 different tense and voice infinitives in Latin. It is useful to see the full table.
1st Conjugation Infinitive Active Voice Passive Voice
present portāre portārī
perfect portāvisse portātus esse
future portātūrus esse portātum īrī
2nd
Conjugation Infinitive Active Voice Passive Voice
present docēre docērī
perfect docuisse doctus esse
future doctūrus esse doctum īrī
3rd
Conjugation Infinitive Active Voice Passive Voice
present trahĕre trahī
perfect trāxisse tractus esse
future tractūrus esse tractum īrī
4th
Conjugation Infinitive Active Voice Passive Voice
present audīre audīri
perfect audīvisse audītus esse
future audītūrus esse audītum īrī
3/4 Conjugation Infinitive Active Voice Passive Voice
present capĕre capī
perfect cēpisse captus esse
future captūrus esse captum īrī
50. Present Tense of Common Irregular Verbs: esse, posse, velle, nōlle, mālle, īre
esse
to be *posse
to be able velle
to want, wish **nōlle
to not-want ***mālle
to want more
(prefer)
eo
to go
potis+esse non+velle magis+velle
sum possum volō nōlō mālō eō
es potes vīs nōn vis māvīs is
est potest vult nōn vult māvult it
sumus possumus volumus nōlumus mālumus īmus
estis potestis vultis nōn vultis māvultis ītis
sunt possunt volunt nōlunt mālunt eunt
NB: *posse is a compound of esse (to be) and the adjective potis, meaning able or capable.
Similarly, **nōlle and ***mālle are compounds of velle.
51. Identify the Infinitives in the following sentences then translate each sentence.
i. tū laborāre nōn vīs.
_______________________________________________________
ii. in villā manēre nōlō.
_______________________________________________________
iii. vīnum bibere volumus.
_______________________________________________________
iv. vīsne meam villam vidēre?
_______________________________________________________
v. iuvenēs in bellō nōn perīre dēbent.
_______________________________________________________
vi. Troiānī domum redīre nōn possunt.
_______________________________________________________
52. Imperatives (Imperative Mood)
The Imperative is the mood of the verb used when giving an order.
for the Imperative Singular, take –re or –ere from the Present Active Infinitive.
for the Imperative Plural, add –te or -ite to the present stem
Examples:
1. pater, spectā pompam! Father, look at the parade!
2. servī, diligēntius laborāte! Slaves, work harder!
3. salvēte discipulī! Hello students! (lit. ‘be healthy’)
53. Regular Imperatives
Infinitive Imperative (sg) Imperative (pl)
portāre to carry portā Carry! portāte Carry!
docēre to teach docē Teach! docēte Teach!
trahĕre to drag trahĕ Drag! trahite Drag!
audīre to listen audī Listen! audīte Listen!
capĕre to take capĕ Take! capite Take!
54. Unusual Imperatives
NB: *Imperative Singulars ending in a consonant; *one imperative plural ending: -te
Infinitive Imperative (sg) Imperative (pl)
dīcĕre to say, speak *dīc say/speak! dīcite say/speak!
dūcĕre to lead, take *dūc lead/take! dūcite lead/take!
facĕre to do, make *fac do/make! facite do/make!
ferre to bear, carry *fer bear/carry! *ferte bear/carry!
55. Negative Imperatives
To tell someone not to do something, Latin uses the word nōli(te) with the infinitive: eg
1. nōlī festināre! (singular) Don’t hurry! (Don’t want to hurry!)
2. nōlīte mē exspectare! (plural) Don’t wait for me! (Don’t want to wait for me!)
56. Identify the imperatives in the following sentences then translate the sentences.
i. mē adiuvā!
_______________________________________________________
ii. date mihi pecūniam!
_______________________________________________________
iii. nōlī dormīre!
_______________________________________________________
iv. pessime puer! mē ad patrem statim dūc!
_______________________________________________________
v. magistra ‘salvēte,’ inquit, ‘discipulae. sedēte.’
_______________________________________________________
vi. nōlīte Romānōs interficere!
_______________________________________________________
vii. iuvenēs! equitāte equos ad urbem!
_______________________________________________________
viii. nōlī eum audīre, māter! temptābat tuam pecūniam auferre!
_______________________________________________________
ix. dominus ‘serve,’ inquit, ‘scrībe epistulam ad uxorem meam.’
_______________________________________________________
x. nōlīte timēre! leonēs vōs nōn nocēre possunt, quod dormiunt.
_______________________________________________________
57. Pronouns
Personal Pronouns:
singular
1st person
ego
mē
meī
mihī
mē
plural
1st person
nōs
nōs
nostrum/nostrī
nōbīs
nōbīs
2nd person
tū
tē
tuī
tibī
tē
2nd person
vōs
vōs
vestrum/vestrī
vōbīs
vōbīs
3rd person
_
sē
suī
sibī
sē
3rd person
_
sē
suī
sibī
sē
Emphatic Pronoun: -self
m
ipse
ipsum
ipsīus
ipsī
ipsō
ipsī
ipsōs
ipsōrum
ipsīs
ipsīs
f
ipsa
ipsam
ipsīus
ipsī
ipsā
ipsae
ipsās
ipsārum
ipsīs
ipsīs
n
ipsum
ipsum
ipsīus
ipsī
ipsō
ipsa
ipsa
ipsōrum
ipsīis
ipsīs
Demonstrative/Determinative Pronoun: he, she, it; that
m
is
eum
eius
eī
eō
eī
eōs
eōrum
eīs
eīs
f
ea
eam
eius
eī
eā
eae
eās
eārum
eīs
eīs
n
id
id
eius
eī
eō
ea
ea
eōrum
eīs
eīs
Demonstrative Pronoun: this, these
m
hic
hunc
huius
huic
hōc
hī
hōs
hōrum
hīs
hīs
f
haec
hanc
huius
huic
hāc
hae
hās
hārum
hīs
hīs
n
hoc
hoc
huius
huic
hōc
haec
haec
hōrum
hīs
hīs
Demonstrative Pronoun: that, those
m
ille
illum
illīus
illī
illō
illī
illōs
illōrum
illīs
illīs
f
illa
illam
illīus
illī
illā
illae
illās
illārum
illīs
illīs
n
illud
illud
illīus
illī
illō
illa
illa
illōrum
illīs
illī
